A. philosophy, principles, purpose, elements of administration

LESSON PLAN
ON
PHILOSOPHY, PURPOSE,
ELEMENTS, PRINCIPLES AND
SCOPE OF ADMINISTRATION

GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The students will be able to gain in-depth knowledge regarding philosophy, purpose, elements, principles
and scope of administration.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of the class, the student will be able to,
 Introduce the topic
 define administration
 list out the purpose of nursing administration
 narrate the philosophy of nursing administration
 enlist the elements of nursing administration
 enumerate the principles of nursing administration
 describe the scopeof nursing administration

S.N SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVE
TIME CONTENT TEACHERS
ROLE
STUDENT
ROLE
AV AIDS EVALUATION
1.
2.
To introduce
the topic to
the students
Student will
be able to
define
nursing
administration
5 mts
5 mts
BRINGING BACK TO LIFE:
INTRODUCTION:
MEANING OF ADMINISTRATION
The word administer is derived from the Latin word
“ad+ministraire”, means to care for or to look after
people- to manage affairs. Administaire means “Serve”-
the meaning is suggestive enough, as it insists on the
administrator to regard himself as a servant, not that the
master to look after, perform all functions.
Administration is a process permeating all collective
effort, be it public or private, civil or military, large
scale otherwise, and is that of universal nature. It is a
corporative effort, directed towards the realization of a
consciously laid down objectives. Since administration
permeates all planned human activities, hence it is at
the centre of all human affairs. Its principle aspects are
formulation of policy and its implementation for the
attainment in an optimum manner of stated ends in the
shape of service or products. Administration is an
activity which demands correct analysis and accurate
orientation.
DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATION
Administration is the organization and direction of
human and material resources to achieve desired ends.
– Pfiffner and Presthus
Administration is the direction, co-ordination and
Teaching
Lecturing
Listening
Note
taking
Black
board
OHP
projecto
r
Can you define
Nursing
administration

control of many persons to achieve some purposes or
objectives.
– LD White
Administration has to do with getting things done; with
the accomplishment of defined objectives.
– Luther Gullick
Administration is the activities of groups co-operating
to accomplish goals.
– Herbert A
Simon
The real core of administration is the basic service
which is performed for the public such as police, and
the protection, public works, education, recreation,
sanitation, social security, agricultural research,
national defense and others.
- Nigro
Administration may be defined as the management of
affairs with the use of well thought out principles and
practices and rationalized techniques to achieve certain
objectives.
– Goel
Administration is the organization and use of men and
materials to accomplish purposes. It is the specialized
vocation of managers who have skills of organizing and
directing men and material just as definitely as an
engineer has skill of building structure.
– James L

3. Student will be
able to narrate
the philosophy
of
administration
10 mts PHILOSOPHY OF ADMINISTRATION
 The administrative experts emphasize the need
for the formulation of the philosophy of
administration for this would lead to a much
more widespread professional self-consciousness
and convinced sense of direction and social
justification among executive that is now
characteristic.
 Marshall E Dimock is so much impressed with
the need for it that he confidently asserts that
administration is now so vast an area than a
philosophy of administration comes close to be
philosophy of life. He points out the following
tests of what a viable philosophy needs to do and
accomplish.
 It must bring into sharp focus, all elements
entering into administrative action should, then,
be integrated and brought into a system of proper
and unified relationship.
 Where possible principles are developed, it
should be borne in mind that they are valid
guidelines to future action under substantially
similar conditions.
 Administration is concerned with both ends and
means. A skillful fusion of the two is the test of
administrative excellence.
 A philosophy of administration should be
Teaching
cum
discussion
Listening Black
board
Anybody can
state the
philosophy
of nursing
management

conceived in such a way that if not described
reality and provides reliable tool to the executive,
it constitutes a grand total which exceeds sum of
its parts.
 A good administrative system should
communicate spirit and rounded feelings of
widespread satisfaction.
 The philosophy underlying the whole field of
administration, particularly as it applies to health
work, is based on the following key points:
 Administration believes in Cost-effectiveness In
the management or administration of any
enterprise for organization, the quantity, quality,
timing and cost of the work necessary to reach
the objective of the enterprise are inter-related
factors which must be given constant attention.
 If the resources of health work, in trained
persons and in finances were unlimited, the need
for constant attention to these factors would not
be so great. But the limitation in the number of
trained personnel and the lack of adequate
financial resources are major obstacles to greatly
improved health in the world today.
 The resources must be monitored carefully to
accomplish as much as possible what is available.
 Administration believes in Execution and
Control of Work Plans One of the greatest
possible contributors to wastage of our precious

resources, whether at local or national level, is
the failure of those at any level of administration,
and at all stages in the management of the
activity, to base all decisions on verifiable facts.
 There should be no tolerating errors in
administrative action, which occur, because
someone failed to get all those facts. In the
evolution, execution and control of work plans,
obtaining the factual evidence should always be
the first step.
 Administration believes in Delegation of
Responsibility and Authority The delegation of
responsibility and authority is an important
aspect of successful administration, to place the
responsibility for decision at the lowest possible
organizational level in order to attain decision as
speedily as possible.
 No administrator can do in detail al the work he
is administering for; by definition of an
administration managers the work of others.
 Therefore, the principles of delegation of
responsibility should be followed to the utmost
extent, consistent with efficiency and co-
ordination of policy. The responsibility and
authority place din each position must correspond
to the responsibility which the position carries.
 Administration believes in Human Relations and
Good Morale Since the function f administration

is to attain an established objective through the
management of people, administration if deeply
concerned with human relations.
 How the individual worker in any enterprise,
including health work, feel about a situation.
 One of the facts of the situation which the
administrator must take into account assessing
the total situation.
 Good morale of the staff is essential to the
success of any undertaking and that morale is
affected by both financial and non-financial
factors.
 For, the financial factor, the amount of
remuneration is often less important to morale
than the knowledge than remuneration of each
individual is fair, as compared with that of other
staff in the same organization or institution.
 Among non-financial factors contributing to
good morale is a personal satisfaction in knowing
that a job is well done and the satisfaction of
being associated with an institution of which one
can be proud of.
 Administration believes in Effective
Communication Effective communications are
essential for all aspects of effective
administration. Staff must be adequately and
correctly informed about plan, methods,
schedule, problem events and progress.

4. Student will
be able to
enlist the
purposes of
administratio
n
10
min
 It is necessary that instructions, knowledge and
information be passed on for practical application
to all concerned, and that they are so clearly
presented as to rule out any misinterpretation or
misunderstanding. Proper and adequate
communication is not just in one direction, it
requires two-way passage.
 Administrators must be certain that they know
and understand the problem of workers for whom
they are responsible. Communications must flow
from the bottom upwards, as well as from top to
bottom.
PURPOSES OF ADMINISTRATION:
 It assists in formulation of objectives.
 It helps in providing high quality nursing care.
 It enables to achieve laid down objectives of an
organization.
 It promotes human relations, public relation and
IPR.
 It helps in planning, implementing and evaluation
of objectives.
 It helps to maintain discipline in organization.
 It maintains and develops good standards.
 It is helpful in conducting research.
Staff motivation: expensive facilities and equipments
do not necessarily make for a good hospital; it is the
people who operate them that make the hospital go.
This function is one of the most challenging functions
Teaching Learning LCD Anybody can
Enumerate the
Purposes of
Nursing
Management

of a hospital administrator. The staff needs to be
motivated to give their best at all times even in tiring
situations. Many discouraging factors and stress
situations, in which hospitals abound, tend easily to
lead to erosion in motivation.
Facilitating decision making: a great part of
administration is concerned with decision making.
There are various kinds of decision making in a
hospital. When a hospital has sound administration then
the decision making is facilitated.
Negotiation: the administration spends considerable
time negotiating with agencies outside the hospital and
with staff members with in especially regarding their
working arrangements and conflict resolution.
Administration must negotiate with third party payers
(insurance companies, employers) regulatory agencies,
planning groups, equipment vendors and so on. There
are also elements of negotiation n the hiring of
personnel and salary determination.
Dealing with new technology: hospital practice has
become more and more dependent on high technology
which can rapidly outdate as the technological advance
continues. Medical staff is subjected to sales pressure
from manufacturers of newer items and they tend to
seek what is new without regards to cost because of the
glamour attached with newer sophisticated equipment.
Management development: every hospital has a few
trained managers and administrators. Rapid changes are
occurring which necessitate upgrading the knowledge,

5. Students will
be able to
enumerate
the elements
of
administratio
n
5 min
skills and attitudes in subordinate administrative
positions. Therefore a part of the educational activities
has to b directed to training and retraining of the
administrative personnel and even medical staff, in
supervisory and managerial positions.
Establishing managerial climate: administrative
personnel must be compatible with each other and with
the organization. Where a change in managerial climate
is called for, be preparing to recognize the need and be
capable of meeting it.
Evaluation: the ability to evaluate people, programmes
and the overall effectiveness of the hospital is one of
the competencies the administrator has to develop.
Evaluation includes evaluation of employee- clientele
relationship and interpersonal behavior.
ELEMENTS OF ADMINISTRATION:
 Administration may be defined as all t actions
rationally performed by one person or a number
of persons in concert to fulfill a common purpose
set by someone else of their accomplishment.
 Professor Luther Gullick (1937) - summed up
certain principles or elements in the word
“POSDCORB”. The hieroglyphic POSDCORB
consist of the initials of a number of words under
each of which some administrative activity has
been classified and named.
 POSDCORB is of course a made up word
designed to call attention to the various
functional elements of the work of a chief
Lecturing Listening Flash
cards
Can you
Enlist the
Elements
Of
administration

executive because “administration” and
“management” have lost all specific content.
POSDCORB is made up of initials and stands for
the following activities:
“P” stands for Planning: That is working out a
broad outline, the things that need to be done and
the methods for doing them to accomplish the
purpose set for the enterprises or of the purpose
in hand.
“O” stands for organizing: That is the
establishment of the formal structure of authority
through which work of subdivisions are arranged,
defined and co-ordinate for the defined
objectives. In other words building up the
structure of authority through which the entire
work to be done is arranged into well-defined
subdivisions and co-ordination.
“S” stands for Staffing: That is the whole
personnel function of bringing in and training the
staff and maintaining favorable conditions of
work. In other words, staffing is appointing
suitable persons to the various posts under the
organization and the whole of personnel
management.
“D” stand for Directing: That is the continuous
task of making decision and embodying them, in
specific and general orders and instructions and
serving as leader of the enterprise. Making
decisions and issuing orders and instructions

6.
1
Student will
be able to
narrate the
principles of
nursing
administratio
n
8 min
embodying them for the guidance of the staff.
“CO” stands for coordinating: That is all
important duty of inter-relating the various parts
of the work and eliminating of overlapping and
conflict.
“R” stands for Reporting: That is keeping those
to whom the executive is responsible informed as
to what is going on, which thus includes keeping
himself and his subordinates informed through
records, research and inspection.
“B” stands for Budgeting: With all that goes
with budgeting in the form of fiscal planning,
accounting and control. In the American
phraseology, budget stands for the whole of
financial administration.
PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION
The science of administration attempts to discover and
impart principles of administration. Principles can mean
either of two things, i.e. ethical nature and
generalization of behavior. There is a relationship
between ethical principles as generalization of cause-
and- effect. The principle, as ethics may set the
purpose; the generalization may assist in identifying the
means whereby the purpose may be achieved.
According to Finer following are the principles of
administration.
1. Principle of Oneness
From the apprehension of purpose, from its absorption,
flows directly the oneness of leadership that gives form
Teaching Note
taking
LCD Can you
State any
Two
principles of
administration.

to the whole aggregate of people hose skills are needed
for its fulfillment. Leadership may take the form of a
single executive or a duo or a triumvirate and they are
numerous forms of collective administrative bodies.
One may be final leader to take ultimate decisions.
Oneness implies that all the personnel are members.
The first requirement is that the right of people to have
positions of authority, or in other words, the
representatives of the authority of the situation. This
returns to the problem mentioned, that is to say, the
selection and promotion methods leading t high places.
However, there are involved all the techniques of
persuasion and command; orientation periods, manuals
of policy, periodical conferences, social festivities; the
administrator rounds in the manner appropriate to the
personality of the particular collection and human
beings on the staff and individual counseling. It would
be idle to protract that list of the techniques of
association of the art, as it were, of making love to
other people, getting them wed a purpose or to achieve
conversions. This would involve us in all the
sociological and psychological technique.
2. Principle of Specialism and the Whole
The principle of oneness offers guidance in an endemic
problem in administration. The relationship of the
specialist or expert to the total plan. In the
administration, each one should become an expert. The
contribution that expertness makes to a whole
organization is the sure mastery of part of clinical or

administrative practice, a mastery that others need as an
ingredient of their service, and must take on the
authority of the person who is expert. Failure to do this
means either a loss of effectiveness or the need to
neglect other work in order to immerse oneself in the
specialism, e.g. expert in sweeping, sot he expertness of
the specialist is indispensable and must be preserved
and encouraged.
3. Principle of Hierarchy and Regimentation
Administration has accepted the idea of hierarchy to
denote authority coming downwards from above, but in
the sense of chastising dogmatic rule. It accepts it in the
sense only of functional superordination and
subordination. When the administrative scientists talk
of hierarchy, they mean not regimentation (Properly
applied to the urgencies of obedience of military forces
under fire or training against the day when they will be)
but the pervasion of whole organization with the notion
of its oneness, and the fitting together of all the
members vertically (downwards) in the line authority,
and horizontally (across) of teams and colleagues in
specialist skill.
4. Principle of Morale
Morale is the spirit of active devotion to the persons
working together for a common purpose. When it is
high, the subjective burdens of the work, its hours, its
routines, the patience it demands, the submissions of
personal interesting and values, are lightly carried, and
there is an easy and cheerful demeanor o the part of

those who take and give order. When it is low, the work
and purpose looses value, and personality frustrates
them. When against, personal tensions, individual and
interpersonal, rise is high and rebelliously more
endangered. To buy morale, all aspects of employees
are taken into confidence at all levels.
5. Principles of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is diseased administration, the disease may
be defined deficiency in the spirit that created its
purpose that caused organization to be created, so that
either co-operation has fallen apart or activities are
executed without any interest in the object originally
assigned to them. Bureaucracy is administration,
without purpose, ethos, oneness, or morale; it is the
organizational form of personality equal to the
individual person called the “Hollowmen”.
6. Principle of Self- Administration
Administration begins with the self in relationship tot
eh fulfillment of the purpose. The administrator begins
with self-administartino, the adaptation of his own
stubborn, passive, incompetent or dissentient self to the
purpose, even if no one else is at work with him on the
job. Every professional worker- singer, actor, boxer,
author, scientist, nurse is obliged to administer himself
or herself, they must retain their caprices, harness their
energies and abate spiritual and mental rebellion in their
natures for the successful and most economical mastery
of purpose. This is self administration. In addition to
the above, the following principles should be

maintained in the administration.
xtent centralization of authority
and clear cut responsibility is needed for intelligent
operational work.
and skills while directing their subordinates for smooth
and efficient programmes.
to all officials or units prevent conflicts and avoid many
problems.
Henri Fayol Principles of Administration or
Management Since principles may be considered as
widely accepted statements which are found to be true
and reflective of life situations. To sum up, with
fourteen principles of administration were identified by
Henri Fayol as follows:
1. Division of work: In any organization administrator
or manager cannot perform all the activities to achieve
its objective. So there should be division of work
according to managerial and nonmanagerial, or
according to job which grouped according to
departments, e.g. Department of Nursing, Department
of Pharmacy, and Department of Medicine and so on.
2. Authority, responsibility and accountability: If the
person has to perform the job assignment effectively
according to their own qualification and experience, or
convention there should be delegation of authority and
responsibility needed, which in turn helps to get
accountability.

3. Discipline: For smooth running of administration to
achieve objectives, there should be proper observance
of the rules, regulations, norms, decorum, manners code
of ethics and respect; this requires to be enforced within
the organization by the managers.
4. Unity of command: In any organization the
subordinates should be supervised by a single
supervisor to whom he/ she should be accountable.
5. Unity of direction: In any organization there should
be one supervisor to give directions to his/ her
subordinates.
6. Subordination: of individual interest to
organizational interest. This implies that narrow selfish
interest should be overcome or should turn to common
and broad interest of the organization for its welfare,
e.g. collective bargaining (more salary, more
production).
7. Remuneration of personnel: There should be fair
policy for payment the personnel justifying the
workload, job hazards, efficiency and quality of
performance.
8. Centralization: There should be some amount of
greater and larger authority resting with top level
managers.
9. Scalar chain of Command: This implies that there
is chain or link of directional instructions from the top
level to the lowest rank of organizational members in
the hierarchy.
10. Order: in an administration there should be proper,

systematic arrangement of staff, materials, supplies and
equipment according to requirement of specific job
departments.
11. Equity: In administration there should be a fair and
impartial treatment to all workers irrespective of their
job.
12. Stability of tenure of personnel: Organizations
should make proper efforts to ensure stability and
continuity in the tenure of personnel, which gives
security and promotes functions.
13. Initiative Administration: should always be
encouraging initiative from each employee by allowing
him freedom to do his/ her best.
14. Espirit de corps: It refers to sense of belonging.
This fosters the team spirit, i.e. the spirit of working
together to achieve objectives effectively.
SCOPE OF ADMINISTRATION:
A full statement of the scope of the public
administration must then recognize
administrative theory and applied administration.
The field of administration theory in general has
been found to be fairly well mapped out in the
books on public administration.
The main forms of applied administration based
on its major functions are as follows:
1. Political function of the administration

includes the executive-legislative relationship,
politicaladministrative activities of the cabinet or
ministry, the minister- permanent official
relationship in short, the study of the twilight
zone between politics and administration proper.
2. Legislative function includes not merely
delegated legislation, but the preparatory work
done by the administrative officials and
departments in connection with the drawing up of
the bill to be introduced in the legislature and its
passage through that body.
3. Financial function includes the whole of
financial administration from the preparation of
the budget to its execution, accounting, audit,
treasury and management.
4. Defensive function covers the military
administration.
5. Educational function relates to educational
administration in its broadest sense.
6. Social administration includes the activities of
the departments concerned with food, housing,
health, social security, employment, etc.
7. Economic administration concerned with the
vast field of administrative activities relating to
protection and encouragement, industries and
agriculture, securing a prosperous and stable
economy, encouragement and promotion of
foreign trade and commerce, running of public
utilities and enterprises by government,

regulation of industries in the interest of
consumer and so on.
8. Foreign administration includes the conduct of
foreign affairs diplomacy, international
cooperation, administration of the international
agencies of various kinds, etc.
9. Imperial administration covers the problems
and techniques arising from the rule of one
person or nation over another.
10.Local administration is concerned with the
activities of local bodies.
BLOCK BASED LEARNING:
Block based learning is a dedicated learning of one
subject at a time; focuses on more immersed learning.
For example teaching learning activity is prepared for
one topic in one unit.
Programme : M.Sc(N)
Subject : Nursing management
Unit : I
REFLECTIVE LEARNING:
1. According to FINER how many principles of
administration are there?( )
a) 6 principles
b) 8 principles

c) 7 principles
d) 10 principles
2. According to henry fuel how many principles
of nursing management( )
a) 12 principles
b) 13 principles
c) 14 principles
d) 16 principles
3. In POSDCORB , R refers to: ( )
a) Reporting
b) Recruitment
c) Registration
d) Remuneration
4. Defensive function of nursing management
deals with…( )
a) Navy department
b) Police department
c) Military department
d) Political parties

5. In administration there should be a fair and
impartial treatment to all workers irrespective
of their job---refers to which principle? ( )
a) Order
b) Equity
c) Stability
d) Esperit de corps
Keys: 1-C ; 2- C ; 3-A ; 4-C ; 5- B .
RESEARCH BASED LEARNING:
NURSING STAFF TEAMWORK AND JOB
SATISFACTION
Beatrice J. Kalisch, RN, Ph.D, F.A.A.N., Titus
Distinguished Professorof Nursing and Director,
Hyunhwa Lee, RN, PhD, Post-DoctoralResearch
Fellow, and Monica Rochman, RN, BSN, Research
Associate and Doctoral Student
Aim
The aim of this study was to explore the influence of

unit characteristics, staff characteristics and teamwork
on job satisfaction with current position and occupation.
Background
Teamwork has been associated with a higher level of
job satisfaction but few studies have focused on the
acute care inpatient hospital nursing team.
Methods
This was a cross sectional study with a sample of 3,675
nursing staff from five hospitals and 80 patient care
units. Participants completed the Nursing Teamwork
Survey.
Results
Participants’ levels of job satisfaction with current
position and satisfaction with occupation were both
higher when they rated their teamwork higher (p <
0.001) and perceived their staffing as adequate more
often (p < 0.001). Type of unit influenced both
satisfaction variables (p < 0.05). Additionally,
education, gender and job title influenced satisfaction
with occupation(p < 0.05) but not with current
position.
Conclusions
Results of this study demonstrate that within nursing

teams on acute care patient units, a higher level of
teamwork and perceptions of adequate staffing leads to
greater job satisfaction with current position and
occupation.
Implications for Nursing Management
Findings suggest that efforts to improve teamwork and
ensure adequate staffing in acute care settings would
have a major impact on staff satisfaction.
INTERACTIVE LEARNING:
Whole class is divided into 4 groups to discuss about
the philosophy, purpose, elements, principles of nursing
management.
INTERNET BASED LEARNING:
I. www.bloodjournal.org
II. http://www.nature.com
III. www.researchgate.in
CONTEXTUAL LEARNING:
ASSIGNMENT: (10 M)
Write an assignment on scope of nursing management.
CAPSTONE PROJECT:
Students write the words regarding principles of
nursing management in 200 words.

SUPERVISED LEARNING:
Students divided into 5 groups 1st ( Introduction ) 2nd
(philosophy, purpose) 3rd (elements ) 4th (principles) 5 th
(scope of administration)
SUMMATIVE LEARNING:
Administration is a process permeating all collective
effort, be it public or private, civil or military, large
scale otherwise, and is that of universal nature. It is a
corporative effort, directed towards the realization of a
consciously laid down objectives. Since administration
permeates all planned human activities, hence it is at
the centre of all human affairs. Its principle aspects are
formulation of policy and its implementation for the
attainment in an optimum manner of stated ends in the
shape of service or products. Administration is an
activity which demands correct analysis and accurate
orientation.
CONCLUSION:
Let me conclude the topic philosophy, purpose,
elements, principles, scope of administration, hope you
all understood the topic, you have any doubt clarify,
Thank you.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Gillies D A, Nursing management: 537-551.
• Basvanthapa BT. Nursing administration. 1st edition,
Jaypee brothers medical publishers: New Delhi 2004:
327-332

• Introduction to management, Icfai ceter for management
research: Hydrabad 2007: 285-298
• www.wikepedia.com
• www.books.google.co.in

A. philosophy, principles, purpose, elements of administration

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