Vernacular architecture of Punjab province of pak. One of the forgotten forms of architecture in Asia is the vernacular architecture which is best suitable for the survival of human mankind in all forms of climate and weather. There is ample work being done in energy, but it is rather disjointed. Being an agrarian economy Pakistan consumes proportionately, a very high amount of energy in its residential sector. There is, therefore, enough reason on the part of policymakers to provide directions concerning utilization of the energy at all stages (design, construction, and occupancy)

1. PAKISTAN
Vernacular Architecture RAMNEEK SINGH SLAICH (58)
RIPUL (13)

2. Pakistan
What is VERNACULAR ?
❖ A “The term “vernacular” has different meanings, and
implications depending on the context of its use. This
term has been used by architects, historians,
archaeologists, folklorists and others. The word derives
from the Latin ‘vernaculus’, which means “native”.
Given that architecture is de
fi
ned as the science of
building, we can simply say that the de
fi
nition of
vernacular architecture is the “native science of
building”.

3. Pakistan
Why Vernacular ?
❖ A The brief answer is: to learn from it. The study further
expands and elaborates it further by arguing that this is
best done by looking at vernacular design as a model
system.
❖ A The
fi
rst and most obvious reason for studying
vernacular environments is that they comprise most of
what has ever been built. Even today only about 2 per
cent of buildings are designed by architects — the
remaining 98 per cent cannot be ignored. (Rapoport
199Da: Figs 1.1 and 1.2; 13—14)

4. Pakistan
Region & Geography
❖ Pakistan is the western-most country of the South Asian
subcontinent. It straddles the North-west frontier where the
Indo-Great plain meets the eastern edge of the Iran-
Afghanistan plateau.
❖ This frontier is de
fi
ned by a series of mountains from the high
Karakoram and the Himalayas in the north, through the Hindu
Kush and Suleiman ranges, to the Balochistan plateau and
Mekran ranges along the Arabian Sea.
❖ A These mountains which cover most of the land surfaces of
Pakistan are arid except for the northern slopes which catch the
monsoons at the end of their journey across the subcontinent.
Physical Map of Pakistan

5. Dust Storm in Pak-Afganistan Region
Altitude Map (200 - 6000m Above Mean Sea Level)
INDIA

6. Pakistan
Climate
❖ Due to variation in geophysical characteristics Pakistan
experiences a variety of climates in different regions. On
the whole, the country's climate tends to be hot during
summer and cold during winter with a period of
monsoon rains.
❖ But as the topography changes, the monsoon does not
reach all parts of the country and thus leaves areas in
plains and plateaus which are sandy deserts and hard
rocky mountains.(Bowen and Yannas 2013)
Mean Annual Rainfall (From 125 to 750mm)

7. Climate Classi
fi
cation Map
Index for Map

8. Pakistan
Culture & Tradition
A Pakistan is predominantly a Muslim culture country .
About 97% of the population is Muslim, where privacy is
of great importance. Combined effects of the bioclimatic
and socio-cultural in
fl
uences have led to the adaption of
the courtyard house as the most acceptable form of
dwelling. This courtyard type of plan is common to all
architectural styles in various regions, irrespective of
geophysical and other criteria.During hot dry summers, it
may be desirable to use the roof for sleeping purposes,
thus requiring
fl
at roofs.(Bowen and Yannas 2013)

9. Pakistan
Development of Vernacular
Architecture
❖ Design Considerations
❖ Building Typology
❖ Form
❖ Building Material

10. Design Considerations
❖ The main common characteristic of hot dry regions, affecting
human comfort as well as urban and building design, is the
combination of low humidity and high summer daytime
temperature. The aridity is accompanied by several other
characteristics of importance to human comfort, urban planning,
and building design. Direct solar radiation is as intense as the
radiation re
fl
ected from the light-coloured and bare land.
❖ The sky is clear most of the year, promoting solar heating during
the days and long wave radiant loss during the nights. Air
temperature can rise in extreme cases up to 50 degrees Celsius.
In many regions, the typical maximum temperature is 35-45
degree Celsius. Minimum temperatures in summers are about
25-30 degree Celsius. The ground surface temperature in
summers may reach up to 70 degree Celsius.
❖ A common feature in many hot dry regions is dust storms,
mainly during the afternoons. The dust storm constitutes one of
the major discomfort factors.

11. Building Typology
❖ Compact and massive design, mainly inward-facing buildings.
❖ Minimise surface areas and openings are exposed to the east and west sun and
orienting the building accordingly.
❖ Allow heat gain and storage in winter.
❖ Grouped buildings closely to each other. Especially east and west walls are placed
closely together for mutual shading.
❖ Created thermal barriers (non-habitable rooms, such as stores, toilets etc.) on the
east and especially on the west side of the building.
❖ Promoted ventilation and access to cooling winds.
❖ Provided suf
fi
cient natural lighting (no excessively deep rooms).
❖ Planed short internal circulation distances and avoid unnecessary stairs.
❖ Shade roofs, walls, openings and windows and outdoor spaces.
❖ The buildings include small enclosed courtyards with arcades, colonnades for light
and air and outside day-to- day activities. Courtyards provide shade, cool air
pools, and protection from hot and dusty winds.
❖ Buildings are treated with the external space as carefully as the building itself to
reduce glare and re
fl
ected heat radiation. (Origin of vernacular)

12. Form
❖ In summers, it is desirable to lower the rate of temperature
elevation of the interior during the daytime hours. To this end
the building should preferably be compact: the surface area of
its external envelope be as small as possible, to minimize the
heat
fl
ow into the building. However, during summer
evenings the outdoor temperature in many regions drops
down rapidly and reaches a level below the indoors.
❖ This situation changes the desired climatic performance of the
building. The objective in summer evenings would then be to
speed up as much as possible the cooling rate of the interior.
This calls for a spread out building with greater exposure to
the outdoor air. (Givoni 1998)
❖ It is possible to change the effective surface area of the
building's envelope by indented porches equipped with
closable insulated shutters along the lines of external walls.
When these shutters are closed, the porch becomes an integral
part of building envelope and the envelope area is minimized.

13. Form
❖ A During the evening and night hours, with the shutters
open, the envelope area increases and the porche's area
actually becomes part of the outdoors. The high mass walls
between the rooms and the porches are now exposed
directly to the outdoor air and thus, can more easily get rid
of the heat stored in them during the daytime hours.
❖ These shutters can be in the form of insulated doors, for
example. Small windows can be incorporated in the shutters
to provide daylight and views when the shutters are closed.
❖ To the extent that such porches face south, south-east or
south-west, they can survive in winter as passive solar
heating elements. To this end, they should be equipped also
with operable glazing , in addition to the insulated shutters.
In winter the glazing elements can be kept closed all the
time, thus transforming the porches into sunspaces.

14. Building Materials
❖ Traditional buildings in hot-dry regions are built of high-mass, thick walls
made of heavy materials such as stone, brick, adobe and mud. Windows
are usually small and protected from the Sun by the thickness of the wall in
which they are placed and in many cases by wooden shutters. The thick
and heavy structures of walls and the roof suppress the swing of the
external temperature and stabilise the indoor temperature.
❖ Villages in Southern Punjab have two basic shelter types: Pukka cement
structures and Katcha (mud and thatch). Families choose their dwelling
type based upon income level. The current methods and materials
employed in these shelters have a number of drawbacks in terms of climate
suitability, proper ventilation, long-term durability, and cost. (2000)
❖ Adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some
of the oldest existing buildings in the world and are used
extensively throughout the Middle East and Asia. The
technique of sustainable use relies on the proper speci
fi
cation
in the mixture of sand, clay and silt. In hot climates, compared
with wooden buildings, adobe buildings offer signi
fi
cant
advantages due to their greater thermal mass, providing a cool
environment in the summer and warmth in the winter.

15. Building Materials
❖ Compressed Earth Block — CEB, is a type of manufactured
construction material formed in a mechanical press that
makes an appropriate mix of dirt, non-expansive clay, and an
aggregate into a compressed block.
❖ Bamboo is one of the most underestimated materials,
especially in Pakistan. It is used extensively in Bangladesh,
India, Sri Lanka and nearly all the far east countries,
culminating in an extremely artistic format in Japan and
China.Bamboo is an excellent replacement for the use of
timber which is a depleting source in our country. It has a
tensile strength greater than steel and is used from making
simple baskets to major construction.
❖ Cob is an indigenous building material consisting of clay,
sand, straw, water and earth, similar to adobe. Cob is
fi
reproof, resistant to seismic activity, and inexpensive. It has
been revived in recent years by the natural building and
sustainability movements.

16. Pakistan
Earthen School: Tipu Sultan
Merkez, Sheikupera District,
Punjab Province
CASE STUDY - 1

17. Introduction
❖ The design is based on local building typologies which meet
residents' speci
fi
c needs, and it uses local materials in
construction. The school is an example of modern Punjabi
architecture integrated into the TSM campus. The usage of local
materials and the modi
fi
ed building methods connect the project
to the region. Modern elements like climate-adapting glassed
windows or modern earthen
fi
nishes link the project to
contemporary green architectural culture.
❖ People in Jar Maulwi have very ecological lifestyles: they build
using natural resources, grow their own food, etc. However,
residents dream of having more durable concrete and brick
homes, even though these are less comfortable and more
expensive. This project is designed to promote the area's
traditional, ecologically-friendly construction culture by keeping
the bene
fi
ts of the traditional methods while making buildings
more durable. The system can be used to construct rooms
spanning nearly 6 meters, making it suitable for many modern
purposes.

18. Introduction
❖ The land saved by building a two-storey construction can be
used for village gardens. Earth and bamboo are natural,
adaptable materials which can be returned to nature at the end
of the building's lifespan, creating a closed natural cycle.
Earth's natural humidity activity provides climate control and
thus a healthy indoor environment. The use of fast-growing
bamboo instead of wood counters deforestation, an important
topic in this area.
❖ Using natural local materials is very economical and saves
residents money. More durable buildings provide two
advantages: they require less intensive maintenance than
traditional buildings, but they last a long time with proper
upkeep. Trained craftsmen can start businesses using the new
system, and farmers can earn money through bamboo
cultivation. Economic cycles are small and locally-based, and
rural residents can generate local income by selling their
products and services to the cities.

19. Site Plan

20. Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan

21. Elevations

22. Materials Used
Section

23. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEP: 1 & 2

24. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEP: 3 & 4

25. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEP: 5, 6, 7 & 8

26. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS STEP 9 & 10

27. Pakistan
Christian Technical Training
Centre(CTTC), Gujranwala
CASE STUDY - 2

28. Typology & Design
❖ CTTC is a courtyard building comprising classrooms,
administration of
fi
ces, laboratories, and workshops. Being a
courtyard (roughly square) it is dif
fi
cult to orientate it. In. any
particular directions, with respect to the sun. That means that
there is nothing like “longest wall facing south”.
❖ Here a substantial wall of the building faces south but being a
courtyard a substantial part also faces west (and east as well).
The Building has been constructed using prefabricated beam
system with brick in
fi
ll-panels and glared windows.
❖ The principle of the overhang is used on south facing walls an
overhang that allows winter sun into the building but prevents
entry of sun rays in summer. (Bowen and Yannas 2013)
❖ These overhangs are part of the roof extended. They are not
overhangs on windows. To prevent solar gains on the west
walls, the smallest number and size of windows are used. The
overhang over these windows becomes quite ineffective after
1400 hours.

29. Climate Responsive
❖ Therefore, lines of trees (deciduous) have been planted in such
positions that they provide maximum shade in the afternoon
period. These trees play a large part in controlling the climate
of the building. Deciduous trees lined on the south and west
sides of the buildings provide shade, and also cool the hot air
through evapotranspiration.
❖ During the winter, these trees shed their leaves and thus allow
the sunshine to heat the walls as well inside by passing
through windows.Although no proper study exists of the
above mentioned buildings, a simple survey done by the
author at the time of the visit suggested that the design
principles involved have paid out quite substantially and that
the users are generally convinced of the passive cooling
method during the summer. During winter, however, the
building demands an auxiliary heating system. Due to large
glazing areas, as well as shading of some windows by
overgrown trees.

30. Conclusion
❖ Pakistan possesses an illustrious past in the use of material and mental resources
towards achieving a built environment worthy of the name and a pride to be
mentioned. There are in-numerous buildings belonging to the immediate and
distant past which speak for themselves of the quality of life their inhabitants
would have enjoyed. But the most magni
fi
cent of all the periods, with particular
reference to architectural innovation, was that of great Mughals.
❖ They utilized the local material to create masterpieces, be it a palace, a fort, a
small dwelling, a monument or a tomb. They handled almost all the important
climatic elements most innovatively, whether it was sun, wind, daylight, rain etc.
Their landscape treatment of open spaces and gardens are exemplary and even
today they offer a real treat to the visitors.
❖ There is ample work being done in the
fi
eld of energy but it is rather disjointed.
Being an agrarian economy Pakistan consumes proportionately, very high
amount of energy in its residential sector. There is, therefore, enough reason on
the part of policy makers to provide directions with respect to utilization of
energy at all stages (design, construction, and occupancy).

31. Bibliography
❖ (2000). "Indus Earth Trust." from http://indusearthtrust.ore/.
❖ Asquith, L. and M. Vellinga (2006). Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty
fi
rst Century: Theory,
❖ Education and Practice, Taylor & Francis.
❖ Bowen, A. and S. Yannas (2013). Passive and Low EnerR Ecotechniques: Proceedings of the Third
❖ International PLEA Conference Mexico Cit Mexico 6—11 Au ust 1984 Elsevier Science. Eike
❖ Roswag, R. A. (2011). "Sustainable by Design 2050." from http://www.sbd2050.ore/.
❖ Givoni, B. (1998). Climate Considerations in Buildin and Urban Desi n, Wiley.
❖ Mumtaz, K. K. and Unesco (1981). Traditional Forms of Rural Habitat in Pakistan, Unesco. Noble, A.
❖ (2013). Vernacular Buildin s: A Global Surve I.B.Tauris.
❖ Rapoport, A. (1969). House Form and Culture, Prentice-Hall.
❖ https://www.designboom.com/architecture/ziegert-roswag-seiler-architekten-ingenieure-earthen-school-in-pakistan/
❖ https://divisare.com/projects/309226-ziegert-roswag-seiler-architekten-ingenieure-earthen-school-tipu-sultan-merkez-pakistan
❖ https://www.holcimfoundation.org/projects/locally-manufactured-cob-and-bamboo-school-building-jar-maulwi

32. –Yasmeen Lari
“You Must believe in yourself, in your passion, your creativity and
your ability”
🌈 Thank-you 🌈