The document provides an overview of the Gulf of Kutch region in Gujarat, India. It discusses the landforms, geology, ecosystems, human settlements, and socioeconomic patterns of the area. The Gulf of Kutch was once a navigable lake but is now a large mudflat that floods during the monsoon season. The region experiences extreme climatic conditions and has a dynamic landscape characterized by salt basins, migrating birds, islands, earthquakes, and growing development. The landforms of the Gulf include the Great Rann and Little Rann mudflats, the Banni plains, and several highland areas with hilly terrain. Human impacts like increasing salinity, soil erosion, and degrading mangro
EARTH SCIENCE AND HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION FIELD WORKSantosh Sharma
ย
1. The document describes field work conducted in Kutch, Gujarat from February 6-14, 2015 to study earth science and hydrocarbon exploration.
2. The field work involved visiting locations of different geological ages from Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous. Key observations included rock types, sedimentary structures, fossils, and measuring strike, dip and paleocurrent directions.
3. Locations visited included Kalo Dungar of Middle Jurassic age showing herringbone structures and ripple marks. Jumara Dome of Middle to Upper Jurassic age exhibited a dome structure. Rudramata Shale of Upper Jurassic age contained organic-rich shale and soft sediment deformation structures. Jh
The Ecuadorian shoreline is considered highly susceptible by impacts of tsunamis triggered by marine quakes or submarine landslides occurring close or nearby the subduction zone between the Nazca, Caribbean and South American plates. Since 1877 one dozen known tsunamis have been witnessed along this coast, mostly related to short-distanced seismic activities (earthquakes between Mw 6.9 to 8.8). However, no evidence of these impacts has been recorded in the sedimentary stratigraphy on the Ecuadorian platform so far. Nonetheless, in the southwestern
part of the Gulf of Guayaquil, due to a biological, chemical, stratigraphic and geochronologic study of a few cored samples an anomalous horizon to the other sedimentary layers has been identified and recognized as a paleo-tsunami deposit. This layer having a thickness of up to 10 cm and up to 1100 meters away from the actual shore, demonstrates various criteria which confirm its origin such as deep sea foraminifera like Pullenia bulloides, run-up and backwash features, fragments of molluscs, which are absent in other sedimentary levels, matrix of weathered chlorite potentially originated by glauconite besides other. Geocronologic evidence together with the calculated sedimentation rate, implies that a the tsunami surged the coastal lowlands around Villamil Playas about 1250 ยฑ 50 yrs ago and must have been a major event originated from the western or northwestern direction.
Re-Colonizing Soft Corals on the Degraded Coral Reefs of Gulf Of Kachchh Mari...paperpublications3
ย
Abstract: Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.
Geomorphological evolution of teknaf peninsulaNishat Falgunee
ย
The document discusses the geomorphological evolution of Teknaf Peninsula in Bangladesh. It analyzes evidence from lithological sequences, geomorphic features, bathymetric changes, vegetation patterns and human activities to understand the various processes that have shaped the peninsula. It finds that tectonic, fluvial, oceanographic and human processes have all contributed to changes in the peninsula over time. Specifically, it notes that sedimentation from the Nafa River and tidal action filled what was once a separate Shahpuri Island. However, the area is now undergoing significant changes from both accretion and erosion as well as human intervention, with the rate of erosion exceeding accretion.
This document is a field training report submitted by Ms. Rohini Singh to Banasthali University in partial fulfillment of an M.Sc. in geology. The report provides an introduction to the geology of the Kachchh region of Gujarat, India where the field training took place. It describes the physiographic divisions and stratigraphy of the Kachchh basin, including the Mesozoic, Tertiary, and Quaternary units. It also discusses the tectonic settings of the basin and the major fault systems, including the Kachchh Mainland Fault and South Wagad Fault.
โThe geological structures in the Bight basin and the possibility of petroleumโ school exercise which I made in a group. This was one of our class subject.
Document is published in English, I hope the readers will get some effective information
The document provides an introduction to a booklet on ocean sciences created by the Geological Society of India. It summarizes that the Department of Ocean Development requested the booklet to educate the general public in multiple languages. The Geological Society took on the project with help from experts. The president expresses gratitude to the contributors and hopes the booklet will increase children's interest in ocean exploration.
- The document discusses runoff farming as a way to reduce rural poverty in the Cholistan Desert of Pakistan.
- The Cholistan Desert has an arid climate with low and erratic rainfall, but traditional runoff farming techniques have harvested rainwater through structures like ponds and ditches.
- Runoff farming involves modifying landscapes to increase runoff from rainfall and conveying that water to storage structures for irrigation and other uses. These indigenous techniques have helped support agriculture and alleviate poverty in an area with little other water.
EARTH SCIENCE AND HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION FIELD WORKSantosh Sharma
ย
1. The document describes field work conducted in Kutch, Gujarat from February 6-14, 2015 to study earth science and hydrocarbon exploration.
2. The field work involved visiting locations of different geological ages from Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous. Key observations included rock types, sedimentary structures, fossils, and measuring strike, dip and paleocurrent directions.
3. Locations visited included Kalo Dungar of Middle Jurassic age showing herringbone structures and ripple marks. Jumara Dome of Middle to Upper Jurassic age exhibited a dome structure. Rudramata Shale of Upper Jurassic age contained organic-rich shale and soft sediment deformation structures. Jh
The Ecuadorian shoreline is considered highly susceptible by impacts of tsunamis triggered by marine quakes or submarine landslides occurring close or nearby the subduction zone between the Nazca, Caribbean and South American plates. Since 1877 one dozen known tsunamis have been witnessed along this coast, mostly related to short-distanced seismic activities (earthquakes between Mw 6.9 to 8.8). However, no evidence of these impacts has been recorded in the sedimentary stratigraphy on the Ecuadorian platform so far. Nonetheless, in the southwestern
part of the Gulf of Guayaquil, due to a biological, chemical, stratigraphic and geochronologic study of a few cored samples an anomalous horizon to the other sedimentary layers has been identified and recognized as a paleo-tsunami deposit. This layer having a thickness of up to 10 cm and up to 1100 meters away from the actual shore, demonstrates various criteria which confirm its origin such as deep sea foraminifera like Pullenia bulloides, run-up and backwash features, fragments of molluscs, which are absent in other sedimentary levels, matrix of weathered chlorite potentially originated by glauconite besides other. Geocronologic evidence together with the calculated sedimentation rate, implies that a the tsunami surged the coastal lowlands around Villamil Playas about 1250 ยฑ 50 yrs ago and must have been a major event originated from the western or northwestern direction.
Re-Colonizing Soft Corals on the Degraded Coral Reefs of Gulf Of Kachchh Mari...paperpublications3
ย
Abstract: Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.
Geomorphological evolution of teknaf peninsulaNishat Falgunee
ย
The document discusses the geomorphological evolution of Teknaf Peninsula in Bangladesh. It analyzes evidence from lithological sequences, geomorphic features, bathymetric changes, vegetation patterns and human activities to understand the various processes that have shaped the peninsula. It finds that tectonic, fluvial, oceanographic and human processes have all contributed to changes in the peninsula over time. Specifically, it notes that sedimentation from the Nafa River and tidal action filled what was once a separate Shahpuri Island. However, the area is now undergoing significant changes from both accretion and erosion as well as human intervention, with the rate of erosion exceeding accretion.
This document is a field training report submitted by Ms. Rohini Singh to Banasthali University in partial fulfillment of an M.Sc. in geology. The report provides an introduction to the geology of the Kachchh region of Gujarat, India where the field training took place. It describes the physiographic divisions and stratigraphy of the Kachchh basin, including the Mesozoic, Tertiary, and Quaternary units. It also discusses the tectonic settings of the basin and the major fault systems, including the Kachchh Mainland Fault and South Wagad Fault.
โThe geological structures in the Bight basin and the possibility of petroleumโ school exercise which I made in a group. This was one of our class subject.
Document is published in English, I hope the readers will get some effective information
The document provides an introduction to a booklet on ocean sciences created by the Geological Society of India. It summarizes that the Department of Ocean Development requested the booklet to educate the general public in multiple languages. The Geological Society took on the project with help from experts. The president expresses gratitude to the contributors and hopes the booklet will increase children's interest in ocean exploration.
- The document discusses runoff farming as a way to reduce rural poverty in the Cholistan Desert of Pakistan.
- The Cholistan Desert has an arid climate with low and erratic rainfall, but traditional runoff farming techniques have harvested rainwater through structures like ponds and ditches.
- Runoff farming involves modifying landscapes to increase runoff from rainfall and conveying that water to storage structures for irrigation and other uses. These indigenous techniques have helped support agriculture and alleviate poverty in an area with little other water.
Santharam & tarachand mining of beach sand-water resource managementTarachand Veeragattapu
ย
This document summarizes the challenges of mining beach sand deposits in India for heavy minerals while maintaining groundwater and coastal water management. It discusses how the mining and processing of beach sands requires large amounts of water which must be carefully managed. A case study describes hydrogeological investigations conducted at a heavy mineral sand deposit in Srikakulam, India. The study assessed the local geology and groundwater levels, and developed techniques like polymer injection to separate water from waste slurry in order to recycle it and maintain the local water balance during mining operations.
Developing Conceptual Aquifer Geometry, Structural Geological Control and Pos...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Environmental and socio-economic study on St. martin, Moheshkhali & Coxโs baz...salma sultana
ย
This document is a field report on the environmental and socio-economic study of St. Martin, Moheshkhali, and Cox's Bazar sea beaches. It includes chapters on the geological, biological, chemical, and economic features of the areas. The report finds that St. Martin island has coral colonies and diverse marine life. Moheshkhali has hills and mangrove forests. Cox's Bazar has a long beach and estuaries with diverse plant and animal species. The areas face threats from natural hazards and environmental degradation if not properly managed.
This study analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of sand dunes along the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea using satellite images from 1983 to 2004. The results showed that of the 865 km coastal area, only 156 km contained sand dunes, with 98 km of pristine dunes located in Miankaleh. Over 35% of dunes eroded in the study period due to sea level rise and human activities like construction. A vulnerability assessment found that 46.6% of the coastline, including areas in Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan provinces, were highly vulnerable to erosion. The study concluded that protecting remaining dunes through conservation programs is crucial to prevent further destruction.
Geology of parts of Gboko and Makurdi Local Government Areas, Benue State, Ni...Premier Publishers
ย
The study area lies within the middle Benue trough consisting of a sedimentary terrain, and igneous rocks at the northern part. The area has three drainage basins separated by a water divide that trends nearly north-south. The sedimentary terrain comprises mainly sandstone of Makurdi Sandstone with common fold axes trending Southwest-Northeast. It has grain size distribution and stratigraphic signatures suggestive of fluvial environment. The limestone unit is of a smaller area and circumscribed by the sandstone. Fossils identified in the limestone include mostly pelecypods, gastropods and ammoids. The limestone unit is a probable member of Eze-Aku shale. Evidence of igneous activity in the study area is the emplacement of extrusive and intrusive rocks. The extensive rock is porphyritic basalt, with olivine phenocrysts, augite and analcite. The mineral assemblage suggests that the basalt is of alkaline affinity. The intrusive rocks are dolerite and felsic dolerite, with predominance of lime-bearing plagioclase over all other minerals in the felsic dolerite.
EUSTATIC CHANGES IN QUATERNARY_083406.pptxKuki Boruah
ย
The eustatic sea level is the distance from the center of the earth to the sea surface.
Eustatic changes refer to global variations in sea level.
Eustatic changes can occur on a range of timescales, from decades to millions of years.
Understanding the causes and effects of eustatic changes is important for predicting and mitigating the impacts of future sea level changes.
One of the primary drivers of eustatic changes over geological time scales is the growth and retreat of ice sheets.
Changes in the eustatic sea level lead to changes in accommodation.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
Field report Gilgit Baltistan by Samiullahsami ullah
ย
This document provides a geological field report from a student's field trip through northern Pakistan. The student visited areas from Muslimabad to Hunza over 6 days, observing and documenting different rock types. Key stops included Besham, Kohistan, Gilgit, and Hunza. Rocks observed included basalts, andesites, metasedimentary rocks, diorites, dunites, gabbro, basalt, gabbro norites and pyroxenites. The report includes an introduction, literature review on the geology of the areas visited, and detailed documentation of stops made each day, including observations of rock types and structures.
Coastal zones โ seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
ย
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Ras Muhammad Marine National Park is located on faulted and uplifted Neogene blocks that are
partially covered by Quaternary limestones of predominantly coralgal facies. The physiography of the
reefal limestone cropping out in the area and also the present-day depositional environments are
tectonically controlled. Surface morphology observations show that earthquake pools that cut through the
uplifted Pleistocene reefs indicate continuing recent movements, as indicated by numerous records of
seismic activity in the study area. The morphostructural-generated depositional facies patterns on the
peninsula are a wide tidal belt with tidal shoals and coastal spits, barrier and fringing reefs, three
elongated embayments, Hiddan Bay, mangrove and tidal channels, Ras Muhammad pool and sabkha, and
earthquake pools (two earth fissures). The distribution of marine plants is described for each area. The
abundance of algae in Ras Muhammad appeared to be inversely related to the abundance of living corals.
The document summarizes key information about three sedimentary basins in western India:
1) The Kutch Basin formed in the Late Triassic due to rifting along the Delhi trend. It contains up to 3,000m of sediments from the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous deposited in marine to deltaic environments.
2) The Saurashtra Basin lies north of proven Mumbai Offshore Basin and south of prospective Kutch Basin. It contains Mesozoic rocks and is covered by Deccan Traps, hindering exploration. Potential reservoirs include Cretaceous sandstones and Eocene-Miocene carbonates.
3) The Narmada Basin formed in the Early
The document summarizes geological features of Sitakunda and Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh. It discusses the objectives of fieldwork in the two areas, which include understanding the thick sedimentary sequences containing sandstone, shale and siltstone in Sitakunda. In Cox's Bazar, the objectives are to study the geological and geomorphological features, and the process of extracting and separating heavy minerals from the beach. The significance of the study areas is their economic resources like heavy minerals and research potential to understand the structural geology and natural resources of the regions.
Jalaludin study geothermal djibouti unu gtp-sc-11-46Parti Djibouti
ย
The document summarizes geothermal explorations that have been conducted in the Republic of Djibouti. Surface explorations identified several geothermal provinces in the country, including the Asal Rift, Nord Goubhet Hanle, and Gaggade areas. Deep drilling in the Asal Rift revealed a high-enthalpy reservoir and lower-temperature reservoir. Drilling in Hanle Plain found lower temperatures due to high underground freshwater flow. While geothermal power has yet to be achieved, private sector interest is growing in developing resources in Asal Rift and Lake Abhe region.
Thompson Turk - Introduction to Physical Geology.pdfgigiherlangga2
ย
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in geology. It discusses how the Earth appears static but is actually dynamic with slow continental drift and occasional rapid changes from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It introduces the concepts of uniformitarianism, where present geological processes can explain past events, and catastrophism, where rare catastrophic events cause rapid changes. It outlines the components of the Earth, including the solid Earth, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. It also presents the geological time scale which divides Earth's history into standardized eons, eras, periods and epochs based on the evolution of life.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
ย
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Hooghly-Matlah estuary is located in West Bengal, India and is one of the largest estuarine systems in the world. It is formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Damodar, and Rupnarayan rivers and covers over 4,264 square kilometers. The estuary is divided into four zones based on salinity levels, with the lower zone contributing the majority of annual fish catch. The estuary supports a diverse biota including over 172 fish species and provides important fisheries for the region.
This document describes springs located on the Zuni Reservation in New Mexico. It finds that springs in the Nutria area discharge from both shallow and deep circulation systems in the Permian San Andres-Glorieta aquifer near the Zuni Mountains, with isotope data indicating a mixture of modern and pre-1952 recharge. Springs in the Ojo Caliente area represent predominantly older pre-1952 recharge. Alluvial springs in the Black Rock area exhibit local modern recharge, while springs in the Pescado area show older recharge from the Zuni Mountains. Spring flows appear to have generally declined between 1972 and 2009 but increased after 2009 with above average winter precipitation.
Writing Research Papers, Research Navigator EditioTina Gabel
ย
Female sex offenders are often overlooked compared to male sex offenders, but women are just as likely to commit sex offenses. Women sex offenders frequently target their students if they are teachers, giving them access to hundreds of underaged children each school year that they can prey upon or have intimate relationships with. Most people automatically assume a sex offender is male when they hear about such a crime. However, females are capable of being sex offenders too.
Synthesis Statement. How To Write A SyntheTina Gabel
ย
The document provides steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. Attach sample work to imitate writing style.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. Place a deposit to start the assignment.
4. Ensure the paper meets expectations and authorize final payment. Free revisions are provided.
More Related Content
Similar to A Brief Essay on The Gulf of Kutch and the Gujarat region Based on the study of quot Landscape Pattern, Perception and Process quot.pdf
Santharam & tarachand mining of beach sand-water resource managementTarachand Veeragattapu
ย
This document summarizes the challenges of mining beach sand deposits in India for heavy minerals while maintaining groundwater and coastal water management. It discusses how the mining and processing of beach sands requires large amounts of water which must be carefully managed. A case study describes hydrogeological investigations conducted at a heavy mineral sand deposit in Srikakulam, India. The study assessed the local geology and groundwater levels, and developed techniques like polymer injection to separate water from waste slurry in order to recycle it and maintain the local water balance during mining operations.
Developing Conceptual Aquifer Geometry, Structural Geological Control and Pos...iosrjce
ย
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Environmental and socio-economic study on St. martin, Moheshkhali & Coxโs baz...salma sultana
ย
This document is a field report on the environmental and socio-economic study of St. Martin, Moheshkhali, and Cox's Bazar sea beaches. It includes chapters on the geological, biological, chemical, and economic features of the areas. The report finds that St. Martin island has coral colonies and diverse marine life. Moheshkhali has hills and mangrove forests. Cox's Bazar has a long beach and estuaries with diverse plant and animal species. The areas face threats from natural hazards and environmental degradation if not properly managed.
This study analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of sand dunes along the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea using satellite images from 1983 to 2004. The results showed that of the 865 km coastal area, only 156 km contained sand dunes, with 98 km of pristine dunes located in Miankaleh. Over 35% of dunes eroded in the study period due to sea level rise and human activities like construction. A vulnerability assessment found that 46.6% of the coastline, including areas in Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan provinces, were highly vulnerable to erosion. The study concluded that protecting remaining dunes through conservation programs is crucial to prevent further destruction.
Geology of parts of Gboko and Makurdi Local Government Areas, Benue State, Ni...Premier Publishers
ย
The study area lies within the middle Benue trough consisting of a sedimentary terrain, and igneous rocks at the northern part. The area has three drainage basins separated by a water divide that trends nearly north-south. The sedimentary terrain comprises mainly sandstone of Makurdi Sandstone with common fold axes trending Southwest-Northeast. It has grain size distribution and stratigraphic signatures suggestive of fluvial environment. The limestone unit is of a smaller area and circumscribed by the sandstone. Fossils identified in the limestone include mostly pelecypods, gastropods and ammoids. The limestone unit is a probable member of Eze-Aku shale. Evidence of igneous activity in the study area is the emplacement of extrusive and intrusive rocks. The extensive rock is porphyritic basalt, with olivine phenocrysts, augite and analcite. The mineral assemblage suggests that the basalt is of alkaline affinity. The intrusive rocks are dolerite and felsic dolerite, with predominance of lime-bearing plagioclase over all other minerals in the felsic dolerite.
EUSTATIC CHANGES IN QUATERNARY_083406.pptxKuki Boruah
ย
The eustatic sea level is the distance from the center of the earth to the sea surface.
Eustatic changes refer to global variations in sea level.
Eustatic changes can occur on a range of timescales, from decades to millions of years.
Understanding the causes and effects of eustatic changes is important for predicting and mitigating the impacts of future sea level changes.
One of the primary drivers of eustatic changes over geological time scales is the growth and retreat of ice sheets.
Changes in the eustatic sea level lead to changes in accommodation.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
Field report Gilgit Baltistan by Samiullahsami ullah
ย
This document provides a geological field report from a student's field trip through northern Pakistan. The student visited areas from Muslimabad to Hunza over 6 days, observing and documenting different rock types. Key stops included Besham, Kohistan, Gilgit, and Hunza. Rocks observed included basalts, andesites, metasedimentary rocks, diorites, dunites, gabbro, basalt, gabbro norites and pyroxenites. The report includes an introduction, literature review on the geology of the areas visited, and detailed documentation of stops made each day, including observations of rock types and structures.
Coastal zones โ seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
ย
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Ras Muhammad Marine National Park is located on faulted and uplifted Neogene blocks that are
partially covered by Quaternary limestones of predominantly coralgal facies. The physiography of the
reefal limestone cropping out in the area and also the present-day depositional environments are
tectonically controlled. Surface morphology observations show that earthquake pools that cut through the
uplifted Pleistocene reefs indicate continuing recent movements, as indicated by numerous records of
seismic activity in the study area. The morphostructural-generated depositional facies patterns on the
peninsula are a wide tidal belt with tidal shoals and coastal spits, barrier and fringing reefs, three
elongated embayments, Hiddan Bay, mangrove and tidal channels, Ras Muhammad pool and sabkha, and
earthquake pools (two earth fissures). The distribution of marine plants is described for each area. The
abundance of algae in Ras Muhammad appeared to be inversely related to the abundance of living corals.
The document summarizes key information about three sedimentary basins in western India:
1) The Kutch Basin formed in the Late Triassic due to rifting along the Delhi trend. It contains up to 3,000m of sediments from the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous deposited in marine to deltaic environments.
2) The Saurashtra Basin lies north of proven Mumbai Offshore Basin and south of prospective Kutch Basin. It contains Mesozoic rocks and is covered by Deccan Traps, hindering exploration. Potential reservoirs include Cretaceous sandstones and Eocene-Miocene carbonates.
3) The Narmada Basin formed in the Early
The document summarizes geological features of Sitakunda and Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh. It discusses the objectives of fieldwork in the two areas, which include understanding the thick sedimentary sequences containing sandstone, shale and siltstone in Sitakunda. In Cox's Bazar, the objectives are to study the geological and geomorphological features, and the process of extracting and separating heavy minerals from the beach. The significance of the study areas is their economic resources like heavy minerals and research potential to understand the structural geology and natural resources of the regions.
Jalaludin study geothermal djibouti unu gtp-sc-11-46Parti Djibouti
ย
The document summarizes geothermal explorations that have been conducted in the Republic of Djibouti. Surface explorations identified several geothermal provinces in the country, including the Asal Rift, Nord Goubhet Hanle, and Gaggade areas. Deep drilling in the Asal Rift revealed a high-enthalpy reservoir and lower-temperature reservoir. Drilling in Hanle Plain found lower temperatures due to high underground freshwater flow. While geothermal power has yet to be achieved, private sector interest is growing in developing resources in Asal Rift and Lake Abhe region.
Thompson Turk - Introduction to Physical Geology.pdfgigiherlangga2
ย
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in geology. It discusses how the Earth appears static but is actually dynamic with slow continental drift and occasional rapid changes from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It introduces the concepts of uniformitarianism, where present geological processes can explain past events, and catastrophism, where rare catastrophic events cause rapid changes. It outlines the components of the Earth, including the solid Earth, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. It also presents the geological time scale which divides Earth's history into standardized eons, eras, periods and epochs based on the evolution of life.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
ย
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Hooghly-Matlah estuary is located in West Bengal, India and is one of the largest estuarine systems in the world. It is formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Damodar, and Rupnarayan rivers and covers over 4,264 square kilometers. The estuary is divided into four zones based on salinity levels, with the lower zone contributing the majority of annual fish catch. The estuary supports a diverse biota including over 172 fish species and provides important fisheries for the region.
This document describes springs located on the Zuni Reservation in New Mexico. It finds that springs in the Nutria area discharge from both shallow and deep circulation systems in the Permian San Andres-Glorieta aquifer near the Zuni Mountains, with isotope data indicating a mixture of modern and pre-1952 recharge. Springs in the Ojo Caliente area represent predominantly older pre-1952 recharge. Alluvial springs in the Black Rock area exhibit local modern recharge, while springs in the Pescado area show older recharge from the Zuni Mountains. Spring flows appear to have generally declined between 1972 and 2009 but increased after 2009 with above average winter precipitation.
Similar to A Brief Essay on The Gulf of Kutch and the Gujarat region Based on the study of quot Landscape Pattern, Perception and Process quot.pdf (20)
Writing Research Papers, Research Navigator EditioTina Gabel
ย
Female sex offenders are often overlooked compared to male sex offenders, but women are just as likely to commit sex offenses. Women sex offenders frequently target their students if they are teachers, giving them access to hundreds of underaged children each school year that they can prey upon or have intimate relationships with. Most people automatically assume a sex offender is male when they hear about such a crime. However, females are capable of being sex offenders too.
Synthesis Statement. How To Write A SyntheTina Gabel
ย
The document provides steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. Attach sample work to imitate writing style.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. Place a deposit to start the assignment.
4. Ensure the paper meets expectations and authorize final payment. Free revisions are provided.
003 Essay Example Why I Need Scholarship FinancialTina Gabel
ย
The document discusses the writer's plan to get a part-time job after high school in order to save money for college. The writer's dream is to attend Full Sail University to study game art, but they have backup plans to attend a local community college for horticulture classes or work on their grandfather's farm if they are unable to attend their dream college. The writer emphasizes the importance of planning for the future but also having backup plans in case life does not go exactly as planned.
St Joseph Hospital Persuasive Essays. Online assignment writing service.Tina Gabel
ย
The document discusses Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) and virtual private networks (VPNs). It explains that IPsec is a set of protocols that provides security at the Internet layer by enabling authentication and encryption of IP packets. It allows mutual authentication between agents and negotiation of cryptographic keys to secure communications sessions. IPsec can protect data flows between hosts, security gateways, or a gateway and host. The document also notes that VPNs use IPsec and encryption to extend a private network across a public network like the Internet, providing remote access and site-to-site connectivity.
How To Efficiently Write The Extended Essay Tychr BTina Gabel
ย
This document discusses neo-institutionalism as an approach in political science. It first provides a general introduction to neo-institutionalism, situating it historically. It then discusses the three strands that comprise neo-institutionalism: rational choice institutionalism, historical institutionalism, and sociological institutionalism. Finally, it examines two key questions of institutional analysis: the relationship between institutions and actor behavior, and how institutions structure interactions.
Bitter gourd has several advantages and disadvantages. It has many health benefits like lowering blood sugar levels, aiding weight loss, improving digestion, and boosting immunity. However, it also has some disadvantages such as its bitter taste, potential drug interactions, and possible side effects in large amounts like abdominal pain and diarrhea. The document discusses the introduction, advantages, and disadvantages of bitter gourd in 3 sentences.
A Frog Writing Paper By Regina Davis Teachers PTina Gabel
ย
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from an online service, with 5 steps: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers to complete assignments through a bidding system while ensuring client satisfaction.
Rainbow Writing Paper, Rainbow Paper Set HandTina Gabel
ย
1. Christine grew up in a rural area in Illinois and came from a large family with 2 brothers and 2 sisters. She had a traditional view of marriage and family where women married young and had children.
2. Her views were shaped by growing up in a different era without modern conveniences and career opportunities for women. Getting married and starting a family was seen as the primary role for women at a young age.
3. Her perspective contrasts with today's views where many women pursue careers first before marriage and children or choose to not have families at all. Christine had a more traditional family-focused mindset reflective
Conclusion For A Persuasive Essay Argumentative Essay, Essay TipsTina Gabel
ย
The document discusses the sale of Health Development Corporation (HDC), which owns and manages health clubs in the Boston area. HDC retained Kaufman Co. to solicit bids from potential buyers. The bids came in lower than expected because bidders did not fully value HDC's ownership of the Lexington Club's real estate. In 1999, HDC had purchased the Lexington Club property for $6.5 million, financing it with cash and a mortgage, because the lease payments were higher than ownership costs. The document provides context around HDC's consideration of real estate ownership and the bidding process overseen by Kaufman Co.
The document discusses corporate weblogs and their use by businesses like Topshop for marketing and communication purposes. It provides context on the evolution of e-business and how weblogs emerged as a way for individuals to share content online. It then examines Topshop's corporate weblog specifically and how it aims to build connections with customers by sharing fashion advice, celebrity news, and promotions. The evaluation will critically analyze Topshop's weblog as a marketing and communication tool.
Child Labor Essay - Free Essay Example - 1008Tina Gabel
ย
1. The document provides steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, completing an order form, reviewing writer bids, authorizing payment, and requesting revisions.
2. It then discusses how the United States has Open Skies agreements allowing foreign airlines to fly to the US with few restrictions, but some US carriers argue this allows subsidized foreign airlines an unfair advantage on certain routes.
3. The next section examines the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, a period of drought and poor farming practices in the Midwest that destroyed millions of acres and caused economic hardship until government programs helped recovery.
Spelman College Extends Its Test Optional Policy For Class Of 2026Tina Gabel
ย
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. Users can describe their assignment, choose a writer to complete it, and receive multiple revisions if needed to ensure satisfaction with the final work. The website aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds if assignments are plagiarized.
Research Essay Writing Help Writing Service With UptTina Gabel
ย
The four dimensions of qualitative research are positivism, postpositivism, constructivism, and objectivism. These dimensions can be divided into epistemological positions, which consider the nature of knowledge, and ontological positions, which examine the nature of reality. The document also discusses the definition of qualitative research and outlines five common qualitative methods: phenomenology, ethnography, action research, grounded theory, and case study.
Scientific Research Paper Sample - Biology 151152Tina Gabel
ย
The document discusses the importance of setting in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby. It focuses on comparing and contrasting two key settings: The Valley of Ashes and New York City. The Valley of Ashes is described as a desolate wasteland located between East and West Egg, while New York City is a busy metropolis. Some ways the settings are similar include how they can both appear smoky and how their land sizes compare. However, the main contrast is that The Valley of Ashes is grey, dirty, and symbolizes the poor, while New York City is green with parks and represents hopes and dreams.
How To Write An Essay About My Sister My SisteTina Gabel
ย
This document discusses the movie V for Vendetta and analyzes some of the main characters. It argues that while the movie diverges from the original graphic novel, it still conveys a powerful message about government. The character of V is described as a complex protagonist who is a terrorist, anarchist and lover of freedom. His goal is to enact vengeance against the corrupt fascist government through acts of destruction. The character of Evey also undergoes development, starting as a shy girl but growing to understand V's ideologies and criticize the government she had been ignorant about previously.
8 Best Cheap Essay Writing Services 2023 Legit Paper WritingTina Gabel
ย
This document discusses sinusitis, an infection of the sinuses. It notes that sinusitis can be acute or chronic and causes headaches, difficulty breathing, and impaired tasks. Treatment options are discussed, including over-the-counter medications for mild cases and antibiotics for more severe or chronic bacterial infections. While antibiotics are commonly prescribed, many sinusitis cases clear up without medication. The document aims to provide an introduction to sinusitis, including causes, symptoms and treatment approaches.
How To Write A Rhetorical Analysis E. Online assignment writing service.Tina Gabel
ย
This document provides instructions for completing an assignment analyzing the financial statements of Macy's Inc. and Nordstrom Inc. It identifies key details about the companies, such as Macy's fiscal year, depreciation methods, and largest cash inflows and outflows. It also notes Nordstrom's inventory valuation method and compares stock prices for the two companies at the end of 2010 and in October 2011. The instructions direct the reader to additional details on HelpWriting.net to complete the financial statement analysis.
Custom College Essay Writing Service - The Writing Center.Tina Gabel
ย
The document outlines the steps for using a custom college essay writing service, which includes creating an account, completing an order form with instructions and sources, and reviewing writer bids before selecting one and authorizing payment after receiving the completed paper. The service allows for revisions and guarantees original content or a full refund.
Project Proposal Writing, Business Proposal Format,Tina Gabel
ย
The document provides tips for creating inexpensive yet cool Halloween costumes, noting that pre-made costumes can be expensive and later take up space in storage. It recommends DIY costumes that can be made from items already in one's closet. Popular 2017 TV and movie characters are suggested as costume ideas that require minimal effort or cost to recreate. Readers are encouraged to choose a fun costume without stressing over costs by considering the easy DIY options presented.
Tips To Achieve 7 Bands In IELTS Essay Writing Task 1 And 2Tina Gabel
ย
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have essays and assignments written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
ย
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
ย
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
ย
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
ย
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analyticsโ feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the bodyโs response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
ย
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A Brief Essay on The Gulf of Kutch and the Gujarat region Based on the study of quot Landscape Pattern, Perception and Process quot.pdf
1. A Brief Essay on The Gulf of Kutch and the Gujarat region
Based on the study of
Landscape Pattern, Perception and Process
Presented by Bhavna Mishra
4th year, Masters in Landscape Architecture
Estonian University of Life sciences
Subject: Landscape Pattern and process
Instructor: Professor. Simon bell
GULF OF KUTCH
2. holavira
CONTENTS
Introduction
Understanding the patterns through Google Earth Images
The human eye perception of the landscape
The Landform โ Formation
The Geological Survey
The landform effects on ecosystem patterns and processes
The Natural Disturbances in the Landscape
The Historic Settlements and Socio Economic patterns at Present
Conclusion
(From top Left to Right) The images showing the varying character of the landscape in the region, 1) The White ass sanctuary in the
Kutch region, 2)The oil refineries on the Kathiawar coast, 3)The migrating birds on the Great rann of Kutch region, 4) The salt Beds
of the little ran of Kutch, 5)The dense settlements in the major towns, 6) The salt industries on the coast, 7) the cracked mud flats of
Rann of Kutch, 8) The Dholavira ancient civilization, 9) The flat kite festival grounds (Source:Gujarat Gov. Website)
3. INTRODUCTION
Kutch, also spelt as Kachch, Kuchh, Cutch, has derived its name from the resemblance of its geographical
ha a te isti s a d topog aphi al featu es to the To toise alled as Ka h a i Guja at. The โa of Kut h
is saline mudflat in the west of India and southern Pakistan. The Great Ranns covers an area of 18000 sq.
km. and lies almost entirely within Gujarat State, India, along the border of Pakistan. The Little Rann of
Kutch extends north east from the Gulf of Kutch and occupies an area of about 5100 sq. km. The Rann of
Kutch has been closed off by centuries of silting. During the time of Alexander the Great it was navigable
lake, it is also evident from the remnant of the port structure of 13th
century lying in the Jhinjwada village,
but it is now an extensive mudflat which gets inundated during monsoon season. There are some 23
islands in the midst of the little rann of Kutch. The area experiences extreme type of climatic conditions.
(Wynne1872) This monotonously saline flat surface with annual inundation, have executed the Rann an
enigmatic piece of terrain. Lyell,1855 has portrayed the Rann as a singularly flat region which is neither
land nor sea which dries up during some part of a year and again inundated by saline water from the sea
side and fresh water from the adjoining land area during monsoon. The Rann of Kutch was a gulf of the
sea with surrounding coastal towns (Frere, 1870). Wynne, 1872 refuted the idea that the Rann is an
uplifted seafloor. He believed that seafloor cannot possess such a monotonous ground character as that
of Rann. In fact he advocated that entire plain was a delta of the Indus. However, the present condition is
the result of recent upheavals which led to the west ward migration of channels of Indus. Oldham, 1898
and Wadia, 1926 on the other hand shares the different view that is the Rann is a tectonic basin and is
now alleviated by several small rivers which are pouring water from the northeast, east and south.
The complexity and diverse nature of Gujarat due to the geomorphology makes the Gulf of Kutch a unique
landscape. The landform, the climate, and the ecological evidence in Kutch landscape of inundated land,
the salt basin, the oil refineries, the salt industries, the migrating birds in the winters in the western coastal
region of Great rann of Kutch, the islands in the river basin, the old and new human settlements, the flood
plains, the regular earthquake attacks and disaster, the rich flora and fauna and the growing
developments in the area makes the character of the landscape dynamic in nature. And this was the
reason that encouraged me to study the Gulf of Kutch region and learn the subtleties on the basis of
studying landscape pattern, perception and process.
THE VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OBTAINED FROM THE GOOGLE EARTH VIEWS FROM THE
COASTAL KUTCH TO THE CITY REGION- SHOWING THE LANDSCAPE DIVERSITIES OF THE REGION.
1. THE IMAGE SHOWING THE SALT BEDS NEAR TO THE DELTA OPENING TOWARDS THE MOUTH OF THE GULF, 2. THE IMAGE
SHOWING THE PATTERN OF THE GREAT RANN OF KUTCH WHICH KEEPS ON CHANGING DUE TO EFFECT OF WIND, RIVER FLOOD,
DRYING.
4. 1.THE SALT BED DELTA SHOWING THE BRANCHING PATTERN WHERE THE RIVER MEET THE ARABIAN SEA
2.MEANDERING PATTERN OF THE RIVERS FLOWING THROUGH THE LOTHAL AREA TOWARDS THE OCEAN
1.THE WHITE BEDS DISPLAYING THE SALT DRYING BEDS DISTRIBUTED AMONG DIFFERENT COMPANIES
2.THE BRANCHING PATTERN OF THE RIVERS
1.THE SALT MANUFACTURING INDUSTIRES IN THE SIKKA COASTAL AREA, 2.THE PORT โ INDUSTRIAL CITY
OF KANSARA
Source: Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment Report,Gandhinagar, 2014
5. 1.THE FERRYS, AND THE FISHING SHIPS โ APPEAR TO BE FISH IN A POND ,2.JAMNAGAR TOWNSHIP
SLOWING GROWING TOWARDS THE OUTSKIRTS
1.THE DIFFERENT LAYOUTS SHOWING OLD SETTLEMENTS AND THE NEW GRID SETTLEMENTS OF TOWNS
NEAR THE JAMNAGAR OIL REFINERY, 2. THE PATTERNS SHOWING CULTIVATION AND LAND DISTRIBUTION
IN SAJJANPUR AREA
THE HUMAN EYE PERCEPTION OF THE LANDSCAPES
Attainment of the qualities such as diversity/complexity, coherence, spirit of place, mystery, multiple
scales and strength, should be the measure of success for any change to a landscape; they usually occur
at a maximum amount within the natural range of variability provided by the climate, landform and
ecology. (Bell, 1999)
To measure the landscape potential, this study might help in visualizing the landscape in a different
perspective that can help to increase the sense of place giving it its new character and a better sense of
place. The diversities evidenced in the Kutch region makes the landscape stand high in its spirit of place,
scale and strength as evidenced from the human eye study. But the impacts of global warming, flooding,
high temperatures, salinity and erosion etc. as studied from the statistics shows the slow erosion of the
beauty from beneath through extinction of wild life species, increase of salinity and soil erosion, growing
mangrove debilities etc. These character of places should be addressed in individual level with special
guidelines in each of these affected areas as they vary in the type of landform, surrounding settlements,
the different type of effluences, etc.
For example the comparative pictures below showing different coasts of the Kutch region and the
measures for landscape upgradation measures for these regions could be different as they differ by their
geology, culture, vegetation, wind pattern and the basic use of the place etc.
6. From the top, starting from left to right : 1.Ahmedpur-Mandvi Beach, 2.Dandi Beach, 3.Dwarka coast,
4.Koliyak Beach, 5.Gopnath Beach, 6.Narara Beach โ Jamnagar (Resource: Gujarat Ecology Commission)
There had been many research showing the
comparative models of production,
population, education, migration, wild life,
spread of oil refineries, salt bed rifts in the
basin, etc. in the Gulf of Kutch region which
study the developments, restoration,
conservation, climatic factors etc. And due
to lack of funds and many other added
factors the implementation process is very
slow in India. For example, the map shown
gives the example of change in Mangrove
cover in the inner Gulf of Kutch. (Gautam,
2007)
At the Workshop on Cumulative
Environmental Impact Assessment in
Gandhinagar, 2014. The pressure zones
identified in the areas 1. Western
Marine NationalPark and Sanctuary
(MNPS), 2.Central MNPS, 3.Eastern
MNPS, 4.Islands MNPS, 5.Southeastern
Gulf of Kachchh (GoK), 6.Northeastern
GoK, 7.Eastern central GoK, 8.Western
central GoK, 9.Northwestern GoKSector.
India is in the progressive stage of
environmental research development at
present and the best period at which the
study based on landscape pattern can
yield profitable results.
7. The map displaying the Morphogenetic regions of Kachchh district (Kar, 2011)
THE LANDFORM OF THE GULF OF KUTCH REGION
The shallow Gulf of Kachchh separates the peninsulas of Kachchh and Kathiawar. The physical features of
Kachchh are characterised by the contrasting occurrence of extensive plains and highlands with lofty hills
(Biswas, 1977). The highlands are the Mainland of Kachchh, Wagad, Patcham, Khadir, Bela and Chorar
(Banaskantha district) while the extensive plains are manifested by the Great Rann of Kachchh on the
north, the Little Rann of Kachchh on the east (connecting the Great Rann of Kachchh and the Gulf of
Kachchh) and the Banni plains (Roy, 1973)
The Mainland of Kachchh is the biggest among the five highlands of Kachchh. It is surrounded by the Great
Rann and Banni of Kachchh to the north, the Little Rann to the east, Gulf of Kachchh to the south and
Arabian Sea to the west and southwest. The mainland consists of two main east-west running hill ranges:
(i) the northern range that occur along its northern margin with the Great Rann and Banni, and (ii) the
Charwar Range which occur in the middle of the Mainland.
There are two hill ranges in the Kachchh mainland which are formed of igneous intrusions running from
east to west. The Mainland is bordered to the west and south by a wide belt of coastal plain. The western
coast is made up of mud flats of several large creeks while the south coast forms a gentle, sandy beach
bordering the deep blue sea. Patcham Island shows physical features similar to the Kachchh Mainland and
8. consists of two east to west running hill ranges, namely, Kaladongar (Black hills) range and Goradongar
(White hills) range separated by central valley. The Khadir Island is featured by a hill range along its
northern margin which forms a prominent escarpment facing the Great Rann. The entire island is formed
of the gentle southern slope of this hill range. A high hill with prominent escarpment on the north, facing
the Rann, runs along the entire length of the island. The height of the hill range does not drop much to
the east and end up to the prominent hill called as Mouwana. This hill range known as Bela hills and the
Mouwana hill is separated by a wide saddle in between. A central hilly terrain known as Wagad (Vagad)
hills, and a long narrow hill range along the southern margin of Wagad, runs from Wamka on the west,
through Adhoi, to Gon at the eastern tip of the area.
The image displaying Kala dongar geosite: Location (23ยฐ55'59.59"N, 69ยฐ48'49.33"E) shown in google earth;
Kala dongar site, the highest point in Kutch, from where a panoramic view of Great Rann is seen.
(Courtesy: Dr. Bhawanisingh Desai, PDPU)
(Left) a) Dhinodhar Hill Geosite: Volcanic
plug and rock patterns of columnar joints. b)
Dhinodhar Hill lava remains c) one of the
eruptive centers of Deccan Trap, Kutch .
9. (Right corner)The location of Jumara dome north-flank viewing north over Banni mud- flat.
THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The Indus shelf hinge extended perpendicular to the depositional axis which formed a first order
basement high, i.e. median high, across the middle of the embayment (Biswas, 1987) trending NNE-SSW.
This meridional high passes transversely across both positive and negative elements of the basin so that
the uplifts plunge bilaterally and the sub-basins have a central high or shallow region. The basin is deeper
to the west of the high with thicker accumulation of sediments showing facies change from shallow to
deeper shelf; and it is shallow to the east of the high with less thickness of sediments showing facies
change from shallow marine to intertidal and fluvial. The Median High that controlled the facies and
thickness of sediments is a tectonised zone along the hinge line of the basin and is featured by intense
faulting, folding and intrusions. Structurally, the basin is featured by residual basement ridges along the
primordial faults that are parallel to the major Precambrian tectonic trends (Biswas, 1982). These ridges
are foot wall uplifts with intervening half grabens that remained as the passive highs within the basin
during the deposition. Later these highs were rejuvenated by the reactivation of the faults and are
manifested in sub-parallel uplifts with narrow flexures along the master faults (Biswas, 1980). The vast
ud a d salt flats of the G eat a d the Little โa s of Ka h hh a d Ba i plai s o upied the esidual
dep essio s that surrounded the uplifted areas.
(Above) Geological and structural map of Kachchh Basin (Biswas and Deshpande, 1970 & 1973; and
Biswas, 1982 & 1987).
10. The uplifts are oriented E-W along five parallel faults (Fig.2.2): (1) Nagar Parkar fault (NPF), (2) Island Belt
fault (IBF), (3) South Wagad fault (SWF), (4) Kachchh Mainland Fault (KMF), (5) North Kathiawar fault
(Biswas, 1980). Block tilting along these faults during the rift phase extension gave rise to four sub-parallel
linear ridges: Nagar Parkar uplift (NPU), Island Belt uplift (IBU), Wagad uplift (WU), and Kachchh Mainland
uplift (KMU). Accordingly, the IBU is broken into four individual uplifts presumably by unexposed
transverse wrench faults as evidenced by relative displacements and orientations: Pachcham uplift (PU),
Khadir uplift (KU), Bela uplift (BU), and Chorar uplift (CU).
The Kachchh Mainland fault (KMF) sidestepped to left with the shift of uplift form south to the north and
continues eastward as South Wagad fault (SWF). This left stepping KMF/SWF seems to be the principal
strike-slip fault that divided the basin into two main domains of sedimentation, the Banni half-graben
(BHG) and Gulf of Kachchh half-graben (GOK HG) which acted as principle intra-rift fault along the rift axis
(Biswas, 2002).
Image showing the geological uplifts in the region of Gulf of Kutch (Biswas,1970)
THE LANDFORM EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEM PATTERNS AND PROCESSES
Landforms can cause environmental gradients, affect the movement of materials and energy, affect
ecosystem disturbances and local geomorphological processes (Bell, 1999). In the region of Kutch, we can
see the extensive variation of Landforms featuring the saline river delta, the rich aqua-marine and wild
life habitats, the cracking muddy flat lands, the igneous hill ranges, flood plains, river drainage patterns
and the greenery in patches of mangroves, cultivation land and arid grasslands.
11. (Biswas,1970)
Maps showing the Soil Erosion, Salinity and Hydrology maps (Source: Gujarat Government Maps, 2005)
THE UNIFORMLY FLAT BEDS OF THE RANN OF KACHCH
Frere (1870) e tio s that the thick sheets of solid salt of Kutch, on a perfectly level surface of dry sand
and clay, the most probable and most consistent with observed facts appears to be, that it is formed by
the gradual evaporation of the intensely saline salt water which is always present in the sub soil, and
which oozes to the surface by capillary action or under pressure, from rain in the upper country, and from
high tides in the creeks which intersects the plains where the sheets of salt are found. The constant
recurrence of surface agitation from earthquakes, especially during the time when the surface is annually
covered with a couple of feet of water, supplies exactly the kind of cause which would account for the
unifor ity of the le el .
Photo 1&2 source: (Gautam,2007)
The flat saline delta makes the region very hot and arid, so it accounts to very less vegetation, no
settlements, no wildlife in the region (Frere, 1870)
THE HALOPHYTES AND XEROPHYTES
Halophytes are found growing in muddy swamps of estuaries and inter-tidal zone because of the presence
of ample of water in the upper layer of the soil, they have shallow normal roots. In addition to it the soil
12. of the coastal region is poorly aerated and contains very little oxygen because of water logging for which
the roots do not get sufficient aeration and in order to compensate the same, the halophytes develop
special type of negative geotropic roots called as Pneumatophores. Pneumatophore develops on
underground roots and project in the air above muddy soil, which helps in gaseous exchange; this is a
typical characteristic of mangroves in the clayey soils found in the study area. Similarly, the Xerophytes
have adopted to grow in the area with scanty rainfall and underground water with water holding capacity.
The present scenario of morpho-ecological adaptations of halophytic and xerophytic plants exhibits there
response to the complete domain of physical environment which includes climatic parameters and relief
condition surface texture moisture content and water depth during rainy season.(Roy,1977)
THE FAUNA
Among vertebrate fauna Wild Ass Sanctuary in LRK (Little Rann of Kutch) provides breeding and roosting
habitat for large number of diverse avifauna. A variety of resident and migratory birds belonging to at
least 178 species occur in the Wild Ass Sanctuary of LRK (Singh et all, 2001). About 81 terrestrial (9
migratory extra-limital) and 97 water birds (42 migratory) have been recorded from different 16 sites of
the wild ass sanctuary in LRK. However, during 2004 survey conducted by Corbett Foundation, 186 bird
species were recorded from this area. Rare and endangered bird species found in the LRK includes Hobara
Bustered (Chlamydotis undulate), Lesser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor). In 1998, a large breeding
colony of Lesser Flemingo was observed in the LRK. Further more, a threatened waterfowl all over the
world, has been regularly seen in the Wild Ass Sanctuary of LRK. So, this sanctuary is recognized as wetland
site of international importance. Among herpetofaunal species, four species of amphibians, two species
of turtles, 14 species of lizards, 12 snakes and one crocodile have been recorded from this region.
Herpetofaunal species like Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata), spiny tailed lizars (Uromastyx
hardwickii), saw-scaled viper (Echis carrinatus), cobra (Naja naja) are very common in LRK. Total 33 species
ECOLOGICALLY SENTIVE ZONES (SOURCE: GAUTAM, 2011)
13. of mammlas have been enlisted from Wild Ass Sanctuary of LRK which includes 5 ungulates, 14 Carnivores,
1 Logomorph, 6 Redentia and Chiroptera, 1 Pholidota, 3 Insectivore and 1 species of Primate. Vast flat
saline desert of LRK having unique and fascinating wildlife in general and Indian Wildlife Ass (Equus
hemionus khur) in perticular. The LRK is quite rich in biodiversity and is famous for the last remaining
population of Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur) (Meena et al., 2008), the only gene pool in the world and
one of the six geographical varieties or sub-species surviving on the earth.
SOURCE: FOREST DEPARTMENT, GOV. OF GUJARAT, 2012
14. NATURAL DISTURBANCES IN THE LANDSCAPES - MAJOR EARTHQUAKES WITNESSED 1819 AND 2001
This fas i ati g la ds ape is the esult of the complicated interaction of sea
level changes, climatic fluctuation and tectonic movement during last 10,000
years. Seismically, the area is very sensitive as it is frequently visited by
ea th uake , (Mallik, 1999). Such type of active seismicity in the region may
be attributed to its nearness to the junction of the geo-synclinal belt of Sindh-
Baluchistan and the western continental margin and also because of the trio-
junction which is formed by the Indian, Arabian and African plates. The Kutch
has been visited by earthquake through its geological history. Both Rann has
witnessed & experienced significant geomorphic changes because of the
tectonic movements and sea level changes during Holocene. (Wadia, 1975) A
large part of Rann was a marine gulf and that is generally emerged out of the
sea in the course of the last yea s (Me h, 2001). Marine conditions in the Ranns continued to prevail
even during historical times (Mac Murdo, 1824; Wadia, 1975). Gradually recession of the sea changed the
area to an estuary. In view of Mallik (1999), till recent, a few thousand year back, it was a delta complex,
which received water & sediments of a number of Himalayan Rivers and rivers viz. Sindhu (Indus),
Sarasvati and Shatadru (Proto-Sutluj) were flowing across the northwestern plain of India, emptied their
water into a shallow sea that now marks the site of Rann of kuchchh . All along the banks and near the
mouth of these paleo-rivers were located important towns of Indus valley (Harappan) civilization, which
is now perceived to be destroyed by the tectonic & seismic upheavals in the past. (Image showing in the
right: the bhuj earthquake 2001, source: The Newspaper Daily Indian express)
THE CLIMATIC ASPECT AND LANDFORM INFLUENCING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
The image showing the rainfall(in mm) in the
regions in monsoon season 2010 showing the
scarcity of rainfall in the desert region and heavy
rainfall towards the western coast displays a
major role of the landform affecting climatic
variations. But due to the slope of the land the
river basin in little ran of Kutch and great ran of
Kutch gets inundated and floods the villages in the
fringe area. (Kar,2011)
15. DHOLAVIRA, THE ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS DISPLAY THICK WALL CONSTRUCTION AND WATER
CONSERVATION SYSTEM: The City of Dholavira located in Khadir island of the Rann of Kutchch belonged
to matured Harappan phase. Today what is seen as a fortified
quadrangular city set in harsh arid land, was once a thriving
metropolis for 1200 years (3000 BCE-1800 BCE) and had an access
to the sea prior to decrease in sea level. The excavated site of
Dholavira demonstrates the ingenuity of Harappan people to
evolve a highly organized system of town planning with perfected
proportions, interrelation of functional areas, street-pattern and an
efficient water conservation system that supported life for more
than 1200 years (3000 BCE to 1800 BCE) against harsh hot arid
climate. Its scale of enclosures, the hierarchical street pattern and
defined spatial utilization i.e. land for industries, administration etc,
as well as infrastructure like waste water disposal system, show the
sophisticated urban life enjoyed in this rocky
metropolis.(UNESCO,2001) The first settlements as studied in this
region with the hot and arid climate managed to survive in this
rocky foothills of Khadir island by creating proper water storage
systems through rain and river water. (SOURCE: UNESCO.org)
BHUNGA SETTLEMENTS IN BANNI FOOTHILLS OF KACHCH MAINLAND DISPLAYING THE USE OF NATURAL
MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION, THICK MUD/STONE BRICK WALLS WITH SMALL WINDOWS: In mud or
stone construction of bhunga houses, the walls are thick. This makes the surface less penetrative for the
heat. The mud plaster done on the walls is also less conductive which adds to the thermal comfort inside
the bhunga. Bhungas have small openings, this helps in extreme climate of the region. Thatch roof is a
weak conductor of heat and adds to the thermal comfort. The roof overhang of a bhunga comes quite low
casts shadows on the walls and protects the walls from the direct sunrays. Due to its circular shape, there
is only one line which is directly perpendicular to the sunrays hitting the surface of the structure at a time.
Hence, most of the heat is reflected away, making it more comfortable during the hot
season.(Gautam,2011)
From Top (Left to
right) 1.The
structure of the
banni house, 2.The
settlement pattern
of the ancient
civilization, 3.The
typical Banni
family settlement
layout. ( Source:
Biswas,2007)
16. SOCIO ECONOMIC PATTERNS AT PRESENT AND EFFECTS
The landscape of the little and Greater Rann of Kachchh is low land saline desert which remains partially
submerged during monsoon and early winter months. Therefore it is inhospitable for human habitation.
But fringe area of this saline low land of Little Rann of Kutch is occupied by 108 villages having 52600
families (CESC, 2008). Along the fringe area, a number of developmental and infrastructural activities are
coming up. Besides, the traditional and conventional agriculture practices are shifting towards intensive,
commercial and mechanized farming (Sinha & Goyal, 2006) However, many of the local communities are
still dependent on subsistence farming and small scale animal husbandry. Some marginal communities
are involved in salt extraction and seasonal fishing. Human population residing in the study area are some
sub-communities of Hindus, Muslims and Jains. In agriculture, major crops are Juwar and Bajra โstaple
food of the locals as well as patchy cultivation of pulses, oil seeds and cotton (Sinha, 1993).
The land use pattern in the 3 districts around the Gulf reveals that an overwhelming portion of about 85%
forest cover of the coastal region falls in the Kachh district and the coastal region of the Jamnagar district,
adjoining an ecologically sensitive Marine National Park and Sanctuary, accounts only for 14% of the total
forest cover of the region as a whole.
The details of land use cover (2013) are illustrated in the map and the table below. The irrigated land of
Jamnagar district alone accounts for 60% of the region which is equivalent to 16% of the cultivable coastal
land of the district. 90% of the total irrigation is through ground water. These conditions not only help
accelerate salinity ingress, but will also affect ground water balance disturbing intertidal ecology.
Conditions in the Kachch district do not reveal any rosy picture either, as ground water irrigation accounts
for 72% of the irrigated land due to lack of adequate surface water. As of 1996, such water harvesting
p a ti e has esulted i Ma d i a d Ba hau taluks to e lassified da k i the Ka h h dist i t, he eas
A dasa, Mu d a, Okha a d Jodia o side ed as G ey . (Biswas,2014)
LANDUSE MAP-2013 ( Biswas,2014)
18. The anthropological advances in the
landscapes adversely affects the nature and bio
diversity in this region. Prolonged exposure,
heavy siltation/deposition of silt, commercial
exploitation of coral sands by cement Company
at Sikka, mining operations and chronic oil
pollution due to shipping activities, discharge
of oil derived chemicals, oil spilage and leakage
from Salt Manufacturing companies and Oil refineries lead to major problems to the biodiversities in the
region and the main example of Coral reef decay is shown below. (Biswas, 2014)
CONCLUSION
Gujarat is one of the most industrialized states in India. It has grown at an impressive rate of between 5
and 5.5 per cent per annum in the 1990s and poverty levels have been lower compared to many Indian
states. However, studies have shown that it faces many environmental threats as the state being
geophysically and agro-climatically diverse where different states are differently endowed. (Iyengar &
Bandopadhyay, 2008) The landscape change in Gujarat is fastest, where major changes to land
management practices are occurring and where the landscape is under severe development pressure.
In case of many developed cities, the trends are for industrialization, intensive land use, urban growth and
infrastructure development, which pay little or no heed to natural or cultural patterns, except the most
constraining (Bell, 1999) whereas, in case of developing cities like Gujarat, there are problems related to
economy, soil erosion, rapid urbanization, natural calamities, desertification, and conflicts between highly
developing industries and the poor populations in the coasts. There had been many measures taken for
sustainable developments in the region and have shown moderate results. In 2007 to 2012, there had
been measures taken to empower urban poor, clean Gujarat campaign in 2007, regulations set for
residential towns in 2009, regulations for rehabilitation and redevelopment of slums in 2010 and many
more for education, tourism, conservation etc.(Gautam,2012) There is considerable scope of
implementing the landscape pattern/process model at a community level (Bell,1999)in Gujarat, facilitated
by trained people, perhaps provided by aid agencies and any plan model must be based on an
understanding of patterns and processes of the region, for a better evaluation.
SETTING UP THE METHODOLOGY FOR THE KUTCH REGION
SELF ASSESSMENT BASED ON THE STUDY: THE STEP-WISE FUTURE SUSTAINABLE MEASURES WHICH
CAN BE TAKEN FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GULF OF KUTCH REGION:
1. DETERMINING THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION
2. LOCATING THE MAJOR PRESSURE ZONES
3. ASSESSING THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF CURRENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS OF THE SITES
4. LINKING PRESSURE WITH IMPACT OF FUTURE GROWTH FOR BETTER RISK MANAGEMENT
MEASURES
5. INTEGRATING ALL ABOVE INTO A MODEL EITHER IN COMMUNITY LEVEL, DISTRICT LEVEL OR
REGIONAL LEVEL DEPENDING UPON THE PRESSURE, SPREAD, NEED, IMMEDIACY ETC.
19. The main objective behind this specific study was to acquire a deeper insight for design solutions in the
landscape by understanding the natural patterns and processes, linked with perception and aesthetics.
(Bell, 1999) Through this analysis based on the study of Landscape Pattern, Perception and Process we
can make an appraisal of the environmental protection measures, revitalization of communities and
landscapes and sustainable solutions for landscape and environment, with the better understanding of
landscape in both micro and macro level for the endurance of the landscape and life in any region of the
world.
DIFFERENT MAPS OF GUJARAT (SOURCE: GUJARAT.GOV.IN)
20. REFERENCES
Wynne, A. B., 1872. Memoir on the geology of Kutch, Indian Geological Survey Memoir 9, 29โ47
Lyell, C. (1855). A Manual of Elementary Geology, John Murray, London,655 pp
Frere, H. B. E. (1870). Notes on the Runn of Cutch and neighboring region, J. R. Geograph. Soc. London 40,
181โ207.
Oldham, R. D. (1898). A note on the Allah Bund in the northwest of theRunn of Cutch, Geological Survey
of India Memoirs28, 27โ30.
Bell, S., 1999. Landscape: pattern, perception and process. Routledge.
Gautam, I.P.,2012. A presentation on land use and urban transport โ ICRIER s P og a o Capa ity
Building and knowledge dissemination โ Government of Gujurat.
Gujurat ecology Commision
Workshop on Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment in Gandhinagar, 2014.
Roy, B. (1973). Pattern and causes of inundation of Rann of Kutch, Ph.D.Dissertation, M.S. University of Baroda, India,
170 pp
B. G. Desai a d โ. J. Patel, Uppe Callo ia -Middle Oxfordian Belemnite Assemblage from Jara Dom
Ka h hh, Jou al Geologi al โo iety of I d e, Weste ia, Vol. 7 , No. 3, 2009, pp. 343-356.
โ. K. Bis as a d โ. V. Deshpa de, The Base e t of the Mesozoi โedi e ts of Kut h, Weste I dia,
Bulletin of Geology, Mining & Metallurgical Society of India, Vol. 40, 1968, pp. 1-7.
Biswas N, AM Dixit, P Kumar, L Kumar, KD Pathak, and MI Patel. 2010. Economic Valuation of Coral Reef
Systems in Gulf of Kachchh. Final Report. World Bank-aided Integrated Coastal Zone Management
(ICZM)Project. Submitted to Gujarat Ecology Commission, 158pp.
Government of India Ministry of Power. 2012. Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on
Ultra Mega Power Projects under Special Purposes Vehicles for the Year Ended March 2012. Performance
Audit Report No. 6 of 2012-13.
Biswas, S. K., Regional tectonic framework, structure and evolution of the western margin basins of India.
Tectonophysics, 1987, 135, 307โ327.
Biswas, S. K., Bhasin, A. L. and Ram, J., Classification of sedimentary basins of India in the framework of
plate tectonics. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Petroliferous basins of India, KDMIPE,
Dehradun, 1994, vol. 1, pp. 1โ42.
Wafar, M.V.W, 1986. Corals and Coral reefs of India, Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science, suppl.,
19-43.
Gupta, S.K., 1972. Chronology of the raised beaches and inland coral reefs of Saurastra coast, journal
Geology, 7: 1-7.
CESC (2008) Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Lielihood Improvement Project. Indicative Plan. Centre
for Environment and Social Concerns. Ahmedabad.
21. Ray, Arijit, Pal, D., Patil, D., Biswas, S. K. and Das, B., Petrology, geochemistry and palaeomagnetic studies
of Sadara intrusive, Pachham Island, Kutch, Western India โ Evidence of rift-related magmatism,
manuscript under preparation.
Roy, B., and S. S. Merh (1977). Geomorphology of the Rann of Kutch andclimatic changes, in Ecology and
Archaeology of Western India, D. P.Agrawal and B. M. Pande (Editors), Concept Publishing
Company,Anand Nagar, Delhi, India, 195โ200
Merh, S. S., and P. P. Patel (1988). Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Ranns of Kutch, in Proc.
Seminar on Recent Quaternary Stud-ies in India, M.S. University, Baroda, India, 377โ393
Gujarat CM Website. http://www.narendramodi.in/those-who-know-the-tourism-sector-know-
potential-there-is-gujurat-cm-at-gujarat-travel-mart.
Mi ist y of Tou is , GoI, th Fi e Yea Pla , .
http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/wgrep_tourism.pdf
Kut h, Guja at Map. Google Maps, Web, 2013.
โi gh P asoo Ku a , โu hi โi gh,Bhakat Dipa ita & โi gh Gu deep, . I pa t of Cli ate Cha ge
in Mining Region โ A Case โtudy , Asia- Pasific Bussiness Review, 6(1), pp. 128 โ 138.
Meena, R.L., V.T. Korvadia, A.B. Dave and P.N. Joshi, 2008. A Note on Greater Rann of Kachchh, Kachchh
District, Gujarat with Special Reference to Flamingo City. Gujarat State Forest Department, Gujarat, pp:
1393-1397.
Meena, R.L., Y.L. Verma, V.T. Korvadiya, B.J. Pathak and A.R. Kshatriya, 2005. Kachchh Biosphere Reserve
(A Management Plan for Protection, Conservation, Research and Development). Gujarat State Forest
Department, Gujarat.
Patel, G.D., 1971. Gujarat State Gazetteers-Government of Gujarat. Gujarat State, Ahmedabad.
Singh, H.S., 2001. Natural Heritage of Gujarat. GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar, pp: 262.
Vijaykumar, V., P.N. Joshi, J. Joshua and G.A. Thivakaran, 2007. Integrated Rann Reclamation and
Development in kachchh District, Gujarat. Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, Gujarat, India.