Cox's bazar field work 2017

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Abstract
Sitakund is placed in western part of the Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. It is
40 km far from central Chittagong. Cox’s Bazar sea beach, the longest sea beach of the world,
lies in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh. The beach is approximately 77.65 miles (125 km).
The geological structure of the Cox’s Bazar Sadar is endowed with various types of geological
features such as, fold, fault, joint, unconformity, etc. There are also heavy minerals deposited in
the paleo and recent beach. The aim of this study is to observe the geological and
geomorphological features of the hilly areas of Cox’s Bazar SadarUpazilla and realize the
process of technique of the heavy mineral separation process. Geological observation gives us a
complete idea about the structural geology. Heavy mineral separation process is important for the
economy and industry of our country, as the heavy minerals are very much valuable for various
kinds of industries. The major problem for heavy mineral extraction is caused by the
construction of large buildings for heavy mineral extraction and also to save the geological
features of the Cox’s Bazar SadarUpazilla, it is recommended to solve these problem first.
Acknowledgement
God is almighty.For His great compas neverending blessing we have finished our tour
successfully.My deepest gratitude to my respectable father & mother.
From the core of heart I humbly desire to express my deepest and profound gratitude & immense
indebtable to our respectable course teacher Dr. H M Zakir Hossain(Chairman),Md. Shaheen
Shah, Farzana Yeasmin Nipa, Md. Mehedi Hasan department of Petroleum & Mining
Engineering Department, Jessore Science & Technology University to arrange this tour.
I would like to express my indebtedness to all of my friends for their jovial cooperation and help
not only in my internship but also during the study period.
Finally, I thank all them who has helped us to fulfil our tour.

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Chapter -01:Introduction.
Bangladesh is a natural resources country.There are many natural resources in this country.The
south-east part of Bangladesh has been uplifted that’s are chittagong hill tract area and cox’s
bazaar adjoining area.The area of this part have many geological and geomorphological
structure,which are vary important to study of geologist and others.These areas have been
divided into two part.One of them geological part and other part of geomorphological part.The
geological and geomorphological parts are vary important of petroleum and mining engineering
subject and those engineers,such as fault,fold,goint,various formation and many kinds of
structure.On the other hand the world wide sandy beach of cox’s bazar is vary important of
sandy beach.Thats are also have of heavy udyminerals,which are most powerful area.This beach
area is our wealth because it areas have many radioactive minerals which are very powerful to
create atomic power.
1.1: Study Area of the Field Work
Field work is very essential for the students to acquire knowledge of any study area.Bangladesh
is a small country but there are many natural resources.
Sitakunda Upazila occupies an area of 483.97 square kilometres (186.86 sq mi), which includes
61.61 square kilometres (23.79 sq mi) of forest.The geological structure of Sitakunda, 70
kilometres (43 mi) long and 10 kilometres (6 mi) wide, is one of the westernmost structures of
Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts, delimited by the Feni River in the north, the Karnaphuli
River in the south, the Halda River in the east and the Sandwip Channel in the west.The
Sitakunda Range acts as a water divide between the Halda Valley and the Sandwip Channel. The
88 kilometres (55 mi) -long Halda flows from Khagrachari to the Bay of Bangal, and is one of
the six tributaries of Karnafuli, the major river in the area.Sandwip Channel represents the
northern end of the western part of the Chittagong-Tripura Folded Belt.
The structure contains a thick sedimentary sequence of sandstone, shale and siltstone. The
exposed sedimentary rock sequences except limestone, 6,500 metres (21,325 ft) thick in an
average, provide no difference in overall lithology of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts. The
Sitakunda fold is an elongated, asymmetrical, box-type double plunging anticline. Both the
gently dipping eastern and steeper western flanks of the anticline are truncated abruptly by the
alluvial plain of the Feni River.For a lack of infrastructure in Bangladesh, this anticline is one of
the few regularly surveyed structures in the country. The syncline from Sitakunda separates the
eastern end of the Feni Structure located in the folded flank of the Bengal Foredeep.

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Figure – Bangladesh Maps.
Cox's Bazar is located along the Bay of Bengal in South Eastern Bangladesh. It is known
for its wide sandy beach which is the world's longest natural sandy sea beach. It is an unbroken
125 km sandy sea beach with a gentle slope. Cox's Bazar is one of the most visited tourist
destinations in Bangladesh. Its sandy beach is a great source of various heavy minerals.
1.2 :Objectives of the Field Work
The objectives of the field work are belowing:-
1.2.1: Objectives of Sitakundu:
 To establish the structure contains a thick sedimentary sequence of sandstone, shale and
siltstone.
Sitakundu
uuuuu
Cox’s Bazar

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 Establish the mineralogical characteristics and petrography classification of the Tertiary
sandstones and stratigraphic variation within the succession, based on modal
compositions;
 The geochemical characterization of both sandstone and shale at a formational scale, and
their geochemical variation with geologic time, based on whole-rock data;
 Determination of the nature of the source rock of the Tertiary sequence;
 Interpretation of the tectonic setting of the depositional basin and the source area,
using established petrography and geochemical parameters .
 Comparison with results for stratigraphically equivalent formations in the Sylhet
Trough.
 The purpose of the field study is the acquire knowledge of that area which includes
the study of geomorphology, stratigraphy, sedimentology & structural geology etc.
 To know the condition of deposition of the study area .
 To investigate various natural resources of the study area.
 To prepare an empirical report on the study area.
1.2.2 Objectives of Cox’s Bazar
 To know about geological & Geomorphological features of cox’s bazar.
 To earn knowledge of the field work.
 To know about the extraction process of heavy minerals deposits
 To know about the separation process of minerals .
 To know about the BSMEC.
 To collect practical knowledge.
 To know about the topography, vegetation, climate of cox’s bazar.
 To know about structural geology of cox’s bazaar.

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1.3 :Significance of the Study area
The study has both the economical and research significance. Heavy minerals like zircon,
monazite, garnet are very much important for our industries, so the economic significance of this
study has great importance. Our study area was sitakund hill range, cox’s bazar beach and its
adjoining areas.
The study has also research significance of its own, geological features are an important part of
structural geology. Various types of geological features were observed during the study. The
study can also used as a guide to search the potentiality of various types of natural resources like
oil, natural gas etc. in the geological formations of the adjoining areas of Cox’s Bazar.
Chapter -02:Theoretical Background.
2.1:Rock-
Rock, in geology, naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more minerals. Such
aggregates constitute the basic unit of which the solid Earth is comprised and typically form
recognizable and mappable volumes. Rocks are commonly divided into three major classes
according to the processes that resulted in their formation. These classes are (1) igneous rocks,
which have solidified from molten material called magma; (2) sedimentary rocks, those
consisting of fragments derived from preexisting rocks or of materials precipitated from
solutions; and (3) metamorphic rocks, which have been derived from either igneous or
sedimentary rocks under conditions that caused changes in mineralogical composition, texture,
and internal structure. These three classes, in turn, are subdivided into numerous groups and
types on the basis of various factors, the most important of which are chemical, mineralogical,
and textural attributes.

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Figure -Rock
2.1.1 :Igneous Rock-
Igneous rocks are those that solidify from magma, a molten mixture of rock-forming minerals
and usually volatiles such as gases and steam. Since their constituent minerals are crystallized
from molten material, igneous rocks are formed at high temperatures. They originate from
processes deep within the Earth—typically at depths of about 50 to 200 kilometres (30 to 120
miles)—in the mid- to lower-crust or in the upper mantle. Igneous rocks are subdivided into two
categories: intrusive (emplaced in the crust), and extrusive (extruded onto the surface of the land
or ocean bottom), in which case the cooling molten material is called lava.
Figure-Basalt Figure-Gabbro

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2.1.2 :Sedimentry Rock-
Sedimentary rocks are those that are deposited and lithified (compacted and cemented together)
at the Earth’s surface, with the assistance of running water, wind, ice, or living organisms. Most
are deposited from the land surface to the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and oceans. Sedimentary
rocks are generally stratified—i.e., they have layering. Layers may be distinguished by
differences in colour, particle size, type of cement, or internal arrangement.
Figure-Coal Figure-Conglomerate
2.1.3 : Metamorphic Rock-
Metamorphic rocks are those formed by changes in preexisting rocks under the influence of high
temperature, pressure, and chemically active solutions. The changes can be chemical
(compositional) and physical (textural) in character. Metamorphic rocks are often formed by
processes deep within the Earth that produce new minerals, textures, and crystal structures. The
recrystallization that takes place does so essentially in the solid state, rather than by complete
remelting, and can be aided by ductile deformation and the presence of interstitial fluids such as
water. Metamorphism often produces apparent layering, or banding, because of the segregation
of minerals into separate bands. Metamorphic processes can also occur at the Earth’s surface due
to meteorite impact events and pyrometamorphism taking place near burning coal seams ignited
by lightning strikes.
Figure-Gneiss Figure-Quartzite

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2.2:Structure-
2.2.1 :Fold-
Fold, in geology, undulation or waves in the stratified rocks of the Earth’s crust. Stratified rocks
were originally formed from sediments that were deposited in flat, horizontal sheets, but in a
number of places the strata are no longer horizontal but have been warped. Sometimes the
warping is so gentle that the inclination of the strata is barely perceptible, or the warping may be
so pronounced that the strata of the two flanks may be essentially parallel or lie nearly flat (as in
the case of a recumbent fold). Folds vary widely in size; some are several kilometres or even
hundreds of kilometres across, and others measure just a few centimetres or less. The tops of
large folds are commonly eroded away on the Earth’s surface, exposing the cross sections of the
inclined strata.
Figure - Fold
1.Anticline
In structural geology, an anticline is a type of fold that is an arch-like shape and has its oldest
beds at its core. A typical anticline is convex up in which the hinge or crest is the location where
Anticline
Syncline

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the curvature is greatest, and the limbs are the sides of the fold that dip away from the hinge.
Anticlines can be recognized and differentiated from antiforms by a sequence of rock layers that
become progressively older toward the center of the fold. Therefore, if age relationships between
various rock strata are unknown, the term antiform should be used.
2. Syncline
In structural geology, a syncline is a fold with younger layers closer to the center of the
structure. A synclinorium (plural synclinoriums or synclinoria) is a large syncline with
superimposed smaller folds. Synclines are typically a downward fold, termed a synformal
syncline (i.e. a trough); but synclines that point upwards, or perched, can be found when strata
have been overturned and folded (an antiformal syncline).
2.2.2:Fault-
In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there
has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movement. Large faults within the
Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic forces, with the largest forming the
boundaries between the plates, such as subduction zones or transform faults. Energy release
associated with rapid movement on active faults is the cause of most earthquakes.A fault plane is
the plane that represents the fracture surface of a fault. A fault trace or fault line is a place where
the fault can be seen or mapped on the surface. A fault trace is also the line commonly plotted on
geologic maps to represent a fault.
Figure - Fault
Fault

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1.Normal fault
A dip-slip fault in which the block above the fault has moved downward relative to the block
below. This type of faulting occurs in response to extension. ―Occurs when the ―hanging wall‖
moves down relative to the ―foot wall‖‖
2.Reverse fault
A dip-slip fault in which the upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower
block. This type of faulting is common in areas of compression, When the dip angle is shallow, a
reverse fault is often described as a thrust fault. ―Occurs where the ―hanging wall‖ moves up or
is thrust over the ―foot wall‖‖
3.Strike-slip fault
A fault on which the two blocks slide past one another. The San Andreas Fault is an example of a
right lateral fault.
2.2.3: Unconformity-
An unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or
strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous. In general, the
older layer was exposed to erosion for an interval of time before deposition of the younger, but
the term is used to describe any break in the sedimentary geologic record. The significance of
angular unconformity was shown by James Hutton, who found examples of Hutton's
Unconformity at Jedburgh in 1787 and at Siccar Point in 1788.The rocks above an unconformity
are younger than the rocks beneath (unless the sequence has been overturned). An unconformity
represents time during which no sediments were preserved in a region. The local record for that
time interval is missing and geologists must use other clues to discover that part of the geologic
history of that area. The interval of geologic time not represented is called a hiatus.
1.Disconformity
A disconformity is an unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks which
represents a period of erosion or non-deposition.Disconformities are marked by features of
subaerial erosion. This type of erosion can leave channels and paleosols in the rock record. A
paraconformity is a type of disconformity in which the separation is a simple bedding plane with
no obvious buried erosional surface.
2.Angular unconformity

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An angular unconformity is an unconformity where horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary
rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the
overlying horizontal layers. The whole sequence may later be deformed and tilted by further
orogenic activity. A typical case history is presented by the paleotectonic evolution of the
Briançonnais real during the Jurassic.
3.Nonconformity
A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the
sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or
igneous rock. Namely, if the rock below the break is igneous or has lost its bedding due to
metamorphism, the plane of juncture is a nonconformity
.
Figure – local unconformity
2.3:Weathering and its classification-
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soil, and minerals as well as wood and artificial
materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, waters, and biological organisms.
Weathering occurs in situ (on site), that is, in the same place, with little or no movement, and
thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals

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by agents such as water, ice, snow, wind, waves and gravity and then being transported and
deposited in other locations.Two important classifications of weathering processes exist –
physical and chemical weathering; each sometimes involves a biological component. Mechanical
or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with
atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice and pressure.
1.Physical weathering
Physical weathering, also called mechanical weathering or disaggregation, is the class of
processes that causes the disintegration of rocks without chemical change. The primary process
in physical weathering is abrasion (the process by which clasts and other particles are reduced in
size). However, chemical and physical weathering often go hand in hand. Physical weathering
can occur due to temperature, pressure, frost etc. For example, cracks exploited by physical
weathering will increase the surface area exposed to chemical action, thus amplifying the rate of
disintegration.
Abrasion by water, ice, and wind processes loaded with sediment can have tremendous cutting
power, as is amply demonstrated by the gorges, ravines, and valleys around the world. In glacial
areas, huge moving ice masses embedded with soil and rock fragments grind down rocks in their
path and carry away large volumes of material. Plant roots sometimes enter cracks in rocks and
pry them apart, resulting in some disintegration; the burrowing of animals may help disintegrate
rock However, such biotic influences are usually of little importance in producing parent
material when compared to the drastic physical effects of water, ice, wind, and temperature
change.
2.Chemical weathering
Chemical weathering changes the composition of rocks, often transforming them when water
interacts with minerals to create various chemical reactions. Chemical weathering is a gradual
and ongoing process as the mineralogy of the rock adjusts to the near surface environment. New
or secondary minerals develop from the original minerals of the rock. In this the processes of
oxidation and hydrolysis are most important. Chemical weathering is enhanced by such
geological agents as the presence of water and oxygen, as well as by such biological agents as
the acids produced by microbial and plant-root metabolism.
The process of mountain block uplift is important in exposing new rock strata to the atmosphere
and moisture, enabling important chemical weathering to occur; significant release occurs of
Ca2+ and other ions into surface waters.
3.Biological weathering

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A number of plants and animals may create chemical weathering through release of acidic
compounds, i.e. the effect of moss growing on roofs is classed as weathering. Mineral
weathering can also be initiated or accelerated by soil microorganisms. Lichens on rocks are
thought to increase chemical weathering rates. For example, an experimental study on
hornblende granite in New Jersey, USA, demonstrated a 3x – 4x increase in weathering rate
under lichen covered surfaces compared to recently exposed bare rock surfaces.
4.Vegetation
Mangrove forest which in its general features resemble the gangetic sundarbon fringes the plain
land to the west and north. Northeaster pant of the hill area are covered with dense vegetation.
The various types of plants creepers, herbs, shrub etc are found here. The partly area of this
range is covered by bamboos, bushes, teak, koroi, seyun, jorul Akashmoni etc. Bamboo cane and
woody plant are extracted for commercial purpose. Betel leaf, Betel nut, mango tree, coconut etc
are also planted in to plain land. Along the hill slopes local farmers cultivate betel leaf gardens,
Inside the ranges, terrace farming has been developed paddy is the most common crop of these
fields.
Figure-Vegetation
2.4 :Stratigraphy of Bangladesh
The tectonic framework of Bangladesh may be broadly divided into two main units:
1)Stable platform in the northwest,
2)Deep (Geosynclinal) basin to the southeast.
vegetation

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1. Stable Platform
This unit occupies Rajshahi-Bogra-Rangpur-Dinajpur areas and is characterized by
limited to moderate thickness of sedimentary rocks above a Precambrian igneous and
metamorphic basement. This unit is geologically stable in relative term and has not been affected
by fold movement. Some fault bounded graben basins filled with coal bearing rock units occur
within the Precambrian basement. Sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Era
are encountered in the stable platform is divided into:
a)Rangpur saddle (referred to as Dinajpur shield by khan 1991) in the north with thin to
limited (130m to 1000m) sedimentary cover above the Precambrian basement(Ref: Imam 2005)
and
b) Bogra shelf (also referred to as foreland shelf ) with moderate ( 1 to 6km ) sediment cover
over the Precambrian basement. Sedimentary layers in the Bogra shelf dips very gently towards
southeast until it reaches the hinge zone when the dips suddenly increase to 15to 20 degrees and
the sedimentary units plunge to great depths into the deep geosynclinal basin to the south and
southea (Ref: Imam 2005).
2. Deep (geosynclinal ) Basin
This unit lies to the south and east of stable platform and is characterize by huge
thickness (maximum of about 22km near the basin center) of sedimentary rocks.
Mostly sandstone and shale of tertiary age. It occupies greater Dhaka-Faridpur-Noakhali-
Sylhet-Comilla-Chittagong and Chittagong hill tracts areas and the Bay of Bengal. The huge
thickness of sediments in the basin is a result of tectonic mobility or instability of the areas
causing rapid subsidence and sedimentation in relatively short span of geologic time. The
geosynclinal basin is subdivided into two parts –
1) Fold belt in the east
2) Foredeep in the west
1)The fold belt is characterized by folding of the sedimentary layers into a series of anticlines
(upward folds) and synclines (downward folds).The anticlines form the hills and the synclines
form valleys as seen in the topography of the Chittagong Comilla Sylhet regions. The intensity of

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Figure-Tectonic Framework of Bangladesh
the folding is greater towards the east causing higher topographic elevation in the eastern
chittagong hills tracts than the western part (Ref: Imam 2005).
2) As the intensity of folds decreases towards west, the fold belt unit merges with the foredeep
unit which is characterized by only mild or no folding.So the sedimentary layers are generally
horizontal to sub horizontal and are free from major tectonic deformation in the foredeep area.
This unit covers the central part of the basin and is represented by river to delta plain topography
at the surface (Ref: Imam 2005).
2 4.1: Stratigraphy of Sitakundu
Geology The Chittagong Hill Tracts is originated as a result of the collision between India and
Asia. After the break up of Gondwanaland, Indo-Australian plate combinedly moved
southeasterly of about 1750 km at a drift rate of 6 cm/yr. Later India broke apart from Australia
and started to drift north northeasterly. The thick sediments deposited in the Irrawaddy Basin
during Miocene and Lower Pleistocene time are exposed in the Chittagong and Tripura hills.
Hence, with the inception of convergence of the Indian Plate and the Tertiary sediments
deposited in the fore-arc basin, the region was uplifted during Miocene orogeny and followed by
Pleistocene orogeny to form the present Arakan Yoma Mega-anticlinorium and its western
extension covering Chittagong-Tripura mountain belt. The oldest rock unit exposed is the

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Bhuban Formation of the Surma Group of Miocene age. No exposed rock older than the Miocene
Bhuban Formation is known yet. The Palaeogene sediments are subsided to a great depth and
have not been encountered in any well. The Surma group of sediments is overlain by the Tipam
Group of Plio-Pleistocene age. The Dihing Formation of Pleistocene age has scattered
occurrence in the region.
Table 1: Lithologic Succession of the Central Part of Sitakund Anticline,Chittagong
Formation Member Lithologic Description Thickness(m)
Bokabil Erosive contac
Gray to light gray
fine grained well-
sorted sandstone with
sandy shale
andsiltstone.
Lenticular bedding,
microcross-lamination,
ripple marks
andconcretion are
present
330+
Conformable surface
Upper Alternation of
sandstone, silty shale
andshale. Grayish
white to grayish
graythrough yellowish
gray medium to
finegrained hard
sandstone and
siltstonewhich are
massive as well as
variouslystructured by
graded bedding,
flatbedding, ripple
lamination and
lenticularlamination.
Bluish black thinly
laminatedsilty shale
to shale. Blue to
blacklaminated and
exfoliated
weatheredshale with
massive mudstone
260
Bhuban Conformable surface
Middle Mainly shale with
subordinate
130

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sandstoneand
siltstone. Black thinly
laminatedshale with
lenses of sandstone
andsiltstone, which are
grayish white.
Bluishgray to gray
massive and
variouslystratified
sandstone. Matrix
supportedconglomerate
locally present.
2.4.2;Stratigraphy of Cox’s Bazar
Geological study area of our field work was kolatoli road cut section. We found probably four
formations in this setting. Such as Bokabil Formation,Girujan clay Formation,Tipamsandstone
andalluviam.
The Girujan Clay Formation represents lacustrine floodplain and overbank deposits. The
sedimentation took place under subaerial conditions. The lower most Formation Bokabil consists
of mainly shale minor amount of sand silt lamination,lanticular structure of sand within the
shale,iron band and concretion( Ref: Imam 2005).

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2.5 :Heavy Mineral (Physical and Chemical Properties)
2.5.1 ;Introducing the heavy minerals(such as physical & chemical properties)
MEGNETITE
Figure-Magnetite
Chemical Composition :FeO.Fe2O3
Colour :Steel Black to iron grey.
Hardness :5.5-6.5
Specific Gravity :5.17-5.18
Clevage : None
Crystal System :Cubic
Strructure :Crystalline,granular and massive
Relief :High
Birefringence :Strong
Extinction :Not applicable.
Refractive Index :Very high
Magnetic Properties :Strongly magnetic
Electric Conductivity :Good
Appearence under Transmitted light :opaque

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Ilmenite
Figure –Ilmenite
Chemical Composition :FeO.Tio2
Colour :Iron Black .
Hardness :5-6
Specific Gravity :4.5-5
Cleavage :None
Crystal System :hexagonal
Strructure :Crystalline.
Relief :High
Birefringence : VeryStrong
Refractive Index : high
Magnetic Properties :Moderatly magnetic
Electric Conductivity :Good
Appearence under Transmitted light :opaque

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Garnet
Figure –Garnet.
Chemical Composition :(fe,al,ca,mg,mn)(Sio4)3
Colour :Iron Reddish brown , pinkishred, greenish
Hardness :6-7.5
Specific Gravity :4.32
Cleavage :None
Crystal System :cubic
Relief :very High
Birefringence : Very weak
Magnetic Properties :weakly magnetic
Electric Conductivity :Poor
Appearence under Transmitted light :Colorless to pink

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Rutile
Figure-Rutile
Chemical Composition :Tio2
Colour : Reddish to brown
Hardness :6-6.5
Cleavage :Good
Crystal System :Trigonal
Relief :VeryHigh
Birefringence : Extreme
Extinction :Parallel.
Refractive Index : Very high
Magnetic Properties :Non magnetic
Electric Conductivity :Moderate
Appearence under Transmitted ligh t:Translucent reddish to reddish brown

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Zircon
Figure -Zircon
Chemical Composition :ZrSio4
Colour : Colorless to pink & Reddish brown
Hardness :7.5
Cleavage :Imperfect
Crystal System :Trigonal
Relief :VeryHigh
Birefringence : Very strong
Extinction :Parallel.
Magnetic Properties :Non magnetic
Appearence under Transmitted light :Vitreous strong black borders

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Monazite
Figure- Monazite
Chemical Composition : (Ce,Y,La,Th)Po4
Colour : Yellow to Reddish brown,Coloriess
Hardness :5
Cleavage :Good inOne direction, less common
Crystal System :Monoclinal
Strructur :Crystalline granular
Relief :VeryHigh
Birefringence :strong to very strong
Extinction :Do not show complete extinction
Refractive Index : very high
Magnetic Properties :weakly magnetic
Appearence under Transmitted light :Pale greenish
2.5.2 : SEPARATION TECHNIQUE AT PILOT PLANT OF BSMEC,BAEC

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Raw sand
Conveyor belt
Trommel screen
Low Intensity Magnetic Separator (LIMS)
Primary non-magnetic
part
Primary magnetic
part
Screw classifier
Hydro cyclone
Wilfley table
Wet High Intensity
Magnetic Separator
(WHIMS)
Magnetite+ Ilmenite
+ others
Secondary magnetic
part
Secondary non-magnetic
part

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1
Secondary magnetic part
Conveyor belt
Drum dryer
(100-120°C)
High Tension
Roll Separator
(HTRS)
Conductor part Non-conductor
part
Ilmenite + others
Cross belt
(Magnetite)
Electro Static Plate
Separator (ESPS)
Conductor
Garnet + Others
Non-conductor
Zircon
Induced Roll Magnetic
Separator
Magnetic Part Non-magnetic part

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Secondary non-magnetic part
Conveyor belt
High Tension Roll Separator (HTRS)
Conductor Ilmenite +
Rutile
Non-conductor Garnet
+ Zircon
Cross belt
(Magnetite)
IRMS
Magnetic
Ilmenite
Non-magnetic
Rutile
IRMS
Magnetic
Garnet
Non-magnetic
Zircon+Monazite
Vibro screen
Air table
Source: BSMEC

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Chapter-03:Field Investigated Features(Place By Place)
3.1:Chittahong Hill Tracks
Station -01: Sitakundu Section
We started our first journey of field work from the gate of Echo Park and divided the whole way
reaching to the Sitakund Temple. The sitakund temple section was observed and indentify
sandstone, mudstone, shale, fossil trace, calcareous fauna etc. These descriptions are given
below-
Figure – Weathering
Station-o2:
We shows as below as Parallel laminated Bed of shale.

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Figure : Shale and mudstone
By these characteristics, we can realize that it was probably Bokabil formation. The depositional
environment may be Deltaic to Shallow marine.
Station-03:Himchori,cox’s bazaar-
Here we observed a geomorphological feature - leaching from probably Tipam sandstone which
created a small channel of water flow called locally as Chara. The GPS value of the station was
91.98925° E and 21.42049° N. Here we saw imbrication of rocks and measured the attitude of
the station 27m. Here we saw a series of fracture. Here we found exposed oxidized loose
sandstone which was probably Tipam sandstone identified by its characteristics.
.
Figure – Vegetation and weathering
Station-04:Doriyanagor,Cox’s Bazar-
Here we saw Doriyanagor hill tracks,cox’s Bazar.We obtain shale with bedded.It has some
weathering.Alternation parallel bedded sandstone.It obtain chemical weathering but not physical
weathering.

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Figure –weathering and shale and mudstone.
Station-05:Doriyanagor,Cox’s Bazar:-
Here we also observed a sedimentary primary structure cross bedding between two sedimentary
strata. Cross-bedding is single sedimentation unit consisting of inclined small scale of internal
laminae which are the principal surface of sedimentation. We shows as below as cross-bedding
& lense type shale
Mudstone
Shale
Chemical
Weathering

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Figure – Mudstone and shale
Station -06:Himchori:-
We are shows as below as waterfall;
Figure – Water fall
Water fall

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3.2: Cox’s Bazar Section
Station-01:Laboni Point
We found at laboni point as normal ripple marks, barrows & wave ripple marks show as below:
Ripple marks are sedimentary structures i.e. Bedforms of the lower flow regime and indicate
agitation by water (current or waves) or wind.normal ripples occur in the lower part of the lower
flow regime sands with grain sizes between 0.3-2.5 mm and normal ripples form wavelengths of
7-14 cm. We shows as below as normal ripples marks;
Figure- ripple Marks
Current (water or wind)

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The trace fossil formed by animal during feeding, migration a certain resting place; burrows
are formed in the soft sediments. We shows as below as crab burrows
Figure - Crab burrows
Figure –Raw sand materials
Crab burrows

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It is also located on shugandha present beach. A dune is a hill of sand built by wind. Dunes
occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are
longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter "slip face"
in the lee of the wind. The valley or trough between dunes is called a slack. A "dune field" is an
area covered by extensive sand dunes. Large dune fields are known as ergs. We show as below
as sand dune;
Figure – Sand dune
STATION 02: INANI BEACH
We found at Inani beach as burrous, megaripples marks, coral, linguoid ripple marks,
acrodynamic ripple marks & catenary ripple marks show as below:
The trace fossil formed by animal during feeding, migration a certain resting place,
burrows are formed in the soft sediments.We shows crab barrows below as;
Sand dune

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Figure – Curb barrows
Megaripples occur in the upper part of the lower flow regime where sand with bimodal
particle size distribution forms unusually long wavelengths where the wind is not strong enough
to move the larger particles but strong enough to move the smaller grains by saltation. We show
as below as megaripples;
Figure - megaripples;
megaripples;

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Corals are marine animals in class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria typically living in
compact colonies of many identical individual "polyps". The group includes the important reef
builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton. We
shows as below as coral.
Figure – coral
Linguoid ripples have lee slope surfaces that are curved generating a laminae similar to
caternary and sinuous ripples. Linguoid ripples generate an angle to the flow as well as
downstream. We show as below as linguoid ripples;
Figure - linguoid ripples
coral

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Linguoid ripples have lee slope surfaces that are curved generating a laminae similar to
caternary and sinuous ripples. Linguoid ripples generate an angle to the flow as well as
downstream. We show as below as Linguoid ripples;
A special structure that has been identified created by the small arthropods, the fabricated
structure. We show as below as Fabricated structure created by small arthropod’s
Figure - Febricated structure

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Chapter -04:Conclusion-
Field work is very important for achieving practical knowledge.Chittagong and Chittagong Hill
Range is situated in fold belt of geosynclinal basin in Bangladesh. Our study area Sitakund Hill
Range is a part of Chittagong Hill Range. At Sitakund Hill Range we found Bhuban and Bokabil
formation. In Bhuban formation mainly sandstone is found and in Bokabil formation mainly
shale is found. In this hill range we observed Bokabil formation lying on the Bhuban formation.
Generally sandstone is a good reservoir and shale is a seal rock. So it is possible to explore
petroleum from this hill range
We learn about heavy mineral extraction process and geological and geomorphological feature of
cox’s bazar beach and its adjoining area practically. This adjoining areas is mainly hilly region
so we can see various formation such as fold, fault, cross bedding, joint, unconformity.Hence we
also find bokabil formation which prob the probability of gas &oil.It is very important for our
country & all over the world.Our sea beach is ful of heavy mineral which are economically
valuable.ther is also possibility to find radioactive mineral here . In sea area there is a probability
to find oil &gas. But there is no sufficient research here. If we study & research on cox’s bazar
zone it may be keep contribution in economic prospect of Bangladesh.In sea beach heavy
minerals contributing high percentage as like as 50 to 60% average which is economically
valuable for us .So we need more research & investment in this sector.

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REFERENCE
 K.M. Bangar (AText book of geology)
 Badrul Imam (Energy resources of Bangladesh)
 Parbin Singh(Engineering Geology)
 Girija Bhusan Mahapatra(Text book of Physical Geology)
 Reimann(Geology of Bangladesh)
And most help INTERNET LINK Below
 www.google.com
 www.wekipidia.com.
 WWW.Banglapideya.com

Cox's bazar field work 2017

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