1. The document describes field work conducted in Kutch, Gujarat from February 6-14, 2015 to study earth science and hydrocarbon exploration. 2. The field work involved visiting locations of different geological ages from Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous. Key observations included rock types, sedimentary structures, fossils, and measuring strike, dip and paleocurrent directions. 3. Locations visited included Kalo Dungar of Middle Jurassic age showing herringbone structures and ripple marks. Jumara Dome of Middle to Upper Jurassic age exhibited a dome structure. Rudramata Shale of Upper Jurassic age contained organic-rich shale and soft sediment deformation structures. Jh

1. 1
EARTH SCIENCE AND HYDROCARBON
EXPLORATION FIELD WORK [PE227]
- Fieldwork at and around Mata-no-Madh,
Kutch District,
Gujarat.
Date: 6th
– 14th
of February, 2015
Submitted To:
Submitted By:
Group No. : 12th

2. 2
List of Respective Group Students
Sr. No Roll No. Name of the Student
1. 14BPE47 Chirag katariya
2. 14BPE60 Areb Madani
3. 14BPE65 Nishannt Mehta
4. 14BPE69 Vishvajith Mohri
5. 14BPE76 Jai Patadia
6. 14BPE96 Nilesh Patel
7. 14BPE104 Santosh Chaitanya (Co-Leader)
8. 14BPE115 Yash Sunesara
9. 14BPE127 Hardik Vyas ( Group Leader)
10. 14BPE153D HardeepSingh Zala

3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a genuine pleasure to express our deep sense of thanks and gratitude to Dr.
Anirbid Sircar, Director, School of Petroleum Technology, PDPU and Dr. D. J.
Pandian, Director General, PDPU for supporting us all the time. We are eminently
thankful for our respective faculties Dr. Ashish Sarkar, Dr. Uttam Kumar bhui, Dr.
Bhawani Singh Desai Dr. Natarajan Madhavan. We are also thankful to Mr. Suvik
Patel, Ms. Suruchi Patel, and Mr. Bhavesh Patel and other respective coordinators
for supporting, helping in all the ways from supplying food to taking care of us. We
would also like to thank Mr. Purushottambhai for providing us excellent food. We
are highly indebted to Patidar Dharamshala, Mata no Madh, Kutch for providing us
shelter for all the 9 days. We also thank the transportservice for making us reach the
destinations.

4. 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As a part of the curriculum EARTH SCIENCE AND HYDROCARBON
EXPLORATIONFIELD WORK[PE227], we have undergone this 10 days field trip
to understand the various aspects ofpetroleum system, and how it can contribute for
the production of petroleum. The report includes details on activities conducted in
field at different location in terms of age (Old to young succession) of formation.
This report includes important information on regional geology and climatic
conditions of Kutch, details on Geomorphology and drainage pattern of Kutch.
Geologically, Kutch is constituted by the rocks of Mesozoic and Cainozoic age.
Present reportincludes collection of rocksamples from various formations ofhaving
age ranging from upper-middle Jurassic Miocene. The reportalso presentorientation
and attitude of investigated geologic feature of different locations.
It includes measurement of Strike, Dip and Dip amount. It also features collection
of data on sedimentary structures, Paleo-current direction/Trend, and Fault, joints
and fractures characteristics and accordingly sedimentary litholog was prepared. At
last all data are plotted on graph paper and Steronet and Rose diagram are
constructed.

5. 5
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location ………………………………….7
1.2 Tectonic & Stratigraphic framework…………………………………. 8
1.3 Climate …………………………………. 10
1.4 Accessibility ………………………………….11
1.5 Geomorphology …………………………………. 12
1.6 Drainage ………………………………….. 13
2. FIELD WORK ……………………………... 14
3. APPENDIX …………………………....... 63
4. CONCLUSION ……………………………… 66
5. INTERPRETATION ……………………………… 67

6. 6
INTRODUCTION

7. 7
1.1 Location:
Kutch is a district of Gujarat state in western India. Covering an area of45,652 km²,
it is the largest district of India. Kutch region has a population of 2,092,371
according to 2011 census in Gujarat state of West India, bounded on the North by
Pakistan. It is largely barren except for a fertile band along the Gulf of Kutch in the
Arabian Sea. Mandvi, Bhuj, and Kandla, a new port, are the chief towns.

8. 8
1.2 Tectonic & Stratigraphic framework:
The structure, basin architecture and evolution of Kutch region has been discussed
in a series of publications by Biswas (1980, 1981, 1982 and 1987). The major faults
like Kutch mainland fault (KMF), Katrol hill fault (KHF), Island belt fault (IBF),
Allahband fault, etc. have always been discussed by many while describing the
tectonic framework ofKutch basin . The regional slopeof the basin is towards WSW
and the depositional axis passes closeto the Saurashtra uplift to the south. The basin
is featured by residual basement ridge along primordial faults parallel to the major
Precambrian trends (Biswas, 1982).The culmination along the marginal flexures
formed domal structures which expose older Mesozoic strata.
Figure: Tectonic map of Kutch (After Biswas and Khatri 2002)

9. 9
The Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous rocks are exposed in the highlands, while
the Upper Cretaceous sediments have been encountered only in the offshore wells
in Kutch continental shelf, about 35km from the coast. The early Middle Jurassic
strata are exposed in the northern island chain, whereas a complete and thicker
succession ranging from Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous is exposed in the
Kutch Mainland which is the depocentralregion. Strata of intermediate age are seen
in Wagad highland. Excepting in the south where the Mesozoic rocks are covered
by 1000 m thick Deccan Trap lava flows, these rocks are overlain by the Tertiary
and Quaternary deposits.
Stratigraphic classificationscheme forKutch in shownbelow:

10. 10
1.3 Climate:
The Kutch region generally falls within the arid to hyper arid belt of western
India. Average rainfall in the district is between 300 to 400 mm/year. On an
average there are very less, approximately 15 rainy days during the entire
year that has increased to 25 days in recent years. The day temperatures
particularly in summers are generally low in the coastal region than the
interior. In summers the day temperatures go above 460
C. January is the
coldest month of the year when the mean daily maximum temperature is
260
C and the mean daily minimum temperature is 11o
C.However, during the
cold wave conditions, temperature goes down below the minimum level.
Humidity remains high throughout the year along the coast, generally
exceeding 60% on an average.
Figure: Map of the study area showing various locations referred to in the text and
its general climate.

11. 11
1.4 Accessibility:
The Kutch can be accessed by road, railway, air and water through different routes.
 Kutch has a reasonably good network of all-weather roads. The Ahmedabad-
Kandla national highway is the only national highway in the entire Kutch
district which connects it with other parts of the country. Amongst the state
highways the important one are the Bhuj-Anjar-Gandhidham road, Bhuj-
Mandvi road, and Bhuj-Desalpar-Roha-Naliya-Jakhau road. Mandvi situated
in almost center of study area between Jakhau and Kandla, is well connected
with all other taluka headquarters of the Kutch.
 In Kutch district, almost half of the villages are connected directly or
indirectly with state highway. Local transport can be done through jeeps and
by foot.
Figure: Communication map of the Kutch district showing major road and rail
network with main location.

12. 12
1.5 Geomorphology:
The mainland Kutch has a rocky terrain with two sub parallel E-W trending hill
ranges separated byan intervening rocky plain. The Southern faces Katrol hill Range
and the Northern Hill Range, mark the Katrol Hill Fault (KHF) and Kutch Mainland
Fault (KMF). The Northern Hill Range, boundary ofKutch mainland is bordered by
the Banni Plain and the Great Rann of Kutch in the north and by the high upland
areas in the south. Geomorphologically Kutch is categorized into four major E-W
trending zones:
1. Coastal Zone - demarcating the southern fringe.
2. Kutch Mainland- divided into the central portion comprising rocky upland,
northern hill range and coastal plains.
3. Banni Plains (less than 5m MSL)-marked byraised fluvial-marine sediments, mud
flats and salt pans.
4. The two Ranns: Great Rann ( ~2m MSL) in the north and little Rann in the east
comprising vast saline wasteland. The boundaries of these main geomorphic zones
are bounded by the major E-W trending faults.
Figure: Map showing major geomorphic division of Kutch.

13. 13
1.6 Drainage:
The drainage of Kutch provides an interesting example of a combination of
lithologic and tectonic controls along with the influence of sea level fluctuations
during Quaternary Period. The central Highland forms the main watershed with
numerous consequent streams draining the slopes with a radial pattern and pouring
their water and sediment load into the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Kutch and the plains
of Banni and the Rann in west, south and north respectively (Figure ). In general, the
streams are ephemeral (seasonal) and carry water only during good monsoon. Many
streams like Kankawati, Kaswali, Kharod, Rukmawati and Bhukhi etc. show very
broad channels and vertical cliffy banks in their lower reaches.
Figure: Regional drainage map of Kutch

14. 14
FIELD WORK

15. 15
Middle Jurassic
Location:Kalo-Dungar (Lat. 23°56’13”N ; Long. 68°48’51”E)
 Kalo Dungar is the highest point in Kutch, Gujarat, India, at 462 m.
 It is located at 97 km from District headquarters of Bhuj and 25 km from
nearest town Khavda. It is located in Pachham Island in Island Belt.
 The hill occurs along the northern faulted border of the island marking the
boundary between rugged hilly terrain and vast plain of Great Rann of Kutch.
DepositionalEnvironment: Infra-littoral.
Age: Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)
Stratigraphy:
Upper part of Kalo Dungar Formation has massive sandstonewith calcareous
bands;lower part is around 178 million years old and consists of alternate bands of
sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate. The formation is exposed in the Kalo
Dungar range and is conformably overlain by Goradongar Formation, showing
change in facies from sandstoneto flaggy limestone.
Features Observed:
Figure. Schematic Diagram of Kalo Dungar

16. 16
 As seen in the schematic diagram, the lowermost bed is of siliciclastic
sandstonewhich are overlaid by alteration of sand and shale. Over sand &
shale alteration lies thick sandstonebed which is overlaid by Limestone
along with pebbly Conglomerate.
 Entire lithology represents syn-rift deposition and rapid sedimentation.
 Ammonites were formed 2-10 million years ago were found in the
uppermost calcareous limestone layer which depicts Fully Marine Condition
while the below thick sandstonebed depicts presence of fluvial system.
 Herringbone Structure and Ripple Marks can also be seen at topmostlayer
of Kalo Dungar. Presence of Zoophycos is an indicator of continental shelf.
Figure. Ripple Laminations on the rock beds.

17. 17
Figure. Herringbone Structure
Figure. Pebbly Conglomerate

18. 18
Middle to Upper Jurassic
Location:Jumara Dome(Lat. 23°41’42”N ; Long. 69°04’04”E)
Age: Middle to Upper Jurassic
DepositionalEnvironment: Sub-littoral
Stratigraphy: This formation consists of grey gypseous shales, thin bands of
fossiliferous oolitic marl. It is present in Kutch Mainland and Banni Graben. It is
overlain by Jhuran Formation.
Figure. Jumara Dome

19. 19
Features Observed:
 Location1:
 The entire dome can be differentiated in upper and lower unit. The upper
unit comprises oflime dominated sandstonewhile the lower unit comprises
of sand dominated limestone.
 The attitude of different bedding planes were taken and beds were plotted
on stereonet which depicted the structure as a dome.
Figure. Stereographic Projection of Bedding Planes

20. 20
 A huge fault was also observed as seen in below figure:
Figure. Shows a huge fault.
 There were also presence of fossiliferous Carbonate.
Figure. Shows presence of Bivalves on the Carbonate rock
 Location2:

21. 21
Location: ( Lat. 23°41’42”N ; Long. 69°04’04”E)
 This is the other side of the dome.
 The attitude of the beds is:
Strike: N 1000
Dip: N 1900
Dip Amount: 180
 There were presence of secondary fractures on the beds. The attitudes
were:
Strike Dip Dip Amount
N 2850 N 1950 200
N 2800 N 1900 220
N 2650 N 1750 240
 There was presence of Zoophycos and Ammonite on the beds.
Figure. 1) Shows ammonite ; 2) Shows Zoophycos ofdiameter of 4 inch.

22. 22
Upper Jurrasic
Location: Rudramata Shale (Lat. N23°38’17.2’’ ; Longitude: E69°3’50.6’’)
Altitude: 70m above mean sea level.
Environment: Infra-littoral.
Features Observed:
 This section belongs to Rudramata member of Jhuran formation.
 It consists of mainly grey shales with thin sandstones and silt bands.
 This formation is famously known as “Rudramata Shale” which is of
Jurassic age deposition.
 This shale is very rich in organic matter as directed by its black color.
 The grains are very well sorted and have decent porosity in sand layers.
 In between the shale layers the mature organic matter was converted into
bitumen.
 This soft sedimentation deformation structures are confined to lower and
middle part of the section and upper part ofsection comprises of sandstone
layers.
 Load caststructures precisely ball and pillow structure are observed in the
section.
 At the waterfall side layers of salt over sand were observed.
 The thickness of central part is 40 ft.
 The sandstone present is well sorted and has good porosity.
 The entire formation is dipping in N 2900 with a dip of 80.

23. 23
Figures. Shows the Shale and silt alterations.

24. 24
Figure. Ball and Pillow structures observed.
Figure. Shows the alterations of shale and silt.

25. 25
Lower Cretaceous
Location:Jhara-Mara (Lat . 23°42’24”N ; Long. 69°0’13”E)
DepositionalEnvironment: Prodelta
Age: Lower Cretaceous
Paleo-CurrentDirection:Towards WEST (N270o)
Features Observed:
Figure. Alternate sequence of shale, sandstone and siltstone
 As seen in above figure, the whole section has alternating sandstone, shale
and siltstone layers. The section is divided in different layers with varying
thickness. Deltaic depositions are irregular and hence the repetition of
different beds is irregular.

26. 26
 In this section, the top beds and bottom beds have nearly similar
strike but the top beds are having dip amount ranging from 7o-10o
whereas for lower beds it is 5o-7o
 The litholog of this section is given below:

27. 27
 The height of the section is 32 meter.
 There are massive sandstone bodies without any sedimentary
structures and having irregular base. This depicts that they were
deposited in high energy condition.
 The grains of the sandstoneare angular in shape and have less porosity. The
section has coarsening up sequence.
 Ripple Laminations of cm scale on Siltstone beds were observed that depicts
low energy condition and also gives the Paleo-current Direction as N270o
along with trace fossils such as Conichus Conichnus.
 At someregions the sand bodypinches out, thickens and disappears. The later
deposited sand will push the stiffer sand deposited earlier and it will give rise
to lots of small faults. This generally happens when sediments are fresh.
 Soft sedimentary structures such as Flame structures can be seen and they
generally occur on slope where delta front slope is very harp or overburden
pushing from back.

28. 28
Figure. Flame Structure observed in the sandstone beds.
 On other site, there was massive deposition of sandstone which depicted
presence of distributor channels or lobes. Base of that section comprises of
tubular which is overlaid by
layers of sandstone.
 The height of the massive
sandstone beds is 8m. Grain size
ranges from fine to medium. The
grains are very well sorted and
thus having good reservoir
properties.

29. 29
Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous
Part of Katesar Formation
Location: North-south vertical exposed road section near Siyot village.
(Lat. 230 73ʹ N ; Long. 680 90’E).
Features Observed:
 The whole section has an alteration of sandstone and shale beds.
 The road cutting lithology displays a dominance of sandstone.
 The lithology of the road cutting can be basically divided into four beds .
 The base layer accounts for a 1.3m thick sandstone bed , above which lies
a shale bed of 23 cm thick .
 The topmost layer being the thickest of all is 1.9m and sandstone rich.
Beneath this layer lies another sandstonelayer which is yellowish in colour
and 60 cm thick. Cross bedding can be observed in this particular bed .
 Apart from this a normal fault can clearly be observed . The fault zone
corresponds to a tensile stress regime.
Figure. Shows Normal Fault on one side of the road section.

30. 30
Figure. Shows the various beds of different thickness.
 The fault observed has a strike of 2040N and a dip direction of 1140N.
 The dip amount corresponding to fault is 750 and throw is 55 cm.

31. 31
 The Litholog of the following section was made and is as follows:

32. 32
 The fault continuation on the other side of the road can be well observed.
Figure. The continuation of the fault on the other side of road

33. 33
Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous
Location:Katesar (Lat. 230 46' 14.88'' N ; Long. 680 54' 53.28” E)
Age: Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous
RegionalSetup:
 Jhuran formation comprises a thick sequence of alternating beds of
sandstoneand shale.
 The Jhuran Formation is defined by Dhosa Oolite Member below and non-
marine sandstoneof Bhuj Formation above.
 The upper limit of this formation is defined by the contactbetween marine
and non-marine rocks.
 The environment of deposition shifted from sub-littoral to supra-littoral
environment and finally into continental.
 The Formation is divided into four informal members out of which only the
Katesar member was part of our field work.

34. 34
Features Observed:
 Location1:
Lithology: SandstoneBeds
Structures Observed:Angular Cross-stratifications, Trough Cross
Stratifications.
Observations:
 The first location consisted of many exposed sections of Sandstone
beds throughout the location dipping in a particular direction.
 The attitudes of some of the sandstonebeds and their dip amount were
measured to co-relate the entire Katesar area.
 There was trace of Angular Cross-Stratifications on these sandstone
beds.Also some Trough Cross-Stratifications were observed on the
little exposed sandstonebeds and measured the Paleo-current direction
by the tangent method.
 There is presence of Ferruginous minerals and other minerals like
Quartz, Mica etc. on these sandstone beds.
 After some distance there was a change in the dip direction of the beds.
 From the Trough Cross-stratification, with the measured paleo-current
direction a rose diagram was plotted and it is as follows.
Fig. Trough Cross-stratification

35. 35
Readings:
 For the Sandstone Beds:
Sr. No STRIKE DIP DIP AMOUNT
1. N 3400
N 2500
320
2. N 3240
N 2340
100
3. N 3050
N 2150
150
4. N 3050
N 2150
250
5. N 2780
N 1880
130
6. N 2860
N 1960
190
7. N 2950
N 2050
250
Fig. Sandstone Bed of Strike : N 3400 and Dip amount : 320

36. 36
Figures. Indicates Sandstone beds of different attitudes.

37. 37
Rose Diagramdetermining the Paleo-currentdirection:

38. 38
 Location 2.
Lithology: Igneous Intrusion ( Basaltic)
Location:Lat. 23.77º N ; Long. 68.8921º
Observations:
 There was igneous intrusion offine to medium grain black coloured basalt.
 It is significant because of the fact that after that location there are all
deposition in north direction are of quaternary age.
 There was presence of black and some red coloured basalt which is
indication of presence of oxic and anoxic condition.
 There was presence of some heavy minerals viz. quartz, mica in basalt.
 It have trend of N95º measured using of brunton compass.
 To trace its location on the topo sheet the back bearing from known
location had been taken which are N 275º of katesar temple, and another
is N 2800 of Kalimatha Temple.
 It is exposure and part of Kutch mainland fault(KMF) of lower
cretaceous age
There were also presence of fossils of Ammonite and Belemnite
Figure. Igneous (Basalt) rock obtained at the center of the dome.

39. 39
Cretaceous
Location:Atda to Delta127
Features Observed:
 Location1:
Location: 20°N Katesar Temple and 155°N Atda Village.
Observations:
 Moving little ahead on the West side there was a normal fault.
 Attitude of fault:
Strike: N65°
Dip: N155°
Dip Amount: 70°
 Lithology: Sand stone, silt stone, Thin
shale layer, Volcanic intrusion.
 The lower part of the section was red in
color which indicated the iron
deposition at early stage.
 Then looking at middle part of the
section there is alteration of yellow and
grey sand and silt.
 Then again at upper stage we find red
colored iron rich sand deposition.
 The fault itself is significantly big with
Throw 3.5m and Heave 5cm.
 In between the fault zone, volcanic
intrusion has occurred which indicates
that it goes very deeper in the surface.
 The paleo-current direction is NNW-
SSE.
Figure. Shows the Fault zone.

40. 40
 Location2:
Observations:
 Further walking towards West we find a joint in river valley.
 The area around the joint is weathered and full of fractures.
 The attitude of this joint is as follows
Strike: N260°
Dip: N350°
Dip amount: 64°
 The lithology of this section was mainly sandstone.
 This sandstonelayers shows alteration of red and yellow sand in which the
red sand indicates the presence of Iron as seen in previous fault.
Figure. Image showing the joint with attitude 2600N

41. 41
 Location3:
Location: N140° from village Atda, N 450 from Katesar Temple N 2280 from
delta 127.
Observations:
 Moving towards South-East direction we encountered “Rifted Zone”.
 Attitude of this Rift zone
Strike: N35°
Dip: N305°
Dip amount: 12°
 As we can make out form the attitude the West side of the rift zone has
come up.
 Location4:
 Magma intrusion in sand body.
 Further moving approximately 250m West- South direction we saw
magma intrusion in sand layers.
 The sandstonerock was converted in volcanic environment and thus have
interlocking structure as shown in below figure:
 This effect was very localized and and we didn’t see this type of intrusion
around here.
 The sand stone was very compacted and hard.

42. 42
The stereonet of the beds, fault, joint were plotted in a
stereonetas follows:

43. 43
Cretaceous
Location: Reservoir Rock(Lat. N 1230 38’ 05’’ ; Long. N 680 57’ 53.6’’ )
Altitude: 132m ( Above MSL)
Age:
Description:
 Location1:
 The location mainly consists of sandstones and siltstones with presence of
ferruginous material.
 The beds of sandstone were horizontal while the beds of siltstone were
inclined.
 The inclined siltstone beds between two horizontal beds depicts that the
deposition had occurred in deltaic environment.
 Sedimentary structures such as Trough Cross-stratification and Angular
Cross-stratification were observed.
 The Paleo-current direction can beidentified from the cross-stratifications and
it was measured as N 3300.
 The attitude of the Sandstone bed is as follows:
Strike Dip Dip-Amount
N 1700
N 2600
60

44. 44
 The lithology of the formation is as follows:

45. 45
 Location2:
 Whole sections have alternation of sand and silt layers having different
thickness.
 Base layer is having lithology ofsandstone with red or orange colour with
trace fossils which is overlying by silt layer .
 Over which there is another layer ofsandstoneofmarooncolour with cross
bedding which is overlain by sand layer.
 And also shows that all layers are fining upward sequence.
 Layer thickness
Upper Sand layer: 0.95 m
Silt layer: 1.10 m
Maroon sand layer: 0.3 m
Lower sand layer : 1.3 m
 There is a one fault plane having strike of N175º and dip amount of 55º
with dip direction of N265º measured with brunton compass and making
throw of 175 cm and heave 8 cm.
 It was a Normal fault (sealing fault) as some gauge material could be
clearly seen along the fault plane most probably containing calcite with
cement.

46. 46
Paleocene
Location:Mata No Madh Formation(23°32’52”N ; 68°56’13”E)
Age: Paleocene
DepositionalEnvironment: Different Terrestrial during warming up phase of
volcanicity.
Stratigraphy: This formation is exposed bordering tertiary outcrops in the western
part of Kutch on land and consists of lateritic conglomerates, laterite, bauxite and
ferruginous clay with volcanic ash. It is overlain by Naredi formation and contact is
marked by lignite band. It directly overlies the Deccan trap.
Features Observed:
 Location 1:
 The entire section is of sandstone lithology.
 Sedimentary Structures such as cross-straifications can be observed.
 There are two sandstone bodies. Both the sandstone bed have fining upward
sequence the entire unit is cross-stratified.
 Lower unit doesn’thave any trace fossils(Conichnus Conicus)while the upper
unit contains trace fossils.
 Lower unit contains thick small coarser units and has angular grains. They
were formed during spring tide. It was deposited in high energy condition.
 Upper unit consists of planar beds and thin smaller units and were formed
during neap tide.
 Burrows were maintained by sea animals during incoming sedimentation.

47. 47
Figure. Conichnus Conichus (Trace Fossil)
 Location 2:
Figure. Chemically weathered igneous rock

48. 48
Observations:
 Leaching is a process involving loss of soluble substances and colloids from
the top layer of soil by percolating precipitation. This process leads to
porous and open top layer and a dense bottompart. Due to this the nutrients
are generally lost leaving quartz, hydroxides of iron, magnesium and
aluminum. This forms distinctive type of soil called laterite.
 In this section, clay with high amount of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions is observed
which gives yellowish and reddish color respectively.
 No quartz traces are found hence it can be concluded that the initial rock
before weathering is not sandstone.
 So the initial rock could probably be an igneous rock like Basalt since it
contains Feldspar but quartz is absent.
 Rocks upon weathering are converted into clays and these cay are of two
types phyllosilicates and tectosilicates.
 Except quartz all other minerals have cleavages. More the no. of cleavage
more is tendency of weathering. Weathering increases which in turn leads
to formation of weaker and extremely weathered surface.
 The sudden presence of Basalt rock here is due to the Deccan trap region
nearby.

49. 49
 Location 3:
 The Mata No Madh formation represents a heterolithic volcanoclastic
association consisting of mainly conglomerate bearing trap pebbles,
tuffaceous shales, sandstone and bentonite mudstone,etc
 It is deposited on Deccan trap basement. The lithology consists of gray-
coarse grained sand, greenish gray silty clay, laterite and tuffs.
 This is overlain by dominantly argillaceous unit. It consists of grayish
yellow and gray thinly laminated gypceous shale and dark brown to
reddish clay.
 A reefal limestone build up can also be seen. Moreover, it is very hard,
compact and contains a rich variety of coral-mollascan association that
possibly represents patch reef.

50. 50
 In the middle part several bands of muddy limestone studded with larger
forums alternate with shale. Lignite beds also occurin the middle part and
their thickness varies laterally extensively.
 Different types of corals were found and collected. Presence of coral
depicts the water depth up to 50 meters.
 Depositional Environment was shallow marine to fluvial.
 Presence of Gypsum was found in the mudstone layers.
Figure. Shows the lithology of the location.
 There are total 6 layers of shale in the above section

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Lower Eocene Age
Location:Panandhro CoalMine (Lat. 22°42’13’’ to 23°39’56’’ N ;Long.64°45’00’’
to 68°44’55’’.
Age: Lower Eocene Age(~50 Ma before present)
DepositionalEnvironment: The formations formed during these periods vary from
marine, estuarine to lacustrine.
Features Observed:
 Location1:
Era: Tertiary
Period: Lower Eocene
Location: Coal Mine
Coaltype: Lignite
Observations:
 The lignite belongs to the Lower Eocene age.
 The lignite produced is transported in trucks due to its soft nature.
 Blasting and drilling processes are not practiced in the mine.
 There is presence of the hard limestone (pointed load) and it is produced by
the use of bucket with two teeth’s.
 Dumping (both Virgin and backfilling) is being practiced in mine.
 The total void space in the mine is 100 acres.
 The TDS of the ground water is 8000 ppm.
 The sulfur present in the lignite or carp shale makes the water acidic.
 Some traps of white colour strata were also present.
 The coal mine is dipping in S-W direction from one end and S-E direction
from another end to the center.
 The coal mine contains limestone (yellowish and whitish) of 2-3 m thickness
and a thin strata of shale.

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DATA ABOUT THE COAL MINE:
Lease Area 1151 Hectare
Lease Coordinates Latitude : 22°42'13" to 23°39'56"
Longitude 64°45'00" to 68°44'55"
Commencement period 1973-1974
Mineral mined Lignite and Limestone
Total Exploration area 11.33 sq.km
No. of Exploration Boreholes 362 within lease area
Void 100 Acres
Ground water TDS of 8000 ppm
Figure: Stacking of different layers & stepwise mining.

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LOCAL GEOLOGICALFORMATION:
Period Series Formation
Recent - Top Soil
Lower Oligocene Lower Nari Hard and Compact
Siliceous Limestone
Upper Eocene Kirthar Nummulitic Limestone
Lower Eocene
Middle Eocene
Laki Shales , Clays , Lignite
Unconformity
Paleocene Supratrappeans Clays, Sands Altered
Formations
Unconformity
Upper Cretaceous Basic Volcanic Rocks/
Traps

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Figure. Shows shale interface in the coal beds
Figure. Shows different layers of the coal mine.

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 BABIA HILL:
Era: Tertiary
Period:Upper Eocene
Age: 40-60 Ma
Rock type: Nummilitic limestone calcareous
Height: 85m from MSL, 35m from Ground level
Observations:
 The Babia hill is of Upper Eocene section, and due to the presence of some
valuable fossils, this hill was not removed by the mining authorities.
 This hill section consists of large amounts of Nummulitic Limestone and
fossils. Fossils like Nummulites, Foraminifera and Corals.
Figure. Fossils of Nummulites on the Limestone of Babia Hill.

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Middle Eocene
Location:Lakhpat (23°49’52.57”N ; 68°46’38.43”E)
 Lakhpat is located northwest of Bhuj at a distance of 170 km.
 Lakhpat is the last town situated at the western end of India at the junction of
Kori Creek and the Rann of Kutch.
DepositionalEnvironment: Marine
Age: Middle Eocene
Stratigraphy:
Lakhpat is a large area of well exposed Middle Eocene Fulra Limestone Formation.
This limestone belt extends from Lakhpat at the western band to Vinjhan at the
south-central region of mainland.
Features Observed:
 The limestone beds are packed with variety of Nummulites species. They are
the most important micro-fauna in the marine early tertiary seas across the
globe.
 The Nummulites are very unique fossils and can easily be recognized by its
coin shaped structure.
Nummulites

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Figure: Button type foraminifera
Figure: Discocyclina foraminifera and Nummulite

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Holocene
 Location1:
Location: Jhakau (Lat. 230 13’7” N ; Long. 68043’01” E)
 Tidal flats, are coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by
tides or rivers.
 Tidal flats may be viewed geologically as exposed layers of bay mud,
resulting from deposition of estuarine silts, clays.
 Most of the sediment within a mudflat is within the intertidal zone, and
thus the flat is submerged and exposed approximately twice daily.
 Tidal flats have generally gentle slope. Even 0.5 cm of rise will flood
the sediments upto large distance.
 When water goes down, water is drained out in channles, in most ofthe
cases the channels are filled with mud. Sand can also be present in the
channels.
 The alterations of sandstone and mudstone can be found in the tidal
flats.
 The mud present in the channles is usually covered by algae.
 Due to deposition of sand on mud will build anoxic environment and
the mudstone will give rise to excellent souce rock.
 In some of the extreme cases tidal flats are also site for evaporate this
will give rise to alterations of mud and salt and this environment is
known as SABKHA.
 There was presence of burrows and the only vegetation found in these
region are mangroves.

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Figure. Shows the presence of burrows.

60. 60
 Location2:
Location: Pingleshwar Beach (Lat. 230 3’62” N ; Long. 68048’06” E)
 Low tide and high tide can be seen very nicely from there with the interval
of time.
 In the ocean a small line was there from which all the waves break from
that line that is called the ‘Breaker zone’.
Figure. Shows the Breaker zone.
 The breaker zone is the one where sandbars are generated but at that place
level of sandbars are low compare to other zones because of the low
gradient.
 There were continuous formation of ripple marks on the sand.
 The below picture shows the texture ofthe ripple marks ofthat place which
are very well.
 Ripple marks indicates the agitation by water or air.

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Figure. Shows the formation of Ripple Marks
 On dipping the surface there parallel bed lamination can be showed.
 The beds have yellowish and blackish in colour.
 The black layer indicates that it contains of high organic matter

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 The cross-section of the dunes was also observed.
Figure. Shows the Cross-section of Dunes

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Appendix
1. Jhumara (Middle Jurassic)
STRIKE DIP
DIRECTION
DIP
AMOUNT
930 N 30 N 240
860 N 3560 N 260
960 N 60 N 210
840 N 3540 N 240
870 N 30 N 210
2750 N 50 N 240
970 N 70 N 230
1080 N 180 N 260
1070 N 170 N 200
650 N 3350 N 270
860 N 3560 N 270
750 N 3450 N 270
660 N 3360 N 180
560 N 3260 N 130
1750 N 2650 N 120
200 N 2900 N 100
150 N 2850 N 190
3000 N 2100 N 60
3200 N 2300 N 150
2900 N 2000 N 220
2700 N 1800 N 160
2600 N 1700 N 260

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2. Katesar (Lower Cretaceous)
Strike Dip Dip Amount
N 3400 N 2500 320
N 3240 N 2340 100
N 3050 N 2150 150
N 2510 N 1610 120
N 3050 N 2150 250
N 2780 N 1880 130
N 2860 N 1960 190
N 2950 N 2050 250
Paleo-current Direction from Trough Cross-stratification
Plot 1 Plot 2
2080 2250
2000 2050
2150 2250
2550 2300
2200 2200
2250 2150
2050 2080
2100 2050
2050 2150

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3. Atda-Guneri (Creatceous)
Strike Dip Dip Amount Type
N 3200 N 2300 350 Sandstone, shale
N 650 N 1550 700 Fault zone
N 00 N 2700 20 Outcrop
N 2600 N 3500 640 Joint
N 350 N 3050 120 Rift
N 2300 N 3200 200 Outcrop
N 3500 N 800 70 Sandstone
Paleo-current Direction Type
N 2060 Trough Cross-stratification

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Conclusion
Hydrocarbonexploration field trip included application of theoretical knowledge of
petroleum and sedimentary geology in the field. Thestudyinvolved the investigation
of entire exposed Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequence. A detailed interpretation was
drawn on the basis of data collected and observations made. Moreover dating of
formation, Geological band mapping , preparation ofRosediagram and litholog was
carried out. Also Stereo net of various location was constructed.

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INTERPREATATION
 During the field trip, different samples were collected from number of
locations and subsequently observation was made. Investigating all samples
in sequence gives detailed idea about the evolution of basin.
 Trace fossil of Zoophycos at Jhumara dome indicated maximum incursion of
sea towards land.
 At Kutch Mainland Fault, cretaceous sandstone and Miocene limestone is
present which shows unconformity.
 Eastern side of the Kachchh rift basin consist of thin feldspathic sandstone
whereas western side ofbasin is having thick quartz rich sandstone. Kutch rift
basin shows an extensional regime which gave rise to normal faults.
 The study of igneous rocks indicates a presence of large ultramafic body in
lower
 All this observation indicated that basin was full of Mesozoic, Tertiary and
Quaternary sediments.