This document summarizes the challenges of mining beach sand deposits in India for heavy minerals while maintaining groundwater and coastal water management. It discusses how the mining and processing of beach sands requires large amounts of water which must be carefully managed. A case study describes hydrogeological investigations conducted at a heavy mineral sand deposit in Srikakulam, India. The study assessed the local geology and groundwater levels, and developed techniques like polymer injection to separate water from waste slurry in order to recycle it and maintain the local water balance during mining operations.
Lithostratigraphy and Depositional History of Part of the Midyan Region, Nort...Omar Radwan
The document establishes a lithostratigraphic scheme and depositional history for the Midyan region of northwestern Saudi Arabia. It describes the various rock formations from the basement rocks through the Pleistocene, including their lithology, age, and depositional environments. The structural history involved four phases of rifting associated with the opening of the Red Sea beginning in the Oligocene, as well as later drift phase movement along the Dead Sea fault system.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
The document provides an overview of the geology of the Bahamas, including the key processes and products involved in carbonate sediment production. It discusses various physical and chemical parameters, as well as the role of fauna and flora. It then describes the typical facies geometries and distribution patterns seen in the Bahamas, including islands, sand bodies, muddy environments, tidal flats, coralgal reefs, and adjacent slopes. The discussion section examines how different parameters like energy flux, antecedent topography, and sea level influence carbonate production and facies distribution.
This document summarizes a research paper on the development of alluvial fans and associated land use problems in the Himalayan foothills of West Bengal, India. It contains the following key points:
1) The paper studies the evolution and development of alluvial fans formed by rivers in the area and examines land use issues, particularly related to agriculture.
2) The study area covers 1000 km2 demarcated by the Tista and Jaldhaka rivers and includes several micro alluvial fans. Fan development results from interactions between climate, tectonism, and hydrology.
3) Agricultural land use is well developed on fertile alluvial deposits but suffers from poor irrigation,
Environmental threats and reclamation after underground mining 1Tharindu Dilshan
Underground gem mining in Sri Lanka provides economic and social benefits but also poses significant environmental threats if not properly managed. Traditional pit mining damages water and soil quality, destroys habitats, and endangers humans. Effective mine reclamation, including stabilizing land, restoring vegetation and water flows, and closing pits, is needed to mitigate long-term environmental impacts and allow the pre-mining land use to resume after mining ceases. While gem mining provides livelihoods, greater regulation and enforcement is required to minimize damage to the environment.
The document discusses bauxite mining in Western Australia. It describes the physical factors affecting the location of bauxite mines, including the climate, soils, topography, and vegetation of the region. The cultural factors influencing location are also examined, such as proximity to towns, ports, and major transport links like highways and railways. Bauxite mining has created a cultural landscape featuring open-cut mines, roads, crushing facilities, long conveyor belts, rehabilitation sites, and industrial refineries and ports.
Investigation of Soil Status in Degraded Soils from Tantalum Mining in Gatumb...Premier Publishers
Different soil properties from Gatumba Mining Area were assessed to characterize them and contribute in setting up practices for soil restoration. The present study was conducted to assess the soil status in degraded soils from tantalum mining in Gatumba. Nine soil profiles which were prepared in 2009 during dry season were sharpened and soils from all visible horizons were sampled. Soil analysis was performed in the soil laboratory at National University of Rwanda. Results showed that the active soil pH was lower in technosol developed on schist (4.8) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite dump (5.61) and ranged from slightly acid (5.61) to acidic (4.73). Acid saturation was lower in strongly disturbed fluvisol (3.4%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (10.78%) while base saturation was lower in cambic-fluvisol (37.5%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (89.3%). However, a significant difference (p=0.012) only observed in base saturation between soil profiles. In general, soils affected by mining had low base saturation and higher acid saturation than unaffected. Therefore, recommendation of more soluble amendment such as lime and dolomite would improve the soil pH and provide macronutrients like Ca2+ and Mg2+.
This document provides an overview of the Jurassic system in Saudi Arabia, including:
- Paleogeography of the region during the Jurassic period, when India separated from Africa/Arabia.
- Stratigraphic units of the Jurassic in Saudi Arabia like the Shaqra Group, which contains important hydrocarbon reservoirs.
- Paleoenvironments during the Jurassic, when the Arabian Peninsula was located on the southern margin of the Tethys Ocean consisting of a shallow marine carbonate platform with some deeper intra-shelf basins.
Lithostratigraphy and Depositional History of Part of the Midyan Region, Nort...Omar Radwan
The document establishes a lithostratigraphic scheme and depositional history for the Midyan region of northwestern Saudi Arabia. It describes the various rock formations from the basement rocks through the Pleistocene, including their lithology, age, and depositional environments. The structural history involved four phases of rifting associated with the opening of the Red Sea beginning in the Oligocene, as well as later drift phase movement along the Dead Sea fault system.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
The document provides an overview of the geology of the Bahamas, including the key processes and products involved in carbonate sediment production. It discusses various physical and chemical parameters, as well as the role of fauna and flora. It then describes the typical facies geometries and distribution patterns seen in the Bahamas, including islands, sand bodies, muddy environments, tidal flats, coralgal reefs, and adjacent slopes. The discussion section examines how different parameters like energy flux, antecedent topography, and sea level influence carbonate production and facies distribution.
This document summarizes a research paper on the development of alluvial fans and associated land use problems in the Himalayan foothills of West Bengal, India. It contains the following key points:
1) The paper studies the evolution and development of alluvial fans formed by rivers in the area and examines land use issues, particularly related to agriculture.
2) The study area covers 1000 km2 demarcated by the Tista and Jaldhaka rivers and includes several micro alluvial fans. Fan development results from interactions between climate, tectonism, and hydrology.
3) Agricultural land use is well developed on fertile alluvial deposits but suffers from poor irrigation,
Environmental threats and reclamation after underground mining 1Tharindu Dilshan
Underground gem mining in Sri Lanka provides economic and social benefits but also poses significant environmental threats if not properly managed. Traditional pit mining damages water and soil quality, destroys habitats, and endangers humans. Effective mine reclamation, including stabilizing land, restoring vegetation and water flows, and closing pits, is needed to mitigate long-term environmental impacts and allow the pre-mining land use to resume after mining ceases. While gem mining provides livelihoods, greater regulation and enforcement is required to minimize damage to the environment.
The document discusses bauxite mining in Western Australia. It describes the physical factors affecting the location of bauxite mines, including the climate, soils, topography, and vegetation of the region. The cultural factors influencing location are also examined, such as proximity to towns, ports, and major transport links like highways and railways. Bauxite mining has created a cultural landscape featuring open-cut mines, roads, crushing facilities, long conveyor belts, rehabilitation sites, and industrial refineries and ports.
Investigation of Soil Status in Degraded Soils from Tantalum Mining in Gatumb...Premier Publishers
Different soil properties from Gatumba Mining Area were assessed to characterize them and contribute in setting up practices for soil restoration. The present study was conducted to assess the soil status in degraded soils from tantalum mining in Gatumba. Nine soil profiles which were prepared in 2009 during dry season were sharpened and soils from all visible horizons were sampled. Soil analysis was performed in the soil laboratory at National University of Rwanda. Results showed that the active soil pH was lower in technosol developed on schist (4.8) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite dump (5.61) and ranged from slightly acid (5.61) to acidic (4.73). Acid saturation was lower in strongly disturbed fluvisol (3.4%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (10.78%) while base saturation was lower in cambic-fluvisol (37.5%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (89.3%). However, a significant difference (p=0.012) only observed in base saturation between soil profiles. In general, soils affected by mining had low base saturation and higher acid saturation than unaffected. Therefore, recommendation of more soluble amendment such as lime and dolomite would improve the soil pH and provide macronutrients like Ca2+ and Mg2+.
This document provides an overview of the Jurassic system in Saudi Arabia, including:
- Paleogeography of the region during the Jurassic period, when India separated from Africa/Arabia.
- Stratigraphic units of the Jurassic in Saudi Arabia like the Shaqra Group, which contains important hydrocarbon reservoirs.
- Paleoenvironments during the Jurassic, when the Arabian Peninsula was located on the southern margin of the Tethys Ocean consisting of a shallow marine carbonate platform with some deeper intra-shelf basins.
This document discusses the idea of constructing multi-functional storage reservoirs in mountain regions of Poland. Small reservoirs could be built instead of large ones by taking advantage of the terrain and using naturally occurring rock eluvium to form cofferdams. This would help address issues like floods, droughts, and uneven water distribution. The flysch rock formations and eluvium soils in mountainous areas of southern Poland are well-suited for small reservoir construction without needing additional sealing due to their composition and properties. Such reservoirs could provide benefits like increased water resources, flood protection, landscape preservation, and slope stabilization.
This document summarizes an article about beach sediments, morphodynamics, and risk assessment along the coast of the Caspian Sea in Iran. The article discusses coastal erosion vulnerability in six selected stations along the southern coast. Sediment samples and beach geometry were measured at 36 sites total. A risk assessment model was created using factors contributing to erosion risk. Data was analyzed in GIS to determine relative erosion risk in five morphological zones. The study found the Miankaleh area has the most stable beaches while the Nashtaroud region is most vulnerable to erosion along the southern Caspian Sea coast.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This study analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of sand dunes along the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea using satellite images from 1983 to 2004. The results showed that of the 865 km coastal area, only 156 km contained sand dunes, with 98 km of pristine dunes located in Miankaleh. Over 35% of dunes eroded in the study period due to sea level rise and human activities like construction. A vulnerability assessment found that 46.6% of the coastline, including areas in Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan provinces, were highly vulnerable to erosion. The study concluded that protecting remaining dunes through conservation programs is crucial to prevent further destruction.
Assesment of the morphometry of gullies in kastina ala, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the morphometric characteristics of four gullies in Katsina-Ala local government area of Benue State, Nigeria to assess the severity of erosion and economic losses. Field measurements of gully length, depth, width, slope and volume were taken. A total volume of 17,680.36 cubic meters of soil was lost across 737.01 square meters, equivalent to an estimated remediation cost of NGN 61.5 million. The study aims to increase awareness of gully formation in the area to prevent further losses to arable land and property.
This document summarizes a study of Late Permian coal formation along the shores of the Mongol-Transbaikalian seaway in central Mongolia. The study area contained a approximately 420m thick coal-bearing succession that developed during frequent sea level changes along the relatively shallow boreal seaway. Eight transgressive-regressive cycles were recognized, representing 405ky Milankovitch eccentricity cycles. Paleoclimatic indicators suggest the coals formed under boreal conditions when the seaway was likely frozen in winter and moist air currents prevailed in summer, benefiting peat-forming plants. The consistently high mineral content of the coals may be linked to their proximity to the shoreline and a high
The document provides background information on using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to study groundwater distribution in basement rock terrains. It discusses:
1) Groundwater in basement rocks occurs in weathered zones and fractures, which VES can help characterize. VES measures resistivity changes with depth to interpret subsurface layers.
2) Four VES soundings were conducted in a village in Nigeria to investigate the subsurface for borehole siting. Preliminary interpretation of VES curves provides insight into the geologic settings and potential water-bearing layers.
3) Typical earth material resistivities are listed, with weathered basement rock and fractures expected to host groundwater. Integrating VES with geology can aid groundwater
Developing Conceptual Aquifer Geometry, Structural Geological Control and Pos...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. Carbonate sediments originate on land and in the sea in three major settings: continental, transitional between land and sea, and shallow and deep sea.
2. Marine carbonate depositional systems differ from siliciclastic systems in important ways relevant to sequence stratigraphy.
3. Non-marine carbonates form in terrestrial and aquatic environments without marine influence through abiotic and biotic precipitation processes and differ from marine carbonates.
The document discusses mineral resources in the Philippines. It begins by defining mineral resources and describing how they are extracted from the earth's crust through surface and subsurface mining methods. It then discusses the various impacts of mineral extraction, including environmental impacts like pollution, habitat destruction, and social impacts like human displacement. The document emphasizes that while mining is important for the economy, it also causes significant environmental degradation that requires preventive measures and remediation.
This document summarizes a study of coastal zone management in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study analyzed shoreline changes between 1971 and 2012. The results showed alternating periods of erosion and accretion across the study area. The northern region experienced land loss from 1971-1991 followed by erosion after 1991. The central region accreted from 1971-1991 then eroded after 1991. The southern region was dominated by erosion, except after the 2004 tsunami when deposition occurred. Overall, erosion activities were higher than accretion across the study area over the 41-year period.
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the potential hydrogeology, environment, and vulnerability to pollution of aquifers in the coastal basin of Essaouira, Morocco. The region contains two main aquifers - the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian. Mapping showed that 61% of the region has high vulnerability to pollution, 20% has very high vulnerability, and 15% has medium vulnerability. Areas of very high vulnerability are located in the western coastal area. Groundwater flow is generally from southeast to northwest, influenced by the regional geology. The aquifers provide drinking water and irrigation but are threatened by overuse, seawater intrusion, and potential pollution from development.
The document summarizes a study of the Groote Eylandt manganese orebody in Australia. The objectives of the study were to construct an accurate resource/reserve model using over 5,500 drill holes to satisfy reporting standards. Previous models were outdated and inaccurate. Key challenges included the orebody's variability and complex geological history. The new model incorporated stratigraphic units, addressed issues like downhole smearing in drilling data, used measured yield vs assumed values, and established a validated database, providing a robust foundation for ongoing mining.
The document summarizes the Mid-Cretaceous carbonate ramp of northern Sinai, Egypt. It describes the regional geology, including the tectonic setting and gradual lateral deepening of the carbonate ramp. It outlines two mid-Cretaceous rock units - the Malha Formation consisting of marine carbonates and siliciclastics, and the overlying Galala Formation comprising diverse facies from lagoonal to open marine deposits. Five carbonate ramp facies are characterized ranging from tidal to mid-ramp environments. The area remains prospective for hydrocarbon exploration with untested structural and stratigraphic traps in carbonate reservoirs sealed by shales and anhydrites.
This study analyzed a 3.4m sediment core from the northeastern Arabian Sea offshore of Saurashtra, India to understand variations in productivity and climate over the late Pleistocene to Holocene time period. A multi-proxy analysis including foraminifera abundances, carbon and oxygen isotopes, and mineralogy was used. The results indicate there were three major periods of change: 12-8ka during the Younger Dryas and early Holocene with low sea levels and weak monsoons; 8-4ka in the middle Holocene with stronger monsoons, higher sea levels, and moderate productivity; and 4-1ka in the late Holocene with strong monsoons, high sea levels, and
1) The document presents results from a study of soil properties in Malawi's Lake Chilwa basin where conservation agriculture is being introduced as a sustainable land use system. Soil samples from 176 fields across several regions were analyzed.
2) Results showed that the basin's soils are generally loamy sands or sands with bulk densities within ideal ranges except for loamy sands. Soil pH ranged from slightly acidic to alkaline while organic matter content was within normal levels but still low.
3) Conservation agriculture has the potential to improve soil structure, increase organic matter and carbon over time, and help farmers adapt to climate change by making soils more resilient to drought.
Hard water regimes during pre monsoonal period in rajnagar block, odisha, ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From the hydrochemical analysis of 53 representative groundwater samples along coastal Kendrapara district, Odisha, the current research establishes widespread occurrences of moderately hard to hard groundwater within the subsurface water bearing horizons. There exists a distinct belt of moderately hard ground water in the Rajnagar block of the district whereas soft water occurrence is practically absent in the study area. The analysis also points to no specific interrelationship between the hardness of groundwater to that of the physical parameters including pH and electrical conductance.
Keywords: Aquifer, Total Hardness, SRTM, GIS
This document discusses the environmental impacts of sand mining and provides mitigation measures. It notes that sand mining is becoming an issue as demand increases, and can cause considerable environmental damage by disturbing habitats and ecosystems. It then lists several specific impacts of sand mining, such as reducing bird habitats, degrading water quality, lowering groundwater levels, and destroying riparian vegetation. The document proposes 10 mitigation measures that can be taken, such as selecting mining areas to minimize damage, limiting mining during certain seasons, and restoring mined areas with replanting. It also discusses illegal sand mining occurring in India and steps taken in Kerala to address it, such as a complaint cell and raids to seize vehicles involved in illegal mining.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of soil and sand mining. It notes that sand mining is increasing to meet demand but can cause significant environmental damage. Key impacts include degradation of water quality through acid mine drainage, heavy metal contamination, and increased turbidity. Groundwater levels also decline due to mining. Air quality and noise levels are negatively impacted by dust and machinery. Mining disturbs land use and soil quality through removal of vegetation and changing topography. The document provides examples of these issues occurring in various regions of India and discusses regulatory challenges of unchecked illegal sand mining.
International journal of science technologyMiftahur Rizqi
Sand is an important mineral for our society in protecting the
environment, where this practice of sand and soil mining is becoming an
environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction.
Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage. In this article we are discussing about the direct and indirect
impacts due to soil and sand mining to the environment in Indian regions. Pollution
of the water is evident by the colouration of water which in most of the rivers and
streams in the mining area varies from brownish to reddish orange. Low pH (between 2-
3), high electrical conductivity, high concentration of ions of sulphate and iron and toxic
heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high BOD are some of the physicochemical
and biological parameters which characterize the degradation of water quality.
Contamination of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) originating from mines and spoils,
leaching of heavy metals, organic enrichment and silting by sand particles are major
causes of degradation of water quality.
1) Acid mine drainage from exposed sulfide minerals in mines poses serious threats to water resources, dissolving heavy metals and lowering pH levels severely impacting aquatic life.
2) Uncontrolled sand and soil mining degrades the environment through water pollution, loss of habitat, depletion of groundwater, and damage to agriculture and livelihoods.
3) Studies in India found mining-impacted areas had heavy metal concentrations in soil exceeding limits and acid mine drainage contaminating groundwater for long distances.
This document discusses the idea of constructing multi-functional storage reservoirs in mountain regions of Poland. Small reservoirs could be built instead of large ones by taking advantage of the terrain and using naturally occurring rock eluvium to form cofferdams. This would help address issues like floods, droughts, and uneven water distribution. The flysch rock formations and eluvium soils in mountainous areas of southern Poland are well-suited for small reservoir construction without needing additional sealing due to their composition and properties. Such reservoirs could provide benefits like increased water resources, flood protection, landscape preservation, and slope stabilization.
This document summarizes an article about beach sediments, morphodynamics, and risk assessment along the coast of the Caspian Sea in Iran. The article discusses coastal erosion vulnerability in six selected stations along the southern coast. Sediment samples and beach geometry were measured at 36 sites total. A risk assessment model was created using factors contributing to erosion risk. Data was analyzed in GIS to determine relative erosion risk in five morphological zones. The study found the Miankaleh area has the most stable beaches while the Nashtaroud region is most vulnerable to erosion along the southern Caspian Sea coast.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This study analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of sand dunes along the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea using satellite images from 1983 to 2004. The results showed that of the 865 km coastal area, only 156 km contained sand dunes, with 98 km of pristine dunes located in Miankaleh. Over 35% of dunes eroded in the study period due to sea level rise and human activities like construction. A vulnerability assessment found that 46.6% of the coastline, including areas in Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan provinces, were highly vulnerable to erosion. The study concluded that protecting remaining dunes through conservation programs is crucial to prevent further destruction.
Assesment of the morphometry of gullies in kastina ala, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the morphometric characteristics of four gullies in Katsina-Ala local government area of Benue State, Nigeria to assess the severity of erosion and economic losses. Field measurements of gully length, depth, width, slope and volume were taken. A total volume of 17,680.36 cubic meters of soil was lost across 737.01 square meters, equivalent to an estimated remediation cost of NGN 61.5 million. The study aims to increase awareness of gully formation in the area to prevent further losses to arable land and property.
This document summarizes a study of Late Permian coal formation along the shores of the Mongol-Transbaikalian seaway in central Mongolia. The study area contained a approximately 420m thick coal-bearing succession that developed during frequent sea level changes along the relatively shallow boreal seaway. Eight transgressive-regressive cycles were recognized, representing 405ky Milankovitch eccentricity cycles. Paleoclimatic indicators suggest the coals formed under boreal conditions when the seaway was likely frozen in winter and moist air currents prevailed in summer, benefiting peat-forming plants. The consistently high mineral content of the coals may be linked to their proximity to the shoreline and a high
The document provides background information on using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to study groundwater distribution in basement rock terrains. It discusses:
1) Groundwater in basement rocks occurs in weathered zones and fractures, which VES can help characterize. VES measures resistivity changes with depth to interpret subsurface layers.
2) Four VES soundings were conducted in a village in Nigeria to investigate the subsurface for borehole siting. Preliminary interpretation of VES curves provides insight into the geologic settings and potential water-bearing layers.
3) Typical earth material resistivities are listed, with weathered basement rock and fractures expected to host groundwater. Integrating VES with geology can aid groundwater
Developing Conceptual Aquifer Geometry, Structural Geological Control and Pos...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. Carbonate sediments originate on land and in the sea in three major settings: continental, transitional between land and sea, and shallow and deep sea.
2. Marine carbonate depositional systems differ from siliciclastic systems in important ways relevant to sequence stratigraphy.
3. Non-marine carbonates form in terrestrial and aquatic environments without marine influence through abiotic and biotic precipitation processes and differ from marine carbonates.
The document discusses mineral resources in the Philippines. It begins by defining mineral resources and describing how they are extracted from the earth's crust through surface and subsurface mining methods. It then discusses the various impacts of mineral extraction, including environmental impacts like pollution, habitat destruction, and social impacts like human displacement. The document emphasizes that while mining is important for the economy, it also causes significant environmental degradation that requires preventive measures and remediation.
This document summarizes a study of coastal zone management in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study analyzed shoreline changes between 1971 and 2012. The results showed alternating periods of erosion and accretion across the study area. The northern region experienced land loss from 1971-1991 followed by erosion after 1991. The central region accreted from 1971-1991 then eroded after 1991. The southern region was dominated by erosion, except after the 2004 tsunami when deposition occurred. Overall, erosion activities were higher than accretion across the study area over the 41-year period.
Potential hydrogeological, environment and vulnerability to pollution of the ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the potential hydrogeology, environment, and vulnerability to pollution of aquifers in the coastal basin of Essaouira, Morocco. The region contains two main aquifers - the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian. Mapping showed that 61% of the region has high vulnerability to pollution, 20% has very high vulnerability, and 15% has medium vulnerability. Areas of very high vulnerability are located in the western coastal area. Groundwater flow is generally from southeast to northwest, influenced by the regional geology. The aquifers provide drinking water and irrigation but are threatened by overuse, seawater intrusion, and potential pollution from development.
The document summarizes a study of the Groote Eylandt manganese orebody in Australia. The objectives of the study were to construct an accurate resource/reserve model using over 5,500 drill holes to satisfy reporting standards. Previous models were outdated and inaccurate. Key challenges included the orebody's variability and complex geological history. The new model incorporated stratigraphic units, addressed issues like downhole smearing in drilling data, used measured yield vs assumed values, and established a validated database, providing a robust foundation for ongoing mining.
The document summarizes the Mid-Cretaceous carbonate ramp of northern Sinai, Egypt. It describes the regional geology, including the tectonic setting and gradual lateral deepening of the carbonate ramp. It outlines two mid-Cretaceous rock units - the Malha Formation consisting of marine carbonates and siliciclastics, and the overlying Galala Formation comprising diverse facies from lagoonal to open marine deposits. Five carbonate ramp facies are characterized ranging from tidal to mid-ramp environments. The area remains prospective for hydrocarbon exploration with untested structural and stratigraphic traps in carbonate reservoirs sealed by shales and anhydrites.
This study analyzed a 3.4m sediment core from the northeastern Arabian Sea offshore of Saurashtra, India to understand variations in productivity and climate over the late Pleistocene to Holocene time period. A multi-proxy analysis including foraminifera abundances, carbon and oxygen isotopes, and mineralogy was used. The results indicate there were three major periods of change: 12-8ka during the Younger Dryas and early Holocene with low sea levels and weak monsoons; 8-4ka in the middle Holocene with stronger monsoons, higher sea levels, and moderate productivity; and 4-1ka in the late Holocene with strong monsoons, high sea levels, and
1) The document presents results from a study of soil properties in Malawi's Lake Chilwa basin where conservation agriculture is being introduced as a sustainable land use system. Soil samples from 176 fields across several regions were analyzed.
2) Results showed that the basin's soils are generally loamy sands or sands with bulk densities within ideal ranges except for loamy sands. Soil pH ranged from slightly acidic to alkaline while organic matter content was within normal levels but still low.
3) Conservation agriculture has the potential to improve soil structure, increase organic matter and carbon over time, and help farmers adapt to climate change by making soils more resilient to drought.
Hard water regimes during pre monsoonal period in rajnagar block, odisha, ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From the hydrochemical analysis of 53 representative groundwater samples along coastal Kendrapara district, Odisha, the current research establishes widespread occurrences of moderately hard to hard groundwater within the subsurface water bearing horizons. There exists a distinct belt of moderately hard ground water in the Rajnagar block of the district whereas soft water occurrence is practically absent in the study area. The analysis also points to no specific interrelationship between the hardness of groundwater to that of the physical parameters including pH and electrical conductance.
Keywords: Aquifer, Total Hardness, SRTM, GIS
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Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage. In this article we are discussing about the direct and indirect
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
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diverse human activities.
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
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occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Santharam & tarachand mining of beach sand-water resource management
1. Indexed in
Scopus Compendex and Geobase Elsevier, Chemical Abstract
Services-USA, Geo-Ref Information Services-USA
www.cafetinnova.org
ISSN 0974-5904, Volume XX, No. XX
March XX, XX , P.P. X
Mining of beach sand heavy mineral deposits in India: challenges in
Ground water and Coastal water management.
DR.A.SANTHARAM*, GOWTHAMI,V.**, VINAY KUMAR.Y**, TARACHAND,V.***
Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Email: asanthram33@gmail.com , gowthamigeos@gmail.com
Abstract:
Beach sand placer deposits occur along the eastern and western coast of India, contain valuable economic minerals
that are concentrated by weathering and beach process. The minerals of value in the mineral sands are
predominantly illemenite, rutile, zircon, garnet and sillimenite. All these minerals are having potential industrial
applications and export markets. There are several deposits which are being mined along the east coast and west
coast.
Due to stringent environmental considerations and limitations in the lease area, mining, processing and reclamation
and rehabilitation of the mined out areas is becoming a difficult task. Especially, the influence of ground water on
mine workings and sea water intrusion into ground water regime need special attention during the operational cycle
and reclamation phase. Therefore, it demands careful planning considering the hydro geological environment of the
area.
The mining and processing of beach sand deposits need to be carried out in such a way to maintain the
environmental sustainability without disturbing the ground water regime. The necessary mitigation measures
include mining above the ground water table, without disturbing the ground water regime of the area, recycling of
the process water, and development of natural sand dune topography to support local vegetation and overall
landscaping of the area.
The paper deals with the best practices adopted in a beach sand mining and processing, by maintain the
hydrological balance between mining, processing and mine reclamation. Case study of the mine is presented which
include hydro geological investigations and selection of mining method, to carry out mining operations without
disturbing the groundwater table and to maintain the water balance for optimum utilization of resources.
Groundwater risks and mitigation measures were also discussed in detail.
*Regional Mining Geologist (Retd), Indian Bureau of Mines, Nagpur: email:asantharam33@gmail.com
** MS students (Geology), Dept. of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (A.P.)
***ME student (Geo-technical Engineering), college of engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (A.P.)
Keyword: heavy minerals, beach sand mining, polymer injection, flocculants, material properties, slime recovery.
1. Introduction:
The Indian subcontinent on the southern part of Asia
is having vast coast line along its eastern and western
side. The favorable geological and geomorphologic
features prevalent hydrodynamic process coupled with
tropical climate network of rivers have resulted the
formation of rich placer heavy minerals of commercial
concentration along the eastern and western coast of
India.
The minerals as placer deposits usually comprise of
magnetite, ilemenite, rutile, and monazite. Magnetite,
silliminite and casseterite, wolframite, gold and
platinum etc. out of the various lean and potential
deposits along the east coast of India, the deposits of
Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Odissa state are of
significance.
One of the important deposits of beach sand deposits
located near Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, adjoin the
Bay of Bengal. The deposits are having considerable
strike extension and favorable working width for
commercial exploitation.
The paper deals with the eco- friendly mining and
mineral processing, separation technologies maintaining
2. the zero discharge ground water regime of the
ecologically fragile area. The water balance is being
maintained during the entire sequence of mining
operations, without disturbing the ground water table.
1.1. Beach sand heavy minerals mining:
Usually, the raw sand in which the concentration of
heavy minerals is observed contains 17 – 20 % of the
heavy minerals such as Monazite, Ilmenite, Zircon,
Rutile and Silliminite. These sands are being mined
with the help of hydraulic excavators up to a
mineralized depth of 8 m, without disturbing the ground
water regime, which is lower than these formations.
The excavated raw sand is transported by trucks to
the mineral processing plant for subsequent
concentration of heavy minerals in wet upgradation
plant. The wet upgraded plant is having different
concentration processors such as cyclones, spiral and
thickeners. The slurry containing heavy minerals is
further processed with the help of spiral gravity
classifiers in successive stages to produce a heavy
mineral concentrate. Dry magnetic separators will
further separate the individual minerals based on the
magnetic susceptibility properties of minerals into their
concentrates.
The output upgradation plant is 99% heavy minerals
and is further beneficiated in mineral separation plant to
produce mineral product of desired purity. The
tailings(the waste material after processing the minerals,
usually contain Quartz and clay materials is pumped
back to the excavated portion of the mined out area for
refilling and also to maintain the natural dune
topography and contouring geology of the project area.
Figure -2: showing the extent of project site
1.1.1. Formation of beach sand deposits:
Deposits are only formed when there is a very large
enrichment of the heavy minerals. (Mineable)
concentrations of relatively heavy or hard minerals
which have accumulated as a result of physical
processes are called placer(s) or placer deposits.
Because many heavy minerals are opaque and darken
the sediment when they reach large concentrations, the
term black sands or mineral sands.
The heavy mineral deposits are located between
Nagavali River in the SW and Vamsadhara River in the
NE direction. The entire area is covered in Survey of
India toposheet No.65N/6 and 74B/13(part). (Refer
Fig.1.).A series of discontinuous hill ranges running NE
– SW trend (Eastern Ghats) form the prominent
geomorphological feature along the coast. The source
rocks are Garnet-Silliminite –Graphic gneiss,
Charnckite, Garnet-Biotite gneiss, and GarnetiferousQuartzo-felspathic gneiss occupying the greater part of
the Eastern Ghats. These rock types were disintegrated
and altered during extensive weathering process as
evidenced by Kaolinisation (clay forming process). The
liberated fragments are transported by Nagavali River in
the south and Vamsadhara River in the North, which
drain into Bay of Bengal. The thickness of heavy
minerals sands depend on factors such as (a) slope of
the coast line, (b) slope of the sea bed (c) velocity of
waves and currents. (d) Wind direction, (e) proximity of
Confluence River or streams.
The following description of the local geology indicates
similar geo-environmental condition of heavy mineral
sand distribution in the lease hold area. The area
consists of three vertical geology columns;
[1] An upper fine to medium grained
homogeneous beach sand that is brown in
colour and that has possibly been reworked and
re-deposited by coastal wind and water action.
[2] A coarse to fine grained homogeneous beach
sand that is brown in colour and is possibly an
alluvial sediment from the most recent deltaic
pro-gradation.
[3] Lagoonal grey clay (basement).
[4] Red sand clay exposed towards the northern
island side of the project area, which might
have been derived from alteration of laterite.
The following geological domains which were
defined percentages slimes (<63µm) as summarized
in Table-1.
Table 1: Summary of domain depths
Average
Litho units
Domain
thickness
Upper sand
Upper sand 4.12 m-6.4 m
Clayey sand
Lower sand 4.4m-5.3m
Sandy clay
Total
8.52m-11.7m
The total reserves of the heavy minerals raw sand in
Srikakulam mineral sand deposit at a cut off grade of
5% HM is estimated at 90 million tons with an average
grade of about 25% heavy minerals. However
considering occurrence of clay in the deposit, the
reserve and grade estimates have been done for free
3. flowing and clay upper and lower sand zone of high
clay content.
2. Hydrology:
Two perennial rivers viz Nagavali and vamsadhara
entangles the area. Vamsadhara is flowing in the
Northern part of the deposits while the Nagavali is
flowing in the southern part. Vamsadhara merges with
Bay of Bengal at South of Kalingapatnam. The back
water of Vamsadhara is observed upto a maximum
distance of 2.4 km from the high tide line (SOI topo
sheet).
Apart from river Vamsadhara, the study area is also
witnessed by another minor drainage stream named as
Uppu Gedda” which bifurcates the proposed mining
deposits as Vatsavalasa and Tonangi and joins in Bay of
Bengal at south of Kumaravanipeta. Uppu Gedda is
generally dry and merely acting as a seasonal drainage
stream. The width of the Vamsadhara River varies from
316 m to 1.1 km within the study area. River gauzing
has been conducted near Gara village during post
monsoon and premonsoon period (November, 2011 to
April, 2012).
3. Hydrogeolical Investigations:
Hydrogeologically, the area can be grouped under
recent alluvium sedimentary formation, comprising
palezoic to Archean rock as basement. In the area
occupied by alluvium coastal sand and clayey sand,
ground water occurs during unconfined conditions. The
water levels varies from 1.30m below ground level (bgl)
to 9.51m (BGL) depending upon the ground elevation.
The distance from the coast and level of ground water
exploitation. With the intension of establishing the
ground water contour map for the study area, about 36
wells are inventoried and the static water levels were
measured. The locations of these wells are shown in fig
5. The location of the measured wells are identified with
GPS and given in Table-2. Well dimensions, depth to
water table and source well information are listed in
table-3. From the data it is observed that the water
levels are almost in same heights and maintains static
flow where as it was marginally varying in the plateau.
Although the measured wells are regularly used for
domestic consumption there is no remarkable change in
the water table, indicating sufficient yield from aquifer.
This may be due to (a) continuous fresh water flow of
Vamsadhara River, which recharges the flood plain
aquifer which is exposed to the river bed and extending
to the depth of 60 to 85m. (b) Extraction of ground
water is less than the recharge quantity of ground water.
The water table contours are presented in Fig 3.
Figure-3
3.1 perpendicular profiles to beach:
XY-1Figure-4
It is evident from the profile that the sea coast is
represented by elevated topography when compared to
background landmass and a hill is encountered nearer to
Gara village with a height of 69m. The ground water
table exists at an average depth of 10 m BGL. But it is
relatively closer to the surface in the buffer zone
4. depending upon the elevation. It appears that the ground
water table approaches nearer to the surface as we move
towards the Vamsadhara. It indicates the influent
character of the river and the ground water is being
recharged by Vamsadhara River. The complete stretch
of the section falls under same aquifer, which is exposed
to the river bed.
Table-2: chemical analysis of water samples collected
from the study area.
3.2Perpendicular profile to beach:
XY-II Figure-5
It is apparent from the profile that the ground level at
the sea coast is elevated to 10m and slowly dips to
flatter topography of adjacent buffer zone landmass.
Here the ground water table exists at an average depth
of 6m (BGL) at the proposal mining. But it is relatively
closer at average depth of 4m to the surface in the buffer
zone depending upon the elevation; it appears from the
section that the ground water table almost flattens as we
move towards the river Vamsadhara. It indicated that (i)
the aquifer is extending beyond the river and receives
vertical percolation from river. (ii) The fresh water table
enters in to the sea at Zero level.
3.3 Water Resource management:
The mining of beach sand minerals is totally different
mining technology as compared to the other type of
hard rock mining and processing. Water management is
an important ongoing activity especially with the beach
sand mining deposits, because it involves huge
quantities of water for the wet beneficiation process, to
liberate the minerals in the form of slurry by using
different types of spiral classifiers and cyclones, which
work on the principal of gravity separation. after
extracting the valuable minerals, the non mineralized
sand in huge quantities will be pumped back to back in
worked out areas, from which spent water will be
recovered by making collecting ponds, from these
collecting ponds the filtered water will be recycled for
plant use. A novel method called “Polymer injection
method” was developed recently to separate the water
from the slimes, by using polymer additives which are
cationic /anionic in nature. Before taking up the
experiments, the material properties of slimes were
tested shown in Table – 3
5. Table 3: Index and Engineering Properties of
Slime samples
Based on the test results, the polymer additives which
act as flocculants were studied by injecting a polymer
prior to discharge to modify the structure of the tailings
is a technique that was probably first undertaken within
the last 5 or so years . Further investigation would be
required in order to ensure that this concept could be
suitable for rapidly consolidating fines and to determine
(if necessary) whether the modify slimes can then be
blended with the sand fraction to produce soil which can
support vegetation or whether it might be feasible and
preferable to blend the fraction before the discharge. It
will however, still be necessary to improve the
performance of the thickeners used to recover a large
percentage of water from the fines in the plant before
transport to the discharge as back fill. The tests
followed by field trails indicated that it is possible to
separate the water from slurry as demonstrated in the
form of field trails.
In the mining process fresh water being used
for mineral extraction in the PCP as well MSP plants.
Mineral free sand from PCP will be pumped back in the
form of slurry to the mined out pits along with the fresh
water which will be about 30 to 40 % of total volume
and is continuous daily process. Thus, the loose sand is
filling the mined pits and pumped water percolating the
sand and join with table. Some time water gets
stagnated and will be recycled. It takes about 3 million
tons to refill the mined out pit. Requirement of water for
mining and ore dressing by the industry include the
expansion project will be about 750 M3/Hr for 20
Hrs/Day totaling to 15000 cum/Day. The industry
established an infiltration gallery in Vamsadhara River
bed near Gara village after obtaining permission from
Government of Andhra Pradesh. At any stage, ground
water is not extracted in the mining area for ore
dressing.
3. Conclusions:
The water management is an integral part during the
mining and processing of heavy mineral beach sands.
Considerable quantities of water will be required to
process the beach sands by wet concentration methods.
Most of the beach sand heavy mineral deposits are
located very close to sea shore around 500m distance.
Environmental regulations will not allow disturbing the
ground water lying 10 m below the surface. Therefore
mining operations are restricted up to 8m depth. In most
of the deposits water utilization and conservation
practices are followed to minimize the effect of coastal
erosion and sea water-fresh water interface.
Polymer injection techniques were developed
to separate the sea water from waste slurry and to
recycle the water for plant use. These techniques are
being practiced to sustainable growth of the mineral
industry through best practices in environmental
management.
4. References:
Journal Articles
[1] Hydro geological studies in and around Srikakulam
minerals Sand Deposits, Andhra Pradesh., (2005),
Geo-Engineering Department, Andhra University.
[2] Lower Sand Mining and Tailings Backfill
operations (2011), Snowden, Australia.
Books
[3] A.Santharam (2013) Report of investigation on
effect of polymer injection techniques for
dewatering the lower sand slimes, Trimex Sands
Pvt. Ltd.
[4] Bombrick.D. (2008) Impact of flocculant addition
on tailings impoundment ACARP, Project C14064,
October 2008.
[5] Herald Eisner (2008) Heavy minerals Economic
importance, BGR publishers, Germany.
Conference Proceedings
[6] A.Santharam (2013) Geo technical considerations
for the mining and dewatering slimes using
polymer injection method, IX International
Conference on heavy minerals. (Accepted for
publication), November 2013, Organised by South
African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, MEAI
andTrimex,Visakhapatnam,India.