This work proposes a rugged and reliable set-up to characterize incoherently illuminated optical imaging systems. It complies with the ISO 12233 standard and is suitable for industrial applications. The standard has been implemented taking advantage of the allowed degrees of freedom to optimize noise robustness. Key points of the algorithm are automatization of the whole measurement procedure and customization, to comply with specific needs. Experimental results confirming the successful implementation are presented and discussed.
This paper presents crack detection in concrete structure based on fuzzy logic. Safety inspection of concrete structures is very important since it is closely related with the structural health and reliability. Automated structural health monitoring system becomes necessity in recent years that encourages various researches to be going on in this area. Cheap availability of digital cameras makes research work in this field easier. This paper presents digital image processing and fuzzy logic based efficient crack detection technique in concrete structure. Here features from digital image of concrete structure are extracted by using morphological image processing technique and then extracted features are fed to fuzzy logic to accurately identify the crack.
This paper presents crack detection in concrete structure based on fuzzy logic. Safety inspection of concrete structures is very important since it is closely related with the structural health and reliability. Automated structural health monitoring system becomes necessity in recent years that encourages various researches to be going on in this area. Cheap availability of digital cameras makes research work in this field easier. This paper presents digital image processing and fuzzy logic based efficient crack detection technique in concrete structure. Here features from digital image of concrete structure are extracted by using morphological image processing technique and then extracted features are fed to fuzzy logic to accurately identify the crack.
Device to evaluate cleanliness of fiber optic connectors using image processi...IJECEIAES
This work proposes a portable, handheld electronic device, which measures the cleanliness in fiber optic connectors via digital image processing and artificial neural networks. Its purpose is to reduce the evaluation subjectivity in visual inspection done by human experts. Although devices with this purpose already exist, they tend to be cost-prohibitive and do not take advantage of neither image processing nor artificial intelligence to improve their results. The device consists of an optical microscope for fiber optic connector analysis, a digital camera adapter, a reduced-board computer, an image processing algorithm, a neural network algorithm and an LCD screen for equipment operation and results visualization. The image processing algorithm applies grayscale histogram equalization, Gaussian filtering, Canny filtering, Hough transform, region of interest segmentation and obtaining radiometric descriptors as inputs to the neural network. Validation consisted of comparing the results by the proposed device with those obtained by agreeing human experts via visual inspection. Results yield an average Cohen's Kappa of 0.926, which implies a very satisfactory performance by the proposed device.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Accurate Scheme for Distance Measurement using an Ordinary Webcam Yayah Zakaria
Nowadays, image processing has become one of the widely used computer aided science. Two major branches of this scientific field are image enhancement and machine vision. Machine vision has many applications and demands in robotic and defense industries. Detecting distance of objects is
one of the extensive research in the defense industry and robotic industries that a lot of annual projects have been involved in this issue both inside and outside the country. So, in this paper, an accurate algorithm is presented for measuring the distance of the objects from a camera. In this method, a laser
transmitter is used alongside a regular webcam. The laser light is transmitted to the desired object and then the distance of the object is calculated using image processing methods and mathematical and geometric relations. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated using MATLAB software. The accuracy rate of distance detection is up to 99.62%. The results
also has shown that the presented algorithms make the obstacle distance measurement more reliable. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with other methods from different literatures.
A Flexible Scheme for Transmission Line Fault Identification Using Image Proc...IJEEE
This paper describes a methodology that aims to find and diagnosing faults in transmission lines exploitation image process technique. The image processing techniques have been widely used to solve problem in process of all areas. In this paper, the methodology conjointly uses a digital image process Wavelet Shrinkage function to fault identification and diagnosis. In other words, the purpose is to extract the faulty image from the source with the separation and the co-ordinates of the transmission lines. The segmentation objective is the image division its set of parts and objects, which distinguishes it among others in the scene, are the key to have an improved result in identification of faults.The experimental results indicate that the proposed method provides promising results and is advantageous both in terms of PSNR and in visual quality.
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN A WALL STRUCTURE USING RESONANT FREQUENCIES AND OPERAT...IAEME Publication
This paper describes the application of vibration modal analysis for detecting, monitoring and locating damage inside a wooden wall structure, by evaluating damage-sensitive parameters such as resonant frequencies and operating deflection shapes (ODS). Artificial damage was created in one of the walls of a specially constructed room. The wall was excited using an impact hammer and its frequency response was measured with a laser vibrometer. Damage-sensitive parameters were extracted from the frequency response and utilized for assessing damage, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Resonant frequency shifts and changes in ODS were used for detecting and monitoring the progression of damage, qualitatively. These methods make direct use of FRF data and mode shapes for damage assessment, which will help a lot in identifying damaged walls.
Wave Optics Analysis of Camera Image Formation With Respect to Rectangular Ap...IJCSEA Journal
In general, analysing cameras is a difficult problem and solutions are often found only for geometric approach. In this paper, the image capturing capability of a camera is presented from optical perspective. Since most compact cameras can acquire only visible light, the description and propagation method of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum reflected by a scene object is made based on Maxwell’s equations. We then seek to use this understanding in the modelling of the image formation process of the camera. The dependency of camera sensor field distribution on aperture dimension is emphasized. This modelling leads to an important camera and image quality parameter called Modulation Transfer Function. The model presented is based on a wave optics in which the wavefront is modified by the lens after diffraction has taken place at the camera rectangular aperture positioned at the front focal point of the lens. Simulation results are presented to validate the approach.
In general, analysing cameras is a difficult problem and solutions are often found only for geometric
approach. In this paper, the image capturing capability of a camera is presented from optical perspective.
Since most compact cameras can acquire only visible light, the description and propagation method of the
visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum reflected by a scene object is made based on Maxwell’s
equations. We then seek to use this understanding in the modelling of the image formation process of the
camera. The dependency of camera sensor field distribution on aperture dimension is emphasized. This
modelling leads to an important camera and image quality parameter called Modulation Transfer
Function. The model presented is based on a wave optics in which the wavefront is modified by the lens
after diffraction has taken place at the camera rectangular aperture positioned at the front focal point of
the lens. Simulation results are presented to validate the approach.
AN OPTIMAL SOLUTION FOR IMAGE EDGE DETECTION PROBLEM USING SIMPLIFIED GABOR W...IJCSEIT Journal
Edge detection plays a vital role in computer vision and image processing. Edge of the image is one of the
most significant features which are mainly used for image analyzing process. An efficient algorithm for
extracting the edge features of images using simplified version of Gabor Wavelet is proposed in this paper.
Conventional Gabor Wavelet is widely used for edge detection applications. Due do the high computational
complexity of conventional Gabor Wavelet, this may not be used for real time application. Simplified Gabor
wavelet based approach is highly effective at detecting both the location and orientation of edges. The
results proved that the performance of proposed Simplified version of Gabor wavelet is superior to
conventional Gabor Wavelet, other edge detection algorithm and other wavelet based approach. The
performance of the proposed method is proved with the help of FOM, PSNR and Average run time.
Using Digital Microscopes to Solve Common Microscopy Issues: Even First-Time ...Olympus IMS
Advanced digital microscopes provide efficient solutions to a variety of common microscope challenges faced by users of conventional optical and digital microscopes. The following represent 10 conventional microscope issues and 10 solutions made possible with current digital microscope technology.
1. Specific details need to be seen on challenging samples.
2. A large sample area needs to be observed in high resolution.
3. All areas of an uneven surface need to be in focus at the same time.
4. Sample features need to be determined, characterized, and measured in 3D.
5. Operators with varying skill levels need to perform similar tasks.
6. Reproducible measurements are needed from multiple operators.
7. Optical-quality imaging is needed from a digital microscope.
8. Guaranteed measurement accuracy is required from a digital microscope.
9. Varied observation techniques require different lens setups.
10. Magnification adjustments require manual calibration.
For more information on Olympus digital microscopy solutions, visit: http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/microscope/dsx/
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
Development of Computer Aided Learning Software for Use in Electric Circuit A...drboon
Presently, instructors are required to teach more students with the same resources, thereby reducing the amount of time instructors have with their students. Because of this, examples may be omitted to be able to make it through all of the required material. This can be problematic with electric circuit analysis courses and other courses used as prerequisites. A lack of understanding in these classes will likely continue in future classes. While software is often used in these classes, often it is analysis software not meant to teach concepts. Teaching software does exist, but may have only a preset number of problems or only provide the solution. Others provide a ‘limitless’ number of problems by changing component values, but each ends up being the same basic problem. This paper introduces new learning software that addresses these shortcomings. The software provides a practically limitless number of problems by varying component values and circuit structure. Moreover, it provides both an answer and an explanation. Finally, it is designed so that students who need more help can get it, while those who do not can move on.
Performance Evaluation of Chaotic Mobile Robot Controllers drboon
The chaotic mobile robot implies a mobile robot with a controller that ensures chaotic motions. A chaotic signal for an autonomous mobile robot is to increase and to take advantage of coverage areas resulting from its travelling paths. Large coverage areas are desirable for many applications such as robots designed for scanning of unknown workspaces with borders and barriers of unknown shape, as in patrol or cleaning purposes. The chaotic behavior of the mobile robot is achieved by adding nonlinear equations into the robot kinematic equations, like Arnold, Lornez, and the Chua’s circuit equations, that are well known equations for had a chaotic behavior. The performance of the three controllers is tested in four different scenarios and evaluated in the sense of the wide area coverage, the evenness index, and trajectory length.
Reactive Red (RR141) Solution Adsorption by Nanochitin Particle via XAS and A...drboon
Adsorption of reactive dye solution on nanochitin and chitin particle under acidic, neutral and basic condition was studied. The percentage adsorption of reactive dye solution on nanochitin and chitin under basic condition was 98% and 59%, respectively. In this study, we used ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to study the adsorption mechanism between nanochitin and reactive dye. The results indicated that the amine group of nanochitin was a functional group for the adsorption of Reactive Red (RR141) under acidic condition while the hydroxyl group of nanochitin was the main site for adsorption of Reactive Red (RR141) under basic condition. Azo group (N=N) of reactive dye might be electron donor, while amide group (-CONH2) of nanochitin was electron acceptor under neutral condition. XAS spectra obtained the changes of S atom in RR141 adsorbed onto nanochitin under acidic, whereas adsorption under neutral and basic condition caused no change in the form of S- atom in the dye.
Strategies for Improving the Retention of Engineering and Technology Students...drboon
Retention is a major factor in an institution’s credibility and financial stability. A greater emphasis is being placed on retention and attrition in higher education in the United States. While lack of persistence behavior and withdrawal are problems with all undergraduate students, this is particularly the case for African-American students. The barriers to minority student retention continue to be: the cost of education, isolating campus environments, a lack of peer and faculty engagement, inadequate math and science preparation, heavy work schedule hours versus class preparation. To minimize the impact of this disturbing trend of students not pursuing an engineering or technology degree, a priority must be set to generate student interest in graduation with these degrees. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to define an effective retention program, (2) to discuss general retention strategies, (3) to identify challenges or barriers to overcome a lack of retention of engineering and technology students, (4) to discuss retention strategies used at an HBCU or Southern University (SU), and (5) to provide recommendations for improvement of retention in the College of Engineering at SU.
An Investigation of Optimized Operational Parameters for a Chicken Slaughteri...drboon
A 500 birds/hour chicken slaughtering system with improved designs was used to investigate optimized operational parameters of scalding and defeathering process under chicken characteristics in Vietnam. The experiment is designed based on Orthogonal Second-order Design. Results of analysis of variance presented that scalding temperature and distance between two defeathering bands have had a most significant effect on product quality. The optimal solutions showed that the optimized operation parameters are 1.8 (m3/20birds) in scalding water flow, 67 (0C) in scalding temperature and 80 (seconds) in scalding time for scalding machine; and 415 (mm) in gap between two defeathering bands, 340 (rpm) in defeathering disc velocity and 120 (seconds) in defeathering time for defeathering machine. The implementation results of the lines designed based on these optimized operational parameters have confirmed the appropriateness for the optimization values suggested.
Device to evaluate cleanliness of fiber optic connectors using image processi...IJECEIAES
This work proposes a portable, handheld electronic device, which measures the cleanliness in fiber optic connectors via digital image processing and artificial neural networks. Its purpose is to reduce the evaluation subjectivity in visual inspection done by human experts. Although devices with this purpose already exist, they tend to be cost-prohibitive and do not take advantage of neither image processing nor artificial intelligence to improve their results. The device consists of an optical microscope for fiber optic connector analysis, a digital camera adapter, a reduced-board computer, an image processing algorithm, a neural network algorithm and an LCD screen for equipment operation and results visualization. The image processing algorithm applies grayscale histogram equalization, Gaussian filtering, Canny filtering, Hough transform, region of interest segmentation and obtaining radiometric descriptors as inputs to the neural network. Validation consisted of comparing the results by the proposed device with those obtained by agreeing human experts via visual inspection. Results yield an average Cohen's Kappa of 0.926, which implies a very satisfactory performance by the proposed device.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Accurate Scheme for Distance Measurement using an Ordinary Webcam Yayah Zakaria
Nowadays, image processing has become one of the widely used computer aided science. Two major branches of this scientific field are image enhancement and machine vision. Machine vision has many applications and demands in robotic and defense industries. Detecting distance of objects is
one of the extensive research in the defense industry and robotic industries that a lot of annual projects have been involved in this issue both inside and outside the country. So, in this paper, an accurate algorithm is presented for measuring the distance of the objects from a camera. In this method, a laser
transmitter is used alongside a regular webcam. The laser light is transmitted to the desired object and then the distance of the object is calculated using image processing methods and mathematical and geometric relations. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated using MATLAB software. The accuracy rate of distance detection is up to 99.62%. The results
also has shown that the presented algorithms make the obstacle distance measurement more reliable. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with other methods from different literatures.
A Flexible Scheme for Transmission Line Fault Identification Using Image Proc...IJEEE
This paper describes a methodology that aims to find and diagnosing faults in transmission lines exploitation image process technique. The image processing techniques have been widely used to solve problem in process of all areas. In this paper, the methodology conjointly uses a digital image process Wavelet Shrinkage function to fault identification and diagnosis. In other words, the purpose is to extract the faulty image from the source with the separation and the co-ordinates of the transmission lines. The segmentation objective is the image division its set of parts and objects, which distinguishes it among others in the scene, are the key to have an improved result in identification of faults.The experimental results indicate that the proposed method provides promising results and is advantageous both in terms of PSNR and in visual quality.
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT IN A WALL STRUCTURE USING RESONANT FREQUENCIES AND OPERAT...IAEME Publication
This paper describes the application of vibration modal analysis for detecting, monitoring and locating damage inside a wooden wall structure, by evaluating damage-sensitive parameters such as resonant frequencies and operating deflection shapes (ODS). Artificial damage was created in one of the walls of a specially constructed room. The wall was excited using an impact hammer and its frequency response was measured with a laser vibrometer. Damage-sensitive parameters were extracted from the frequency response and utilized for assessing damage, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Resonant frequency shifts and changes in ODS were used for detecting and monitoring the progression of damage, qualitatively. These methods make direct use of FRF data and mode shapes for damage assessment, which will help a lot in identifying damaged walls.
Wave Optics Analysis of Camera Image Formation With Respect to Rectangular Ap...IJCSEA Journal
In general, analysing cameras is a difficult problem and solutions are often found only for geometric approach. In this paper, the image capturing capability of a camera is presented from optical perspective. Since most compact cameras can acquire only visible light, the description and propagation method of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum reflected by a scene object is made based on Maxwell’s equations. We then seek to use this understanding in the modelling of the image formation process of the camera. The dependency of camera sensor field distribution on aperture dimension is emphasized. This modelling leads to an important camera and image quality parameter called Modulation Transfer Function. The model presented is based on a wave optics in which the wavefront is modified by the lens after diffraction has taken place at the camera rectangular aperture positioned at the front focal point of the lens. Simulation results are presented to validate the approach.
In general, analysing cameras is a difficult problem and solutions are often found only for geometric
approach. In this paper, the image capturing capability of a camera is presented from optical perspective.
Since most compact cameras can acquire only visible light, the description and propagation method of the
visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum reflected by a scene object is made based on Maxwell’s
equations. We then seek to use this understanding in the modelling of the image formation process of the
camera. The dependency of camera sensor field distribution on aperture dimension is emphasized. This
modelling leads to an important camera and image quality parameter called Modulation Transfer
Function. The model presented is based on a wave optics in which the wavefront is modified by the lens
after diffraction has taken place at the camera rectangular aperture positioned at the front focal point of
the lens. Simulation results are presented to validate the approach.
AN OPTIMAL SOLUTION FOR IMAGE EDGE DETECTION PROBLEM USING SIMPLIFIED GABOR W...IJCSEIT Journal
Edge detection plays a vital role in computer vision and image processing. Edge of the image is one of the
most significant features which are mainly used for image analyzing process. An efficient algorithm for
extracting the edge features of images using simplified version of Gabor Wavelet is proposed in this paper.
Conventional Gabor Wavelet is widely used for edge detection applications. Due do the high computational
complexity of conventional Gabor Wavelet, this may not be used for real time application. Simplified Gabor
wavelet based approach is highly effective at detecting both the location and orientation of edges. The
results proved that the performance of proposed Simplified version of Gabor wavelet is superior to
conventional Gabor Wavelet, other edge detection algorithm and other wavelet based approach. The
performance of the proposed method is proved with the help of FOM, PSNR and Average run time.
Using Digital Microscopes to Solve Common Microscopy Issues: Even First-Time ...Olympus IMS
Advanced digital microscopes provide efficient solutions to a variety of common microscope challenges faced by users of conventional optical and digital microscopes. The following represent 10 conventional microscope issues and 10 solutions made possible with current digital microscope technology.
1. Specific details need to be seen on challenging samples.
2. A large sample area needs to be observed in high resolution.
3. All areas of an uneven surface need to be in focus at the same time.
4. Sample features need to be determined, characterized, and measured in 3D.
5. Operators with varying skill levels need to perform similar tasks.
6. Reproducible measurements are needed from multiple operators.
7. Optical-quality imaging is needed from a digital microscope.
8. Guaranteed measurement accuracy is required from a digital microscope.
9. Varied observation techniques require different lens setups.
10. Magnification adjustments require manual calibration.
For more information on Olympus digital microscopy solutions, visit: http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/microscope/dsx/
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
Development of Computer Aided Learning Software for Use in Electric Circuit A...drboon
Presently, instructors are required to teach more students with the same resources, thereby reducing the amount of time instructors have with their students. Because of this, examples may be omitted to be able to make it through all of the required material. This can be problematic with electric circuit analysis courses and other courses used as prerequisites. A lack of understanding in these classes will likely continue in future classes. While software is often used in these classes, often it is analysis software not meant to teach concepts. Teaching software does exist, but may have only a preset number of problems or only provide the solution. Others provide a ‘limitless’ number of problems by changing component values, but each ends up being the same basic problem. This paper introduces new learning software that addresses these shortcomings. The software provides a practically limitless number of problems by varying component values and circuit structure. Moreover, it provides both an answer and an explanation. Finally, it is designed so that students who need more help can get it, while those who do not can move on.
Performance Evaluation of Chaotic Mobile Robot Controllers drboon
The chaotic mobile robot implies a mobile robot with a controller that ensures chaotic motions. A chaotic signal for an autonomous mobile robot is to increase and to take advantage of coverage areas resulting from its travelling paths. Large coverage areas are desirable for many applications such as robots designed for scanning of unknown workspaces with borders and barriers of unknown shape, as in patrol or cleaning purposes. The chaotic behavior of the mobile robot is achieved by adding nonlinear equations into the robot kinematic equations, like Arnold, Lornez, and the Chua’s circuit equations, that are well known equations for had a chaotic behavior. The performance of the three controllers is tested in four different scenarios and evaluated in the sense of the wide area coverage, the evenness index, and trajectory length.
Reactive Red (RR141) Solution Adsorption by Nanochitin Particle via XAS and A...drboon
Adsorption of reactive dye solution on nanochitin and chitin particle under acidic, neutral and basic condition was studied. The percentage adsorption of reactive dye solution on nanochitin and chitin under basic condition was 98% and 59%, respectively. In this study, we used ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to study the adsorption mechanism between nanochitin and reactive dye. The results indicated that the amine group of nanochitin was a functional group for the adsorption of Reactive Red (RR141) under acidic condition while the hydroxyl group of nanochitin was the main site for adsorption of Reactive Red (RR141) under basic condition. Azo group (N=N) of reactive dye might be electron donor, while amide group (-CONH2) of nanochitin was electron acceptor under neutral condition. XAS spectra obtained the changes of S atom in RR141 adsorbed onto nanochitin under acidic, whereas adsorption under neutral and basic condition caused no change in the form of S- atom in the dye.
Strategies for Improving the Retention of Engineering and Technology Students...drboon
Retention is a major factor in an institution’s credibility and financial stability. A greater emphasis is being placed on retention and attrition in higher education in the United States. While lack of persistence behavior and withdrawal are problems with all undergraduate students, this is particularly the case for African-American students. The barriers to minority student retention continue to be: the cost of education, isolating campus environments, a lack of peer and faculty engagement, inadequate math and science preparation, heavy work schedule hours versus class preparation. To minimize the impact of this disturbing trend of students not pursuing an engineering or technology degree, a priority must be set to generate student interest in graduation with these degrees. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to define an effective retention program, (2) to discuss general retention strategies, (3) to identify challenges or barriers to overcome a lack of retention of engineering and technology students, (4) to discuss retention strategies used at an HBCU or Southern University (SU), and (5) to provide recommendations for improvement of retention in the College of Engineering at SU.
An Investigation of Optimized Operational Parameters for a Chicken Slaughteri...drboon
A 500 birds/hour chicken slaughtering system with improved designs was used to investigate optimized operational parameters of scalding and defeathering process under chicken characteristics in Vietnam. The experiment is designed based on Orthogonal Second-order Design. Results of analysis of variance presented that scalding temperature and distance between two defeathering bands have had a most significant effect on product quality. The optimal solutions showed that the optimized operation parameters are 1.8 (m3/20birds) in scalding water flow, 67 (0C) in scalding temperature and 80 (seconds) in scalding time for scalding machine; and 415 (mm) in gap between two defeathering bands, 340 (rpm) in defeathering disc velocity and 120 (seconds) in defeathering time for defeathering machine. The implementation results of the lines designed based on these optimized operational parameters have confirmed the appropriateness for the optimization values suggested.
Cyclic Elastoplastic Large Displacement Analysis and Stability Evaluation of ...drboon
This paper deals with the cyclic elastoplastic large displacement analysis and stability evaluation of steel tubular braces subjected to axial tension and compression. The inelastic cyclic performance of cold-formed steel braces made of circular hollow sections is examined through finite element analysis using the commercial computer program ABAQUS. First some of the most important parameters considered in the practical design and ductility evaluation of steel braces of tubular sections are presented. Then the details of finite element modeling and numerical analysis are described. Later the accuracy of the analytical model employed in the analysis is substantiated by comparing the analytical results with the available test data in the literature. Finally the effects of some important structural and material parameters on cyclic inelastic behavior of steel tubular braces are discussed and evaluated.
Characterization of a 2D Geometry Using C++ Interfacedrboon
Problem statement: Usually, we want to represent the final computer aided drawings in a detailed characterization of the design geometry. In some cases, the final design is corrupted with additional geometry parameters, which are not part of the problem, and lack of dimensions. We need an automatic approach to resolve this issue. Approach: Here, we develop a toolkit, which integrates SIEMENS NX8 and C++, to improve the characterization process for 2D geometries. Results: We applied the tool to several different 2D cross-sections and proved that we were able to removal the unwanted parts from the geometry and apply the proper dimensions and constraints to the geometry. Conclusion: This makes the 2D geometry characterization process faster and user-friendly.
Hydrothermal Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Water Hyacinth for Electrochemic...drboon
We develop ‘green’ approach to prepare conductive carbon material from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) powder for use in electrochemical capacitor device. The features on morphology, crystallography and surface functionality were analyzed based on SEM, XRD and FTIR instrumentation, respectively. The electrical conductivities were measured using four-point probe. Electrochemical properties were studied using cyclic voltammetry. SEM analyses indicated the existence of nanoparticles in the carbon samples. XRD analysis showed that carbon sample had sharp peaks indicating crystallite carbon and sylvite. FTIR analysis showed that the carbon have common surface functionalities which also can be found in other conductive carbon samples. The electrical conductivities test showed that the carbon had 0.001–1.5 S cm-1 of conductivity. The shape of the cyclic voltammograms were typical for carbon electrode that use in electrochemical capacitor.
Differential Effects of Sucrose and Plant Growth Regulator on Shoot Multiplic...drboon
Explants from young leaves and stem nodes of Oxalis versicolour were used and cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentration of 2,4-D. The best result showed that cluster of callus were formed and proliferated around the base of explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D. Callus transferred to MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of NAA and BA. After nine weeks, callus regenerated to be new shoots. The highest average length of stolon was from MS medium supplemented with 0.1mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/l BA and number of plantlets was from MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/l NAA and 5.0 mg/l BA. Plantlets were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of sucrose for ten weeks. It was found that all parameters: number of plantlets, bulbil sized, length of stolon, and number of nodes were significant difference (p≤0.05). Number of flowers and sized of flowers found only in MS medium supplemented with 9–10 % of sucrose.
Towards 802.11g Signal Strength Estimation in an Industrial Environment: a Pr...Dalton Valadares
Paper published in the AINA-2019 (The 33-rd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications).
March 27-th to March 29-th, 2019 at Kunibiki Messe, Matsue, Japan.
An Application of Second Generation Wavelets for Image Denoising using Dual T...IDES Editor
The lifting scheme of the discrete wavelet transform
(DWT) is now quite well established as an efficient technique
for image denoising. The lifting scheme factorization of
biorthogonal filter banks is carried out with a linear-adaptive,
delay free and faster decomposition arithmetic. This adaptive
factorization is aimed to achieve a well transparent, more
generalized, complexity free fast decomposition process in
addition to preserve the features that an ordinary wavelet
decomposition process offers. This work is targeted to get
considerable reduction in computational complexity and power
required for decomposition. The hard striking demerits of
DWT structure viz., shift sensitivity and poor directionality
had already been proven to be washed out with an emergence
of dual tree complex wavelet (DT-CWT) structure. The well
versed features of DT-CWT and robust lifting scheme are
suitably combined to achieve an image denoising with prolific
rise in computational speed and directionality, also with a
desirable drop in computation time, power and complexity of
algorithm compared to all other techniques.
Performance of Various Order Statistics Filters in Impulse and Mixed Noise Re...sipij
Remote sensing images (ranges from satellite to seismic) are affected by number of noises like interference, impulse and speckle noises. Image denoising is one of the traditional problems in digital image processing, which plays vital role as a pre-processing step in number of image and video applications. Image denoising still remains a challenging research area for researchers because noise
removal introduces artifacts and causes blurring of the images. This study is done with the intension of designing a best algorithm for impulsive noise reduction in an industrial environment. A review of the typical impulsive noise reduction systems which are based on order statistics are done and particularized for the described situation. Finally, computational aspects are analyzed in terms of PSNR values and some solutions are proposed.
Analysis of Various Image De-Noising Techniques: A Perspective Viewijtsrd
A critical issue in the image restoration is the problem of de noising images while keeping the integrity of relevant image information. A large number of image de noising techniques are proposed to remove noise. Mainly these techniques are depends upon the type of noise present in images. So image de noising still remains an important challenge for researchers because de noising techniques remove noise from images but also introduces some artifacts and cause blurring. In this paper we discuss about various image de noising and their features. Some of these techniques provide satisfactory results in noise removal and also preserving edges with fine details present in images. Noise modeling in images is greatly affected by capturing instruments, data transmission media, image quantization and discrete sources of radiation. Different algorithms are used depending on the noise model. Most of the natural images are assumed to have additive random noise which is modeled as a Gaussian. Speckle noise is observed in ultrasound images whereas Rician noise affects MRI images. The scope of the paper is to focus on noise removal techniques for natural images. Bhavna Kubde | Prof. Seema Shukla "Analysis of Various Image De-Noising Techniques: A Perspective View" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29629.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29629/analysis-of-various-image-de-noising-techniques-a-perspective-view/bhavna-kubde
This paper describes and implements an authentication resolutionmistreatmentstatistics, digital certificates and sensible cards to unravelthe protectiondownsidewithin the authentication method. The primaryhalfmay be a general introduction to the subject; the second may be atemporarysummaryregardingmistreatmentstatistics, a lot ofprecisely hand vein pattern. The third half presents a way of extracting the pattern vein of the rear of the hand additionallya way to match 2 templates. The fourth presents the 2 necessary phases in any authentication system: the enrolment and therefore the authentication. A projected authentication protocol is delineated too. The twenty percent generalize the attainable attacks and vulnerabilities during abiometric identification system and it additionally shows however our system is ready to avoid them .The sixth half talks regarding the implementation of the applying. Finally, within the conclusion, we tend to tried to summarize our work and prove the advantages of mistreatmentthis technique.
Adaptive denoising technique for colour imageseSAT Journals
Abstract
In digital image processing noise removal or noise filtering plays an important role, because for meaningful and useful processing images should not be corrupted by noises. In recent years, high quality televisions have become very popular but noise often affects TV broadcasts. Impulse noise corrupts the video during transmission and acquisition of signals. A number of denoising techniques have been introduced to remove impulse noise from images . Linear noise filtering technique does not work well when the noise is non-adaptive in nature and hence a number of non-linear filtering technique where introduced. In non-linear filtering technique, median filters and its modifications where used to remove noise but it resulted in blurring of images. Therefore here we propose an adaptive digital signal processing approach that can efficiently remove impulse noise from colour image. This algorithm is based on threshold which is adaptive in nature. This algorithm replaces the pixel only if it is found to be noisy pixel otherwise the original pixel is retained thus it results a better filtering technique when compared to median filters and its modified filters.
Keywords: impulse noise, Adaptive threshold, Noise detection, colour video
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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SAFARILAB: A Rugged and Reliable Optical Imaging System Characterization Set-up for Industrial Environment
1. 2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences
2011 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences.
American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS, http://Get.to/Research
SAFARILAB: A Rugged and Reliable Optical Imaging
System Characterization Set-up for Industrial
Environment
a a a,c
Luisa De Marco , Anna Guagliumi , Marco Gnan ,
b,d b a*
Bassam Hallal , Federico Canini , and Paolo Bassi
a
Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informatica e Sistemistica, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna,
Viale del Risorgimento 2, I 40136 Bologna, Italy
b
Datalogic Scanning Group s.r.l.,Via San Vitalino 13, I 40012 Lippo di Calderara di Reno BO, Italy
c
Present address: Datalogic Scanning Group s.r.l.,Via San Vitalino 13, I 40012 Lippo di Calderara di
Reno BO, Italy
d
Present address: Khatod s.r.l., Via Monfalcone 41, I 20092 Cinisello Balsamo MI, Italy
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: This work proposes a rugged and reliable set-up to
Received 15 December 2011
Accepted 20 January 2012 characterize incoherently illuminated optical imaging systems. It
Available online complies with the ISO 12233 standard and is suitable for industrial
21 January 2012 applications. The standard has been implemented taking advantage
Keywords: of the allowed degrees of freedom to optimize noise robustness. Key
Incoherent imaging systems, points of the algorithm are automatization of the whole measurement
Characterization, procedure and customization, to comply with specific needs.
Spatial Frequency Response,
Experimental results confirming the successful implementation are
Modulation Transfer
Function, presented and discussed.
ISO 12233.
2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences.
*Corresponding author (Paolo Bassi). Tel +39-051-2093050 Fax: +39-051-2093053
E-mail address: paolo.bassi@unibo.it. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering
& Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online
91
Available at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/91-105.pdf
2. 1. Introduction
Theoretical and experimental characterization of optical imaging systems is important in many
classical applications, such as, for example, photography or microscopy, but also in emerging ones,
such as those belonging to the biological and medical fields. Theoretical analysis of imaging
systems can be done using linear system theory concepts both for coherent and incoherent
illumination [Goodman]. Much scientific and technical literature has been devoted to the problem
of their characterization (see, for example [Coltman, Park, Boreman 1995, Estribeau, Ducharme]).
On the whole, the possibility to use linear system analysis, greatly simplifies the task, since one can
develop approaches in the spatial coordinate system, using the system impulse response, referred to
as Point Spread Function (PSF), or in the spatial frequency domain, using the Spatial Frequency
Response (SFR).
Application of these approaches in the industrial environment introduces a further challenge,
related to the need of rugged and versatile tools that may withstand hostile environments and to the
need for adapting the measurement set-up to different applications. This generally leads to the
definition of International Standards referring to specific problems. In this paper we will refer to
the ISO 12233 standard on Photography, Electronic Still Picture Cameras, Resolution
Measurements [ISO 12233], which considers optical systems with incoherent illumination.
Many implementations of this standard are available. They can be freely distributed (for
example as a plugin for IMAGEJ [ImageJ], based on the Java language, MITRE [Mitre] based on the
C language, and SFRMAT [SFRmat], based on Matlab) or commercially distributed (for example
IMATEST [Imatest] and QUICKMTF [QuickMTF]). Since the standard describes only guidelines for
both the measurement conditions and the algorithm that calculates the SFR, it leaves degrees of
freedom over its actual implementation that may impact on the overall results. In particular, the
freely available packages are certainly easily customizable, but may be poorly documented and
then should be anyway tested in depth before use, for example to determine their accuracy. On the
contrary, commercially distributed ones allow no control on their algorithms and therefore it is
impossible to customize them for specific needs, such as integrating them in portable devices.
In this paper, we present SAFARILAB (SFR measurement for a LAB environment), our
92 Luisa De Marco, Anna Guagliumi, Marco Gnan, Bassam Hallal, Federico Canini, Paolo Bassi
3. implementation of the ISO 12233 standard that, further than complying with the standard and
guaranteeing versatility also in an embedded environment, addresses various critical points in its
implementation and use, such as accuracy of the results and robustness to noise. In this way it
allows the correspondence of the measured features to the designed ones and becomes rugged and
reliable, therefore suitable for an industrial environment.
The paper is organized as follows: section 2 describes the developed software tool in detail.
Then its performance is illustrated and compared with other available software using synthetic
(section 3) and experimental (section 4) images. After assessing the features of the software with
respect to noise (section 5), results of a case study are demonstrated in section 6. Finally,
conclusions are drawn in section 7.
2. Algorithm for SFR evaluation
The ISO 12233 Standard concerns the measurement of the SFR of an incoherent imaging
system. In the case of incoherent illumination, the principles describing linear systems can be
applied simply using field intensities instead of field amplitudes [Goodman]. Measurement
results, however, include not only the response of the optical part of the system to be characterized
but also those of the other elements of the imaging chain, such as the detector (characterized by the
finite pixel size of the used CCD camera) and the electronics [Boreman 2001]. The overall system
SFR may be expressed as:
SFR , , , , (1)
where is the contribution of the optical part of the system, is related to the detector and
represents the electronic post-processing. If only one of these contributions is needed, for example
the optical one, the others have to be evaluated and eliminated. This issue will be addressed later
comparing measurements and simulations.
Rather than using a point source for direct PSF measurement, the ISO 12233 standard suggests
*Corresponding author (Paolo Bassi). Tel +39-051-2093050 Fax: +39-051-2093053
E-mail address: paolo.bassi@unibo.it. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering
& Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online
93
Available at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/91-105.pdf
4. to evaluate the SFR of an imaging system using a knife-edge source, thus reducing the analysis to a
1D problem. This method has proven to combine flexibility and simplicity, which are important
features in any standard definition.
The corresponding system response is named Edge Spread Function (ESF) and is related to the
SFR by derivative and Fourier transform operations:
SFR (2)
where LSF stands for Line Spread Function and is the response of the system to a line source.
The standard recommends the use of an edge slanted at 5° with respect to the relevant
coordinate axis in order to allow for the super-resolution of the ESF during the post-processing of
the detected image, as it will be explained below, thus reducing the aliasing effects created by the
sensor sampling.
The following algorithm steps, implemented by SAFARILAB, include those recommended by
the standard ISO 12233 and complete them by focusing on noise and sampling issues important for
the accuracy of the SFR evaluation:
1. Image acquisition and averaging. A number of images is acquired and averaged as to reduce
the amount of noise. The average image is then cropped as to select the Region Of Interest
(ROI) that contains the slanted edge to be processed in the following steps.
2. Estimation of the edge slope. The slope of the slanted edge is recovered with high precision via
a linear regression operation on the so-called centroids, the peaks of the derivatives of each
image line (LSF). To reduce noise effects, the LSF of each line is tapered using an
asymmetrical Hamming window before centroids determination. This operation is repeated
until the angle estimation achieves a precision of 10-6 degrees.
3. Edge super-resolution. By considering the image lines as independent sampled repetitions of
the same ESF, an oversampled ESF is created. As it is shown in Figure 1, the information on
the edge slope allows to find the relative offset among each ESF line, which in turn allows to
94 Luisa De Marco, Anna Guagliumi, Marco Gnan, Bassam Hallal, Federico Canini, Paolo Bassi
5. use them to create a super-resolved ESF with irregular sampling. Then, groups of data points
are averaged to obtain the oversampled ESF having regular sampling with the desired
super-resolution factor. This parameter, that the standard suggests to be 4, can be adjusted in
our implementation.
Figure 1: Creation of the oversampled ESF.
4. LSF calculation as the numerical derivative of the oversampled ESF, multiplied by an
asymmetrical Hamming window.
5. SFR calculation as the Fourier transform of the LSF.
6. SFR averaging. A number of SFRs are obtained by repeating the previous steps and are
averaged to improve the accuracy of the estimation.
Within these steps many parameters (such as the number of images on which to average the
input to the tool, the super-resolution factor and the number of SFR calculations) are related to the
*Corresponding author (Paolo Bassi). Tel +39-051-2093050 Fax: +39-051-2093053
E-mail address: paolo.bassi@unibo.it. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering
& Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online
95
Available at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/91-105.pdf
6. accuracy of the extraction of the SFR. It is important that their values are correctly set.
In the remainder of the paper, the behavior of SAFARILAB is demonstrated. Initially accuracy
tests are shown in which the software is used on numerically created images (synthetic) and on
images obtained by real optical systems. In both cases, its results are compared to those of two
available tools: IMAGEJ and IMATEST. Finally, an example of use in a real test case is given.
3. SFR extraction from synthetic images
The initial verification of the performance of SAFARILAB is done using as its input a
numerically created image, in which the black-to-white transition follows an analytically known
function to allow comparison of obtained results with exact, reference, ones. The arctangent
function has been used since it satisfies the following requirements:
• It has the same qualitative shape of a real edge.
• The analytical expression of the convolution with a rectangular window (to include the
sampling effect) is known:
/
arctan rect arctan /
arctan x τ dτ
arctan arctan
ln 1 ln 1. (3)
• The derivative of this convolution is also analytically known:
arctan rect rect . (4)
• The analytical expression of the Fourier transform of this derivative, which is the SFR, exists:
| |
rect sinc . (5)
To make the image more realistic, we also added shot noise, as it is typically the most relevant
96 Luisa De Marco, Anna Guagliumi, Marco Gnan, Bassam Hallal, Federico Canini, Paolo Bassi
7. noise contribution given by photo-sensors. Noise is modeled as a Poisson process with mean value
and standard deviation dependent on the signal.
Supposing to use 8 bit A/D conversion, a black and white image has pixels with values ranging
from 0 to 255. In order to simulate measurements with large contrast and zero-mean noise,
synthetic slanted-edge images have been created assuming a linear Opto-Electronic Conversion
Function (OECF) leading to an image with grey levels in the range 30-220.
Evaluated SFRs are shown in Figure 2 using logarithmic plots. Spatial frequencies are
normalized (as in the rest of the paper) to half of the reciprocal of the sampling step (i.e. the
Nyquist frequency). The red curve is the theoretical SFR, while the other three are obtained using
different software: IMATEST (black line), IMAGEJ (blue line) and SAFARILAB (green line).
Figure 2: Test with synthetic images with additional noise and contrast of 30-220 (red: theoretical;
black: IMATEST; blue: IMAGEJ; green: SAFARILAB).
The three tools show similar degree of accuracy, with IMAGEJ performing slightly differently
from the other two. In all cases, the presence of noise produces small oscillations in the SFRs as
compared to the theoretical curve when the normalized frequency is greater than 0.5 and the SFR is
lower than 0.02. The slight mismatch between the results obtained using IMATEST and IMAGEJ is
directly related to the degrees of freedom allowed by the standard. The good agreement between
these results and those obtained by SAFARILAB confirms the correctness of our algorithms. The
next sections will show how the freedom left by the standard can be exploited to improve the
*Corresponding author (Paolo Bassi). Tel +39-051-2093050 Fax: +39-051-2093053
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8. quality of the provided results. Evidence will be given by experimental results.
4. SFR extraction on real images
Real images are acquired using the set-up shown in Figure 3 (left). A slanted-edge
transmission mask, made of chrome deposited on glass (right side of Figure 3), is uniformly
illuminated by an incoherent source obtained by cascading two integrating spheres and a LED
source. The image of the edge is acquired by the imaging system to be characterized, consisting of
a lens, a photo-detector and its relevant driver electronics.
Figure 3: Measurement set-up scheme (left) and Slanted Edge target (right).
Figure 4 shows the SFR extracted from slanted-edge images taken with a distance of 190 mm
between the mask and camera. The packages applied to experimental results always behave
similarly: SAFARILAB (green plot) and IMATEST (black plot) results almost superimpose, while
IMAGEJ (blue plot) is slightly different.
Figure 4: SFR obtained with experimental images taken at 190 mm from the target (black:
IMATEST; blue: IMAGEJ; green: SAFARILAB).
98 Luisa De Marco, Anna Guagliumi, Marco Gnan, Bassam Hallal, Federico Canini, Paolo Bassi
9. Instead of using directly the SFR, often the performance of an optical system is given by its
resolution on the object plane. The minimum feature size R that the system can resolve is inversely
proportional to the spatial frequency at which the SFR reaches a threshold value, depending on
system requirements. The formula to evaluate the minimum resolution is the following one:
(6)
where is the threshold frequency and M is the optical system magnification. In the following,
will be normalized with respect to the Nyquist frequency.
Since the measured SFR includes the response of the optics together with that of the electronic
part of the system (equation (1)), the simulated SFRs were modified as include these contributions.
The effect of the sensor sampling was considered the predominant one and was modeled as a rect
function in the spatial domain or, equivalently, a sinc function in the spatial frequency domain.
Figure 5: Comparison between designed (blue and cyan) and measured (red) performance.
Resolution is normalized to the Nyquist frequency of the sensor.
Figure 5 shows an example of application of the procedure. The measured resolution of the
camera as a function of the camera-target distance (red curve) is compared to that of the lens (cyan
curve) and to that of the system composed by the lens and the sensor (blue curve). As it will be
better explained in the next section, in order to remove noise effects the measured resolution is
*Corresponding author (Paolo Bassi). Tel +39-051-2093050 Fax: +39-051-2093053
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10. calculated by averaging 20 SFRs. The relevant uncertainty bars are also reported. The curve that
represents the lens and the sensor system is just within the error bars of the measured resolution
curve, confirming the quality of the results. With reference to Equation (1), Figure 5 also shows
that the electronics has a negligible effect on the overall system performance.
5. Noise reduction
The noise in the image entering the processing chain introduces uncertainty to the SFR
extraction. In order to improve the accuracy, an average SFR is found by repeating the extraction
process. Figure 6 (left) shows a set of 20 SFR curves (green lines) calculated from 20 different
slanted-edge images together with their average (solid red line) and average ±3σ(f) (dashed red
lines), where σ(f) is the standard deviation as a function of the spatial frequency f. The image noise
causes noise-like oscillations into the SFR so that averaging appears as a necessary step for a
reliable evaluation of the SFR.
Figure 6: Noise effects on SAFARILAB responses (see text for details).
The influence of different noise levels has also been considered by changing the analog gain
(G) and the integration time (τ) of the camera: lower gain and higher integration time correspond to
a noise reduction. In the right part of Figure 6, the red curves are obtained with analog gain G = 4
and integration time τ = 8 ms (the same conditions of Figure 5-right), whereas the blue curves are
obtained with G = 1 and τ = 32 ms. The solid curves represent the average SFR (calculated as the
average of 50 SFR), whereas the dashed curves represent the average SFR ±3σ(f). As expected, the
uncertainty is greater in the first case since noise is larger. Averaging 50 SFRs, SAFARILAB is able
100 Luisa De Marco, Anna Guagliumi, Marco Gnan, Bassam Hallal, Federico Canini, Paolo Bassi
11. to recover the same mean value in both cases, thus demonstrating a good insensitivity to random
noise effects.
However, it is sometimes impossible to control the analog gain and the integration time in the
needed way. To overcome this limit and obtain the same effect of noise reduction without acting on
the camera parameters, SAFARILAB may also make image averaging as the very first step of its
algorithm. The number of images to be averaged should be chosen in relation with the number of
SFR evaluations for the calculation of the average, since both impacts on the overall execution
time.
6. Characterization of a system using SAFARILAB
After the description of SAFARILAB capabilities evidencing the original way in which noise
contributions can be filtered differently depending on the experimental situation, in this section its
versatility will be demonstrated on an optical system containing also non-classical components
designed to achieve Extended Depth of Field (EDoF). Among the possible ways of getting this
result, see for example [McLeod, Kolodziejczyk, Davidson, Andersen, Iemmi], we adopted the so
called “Wavefront Coding” approach [Dowski], based on the insertion of a Phase Mask (PM) into
the optical system. Among the proposed solutions, see for example [Dowski, Sauceda, Sherif,
Caron, Zhou], we have chosen the cubic one [Dowski] since it has also a solid theoretical
background which may be useful in simulations. The cubic profile is described by:
z α x y (6)
where x and y are the planar spatial coordinates and α is a cubic coefficient.
In the following, the SFR of a lens with and without a cubic phase mask is characterized using
SAFARILAB. The match between designed and measured performance will confirm the reliability
of the characterization tool itself.
The experimental curves are obtained by SAFARILAB as the average of 10 SFRs, each
calculated on the average of 10 images. Also in this case the sensor sampling effect is included in
the designed SFRs before comparing them with the measured ones.
*Corresponding author (Paolo Bassi). Tel +39-051-2093050 Fax: +39-051-2093053
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12. Figure 7 qualitatively shows the behavior of the system with (red curves) and without (blue
curves) the phase mask. The plot on the left represents the designed SFR of the system for different
object distances: the cubic mask provides a good invariance of the SFR, which corresponds to an
extension of the DoF. The same behavior is shown also in the plot on the right obtained
characterizing the real system with SAFARILAB.
Figure 7: Simulated (left) and experimental (right) SFRs for the lens with (red lines) and without
(blue lines) the cubic phase mask.
Figure 8: Simulated (blue) and measured (red) results with (dashed) and without (solid) phase
mask. The object distance increases moving from the leftmost to the rightmost plot.
A more detailed view of the agreement between the expected behavior and the obtained one is
given in Figure 8. The designed SFRs of the system with and without the phase mask at increasing
object distances are compared to the ones measured with SaFaRiLAB. The excellent agreement
between simulated and experimental curves confirms how our tool is accurate and useful in the
design and analysis stage of an optical system.
102 Luisa De Marco, Anna Guagliumi, Marco Gnan, Bassam Hallal, Federico Canini, Paolo Bassi
13. 7. Conclusion
A tool named SAFARILAB has been proposed. It evaluates the Spatial Frequency Response of
an optical system complying with the ISO 12233 standard, the reference standard for this kind of
measurements. Its performance has been first successfully compared with those of other available
software dedicated to this task. Then, an experimental set-up has been realized to perform the
measurements and the results show excellent behavior in terms of repeatability. The robustness to
noise, obtained taking advantage of the degrees of freedom left by the standard, has also been
evidenced. Finally, its reliability in a practical case has been proven comparing the measured
optical SFRs and the designed ones in a more complex case where also a cubic phase mask is
present. SAFARILAB can then be proposed as a valid tool for industrial environments and
embedded systems, where noise robustness and versatility are both a concern.
8. Acknowledgements
This work has been developed in the framework of a research contract between DEIS and
Datalogic Scanning Group.
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Luisa De Marco received the B.Sc. and the M.Sc. degrees in Telecommunications Engineering from
the University of Padova in 2006 and from the Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna in
2008, respectively. She is currently working towards the PhD with a scholarship funded by Datalogic
Scanning s.r.l. at the Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informatica e Sistemistica (DEIS) of the Alma
Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna. In the framework of her doctoral research, she spent 6
months working at the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen, Germany. Her main interest is
the optical design of imaging and non-imaging systems for automatic identification and portable
devices.
Anna Guagliumi received her M.Sc. degree (honors) in Telecommunication Engineering from the
Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna in 2010. Since 2011 she has been a PhD student at the
Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informatica e Sistemistica (DEIS) of the Alma Mater Studiorum –
University of Bologna. Her main interests are the design and characterization of optical structures,
especially with respect to free space systems.
Marco Gnan received the M.Sc. degree (honors) in Telecommunication Engineering from the Alma
Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna. From 2003 he worked towards the PhD in Optoelectronics
at the University of Glasgow, which he achieved in 2007. Until February 2008 he was with the
Department of Engineering at the University of Ferrara as a research assistant. Until December 2011
he was with the Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informatica e Sistemistica of the University of Bologna
as a senior research assistant. Since January 2012 he has been with the R&D group of Datalogic. His
interests include experimental work on integrated photonic devices and their numerical modeling,
free space optics and incoherent imaging systems.
Bassam Hallal received the M.Sc. degree in Electronic Engineering (honors) from the Politecnico di
Bari in 1997 extending the Knoesen-Gaylord-Moharam algorithm for the analysis of the hybrid
guided modes to the uniaxial dielectric multilayered waveguides. In 1998 he received a Master in
Optical Technologies from the AILUN (Associazione Istituzione Libera Università Nuorese). He
spent the years 1999-2011 in Datalogic working on diffraction-free beams synthesis, pure refractive
aiming systems, lens design for imaging systems, CCD/CMOS sensors characterization, and
free-form lens design. Since December 2011 he has been with Khatod s.r.l. as the Optical R&D
Supervisor.
Federico Canini received the M.Sc. degree with honors in Electronic Engineering from the Alma
Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna in 1994. In 1995 he started his activity in Datalogic covering
many engineering roles, developing new products based on imaging technologies and producing
several patents. He currently is an R&D manager at Datalogic IP Tech and is responsible for the
electronic and the optics group, and the relationship with academic partners.
Paolo Bassi is full professor of Electromagnetic fields at Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informatica e
Sistemistica (DEIS) of the Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna. He graduated with
honors in Electronic Engineering in 1975. He is now the responsible of the optics group of DEIS. His
research interests cover guided and free space application of optics, addressed both theoretically and
experimentally.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.
*Corresponding author (Paolo Bassi). Tel +39-051-2093050 Fax: +39-051-2093053
E-mail address: paolo.bassi@unibo.it. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering
& Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online
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Available at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/91-105.pdf