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This document discusses software test design, including seatwork activities, premidterm exams, equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, black box and white box testing techniques. It provides examples of statement coverage and branch coverage testing. It also discusses condition coverage testing and illustrates a control flow graph. Finally, it provides references to three premid articles on testing, maintenance, and project management.
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Test design techniques
This document discusses various test design techniques, including static design techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, which divide input data into partitions and test boundary values. Dynamic techniques like pairwise testing are also explained, which test interactions between pairs of factors. Exploratory testing involves writing test cases during execution to explore a system creatively. Examples are provided for each technique. The advantages of using techniques like easier test reproduction and transferability are highlighted. A variety of materials on software testing are listed for further reference.
Design Test Case Technique (Equivalence partitioning And Boundary value analy...
At the end of this course, you are going to know:
To provide an approach to design test case.
Understand how to apply equivalence partitioning and boundary to design test case.
Equivalence partinioning and boundary value analysis
The document discusses different techniques for designing effective test cases, namely equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. It states that these are considered the best black box testing techniques. Equivalence partitioning involves dividing the input domain into equivalence classes and selecting one representative value from each class. Boundary value analysis focuses on testing values at the boundaries or extremes of the input domain, as errors often occur near these boundaries. Using both techniques together can help ensure an error-free product by comprehensively testing the input space.
EquivalencePartition
Equivalence partitioning is a black box testing technique that divides input data into equivalent classes and designs test cases to cover each class. It aims to test typical, boundary, and invalid cases to improve test coverage. The key steps are to identify the input range, divide it into logical partitions, and design test cases for typical values within each partition as well as boundary and invalid values. This technique helps reduce the number of test cases needed while still thoroughly testing an application's functionality across different input conditions.
Test design techniques
The document provides an overview of different test design techniques, including black box techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, and white box techniques like control flow analysis. It then gives a detailed example of how to use equivalence partitioning to design test cases for a program that calculates the price of a product based on its value, discount percentage, and shipping costs. Various equivalence classes are identified for the input variables, including both valid and invalid classes. Representative test cases are designed to cover the different equivalence class combinations and ensure all classes are tested.
Test design techniques
This document discusses various white box and black box software testing techniques. It covers topics like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, basis path testing, control structure testing, program technique testing, and mutation testing. Specific techniques like partitioning input domains into equivalence classes based on conditions and selecting test cases at boundaries are explained through examples.
Black Box Testing
Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings.
Fundamental Test Design Techniques
As testers, we know that we can define many more test cases than we will ever have time to design, execute, and report. The key problem in testing is choosing a small, “smart” subset from the almost infinite number of tests available that will find a large percentage of the defects. Join Lee Copeland to discover how to design test cases using formal black-box techniques, including equivalence class testing, boundary value testing, decision tables, and state-transition diagrams. Explore examples of each of these techniques in action. Don’t just pick test cases at random. Rather, learn to selectively choose a set of test cases that maximizes your effectiveness and efficiency to find more defects in less time. Then, learn how to use the test results to evaluate the quality of both your products and your testing. Discover the test design techniques that will make your testing more productive.
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Test design techniques
This document discusses various test design techniques, including static design techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, which divide input data into partitions and test boundary values. Dynamic techniques like pairwise testing are also explained, which test interactions between pairs of factors. Exploratory testing involves writing test cases during execution to explore a system creatively. Examples are provided for each technique. The advantages of using techniques like easier test reproduction and transferability are highlighted. A variety of materials on software testing are listed for further reference.
Design Test Case Technique (Equivalence partitioning And Boundary value analy...
At the end of this course, you are going to know:
To provide an approach to design test case.
Understand how to apply equivalence partitioning and boundary to design test case.
Equivalence partinioning and boundary value analysis
The document discusses different techniques for designing effective test cases, namely equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. It states that these are considered the best black box testing techniques. Equivalence partitioning involves dividing the input domain into equivalence classes and selecting one representative value from each class. Boundary value analysis focuses on testing values at the boundaries or extremes of the input domain, as errors often occur near these boundaries. Using both techniques together can help ensure an error-free product by comprehensively testing the input space.
EquivalencePartition
Equivalence partitioning is a black box testing technique that divides input data into equivalent classes and designs test cases to cover each class. It aims to test typical, boundary, and invalid cases to improve test coverage. The key steps are to identify the input range, divide it into logical partitions, and design test cases for typical values within each partition as well as boundary and invalid values. This technique helps reduce the number of test cases needed while still thoroughly testing an application's functionality across different input conditions.
Test design techniques
The document provides an overview of different test design techniques, including black box techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, and white box techniques like control flow analysis. It then gives a detailed example of how to use equivalence partitioning to design test cases for a program that calculates the price of a product based on its value, discount percentage, and shipping costs. Various equivalence classes are identified for the input variables, including both valid and invalid classes. Representative test cases are designed to cover the different equivalence class combinations and ensure all classes are tested.
Test design techniques
This document discusses various white box and black box software testing techniques. It covers topics like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, basis path testing, control structure testing, program technique testing, and mutation testing. Specific techniques like partitioning input domains into equivalence classes based on conditions and selecting test cases at boundaries are explained through examples.
Black Box Testing
Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings.
Fundamental Test Design Techniques
As testers, we know that we can define many more test cases than we will ever have time to design, execute, and report. The key problem in testing is choosing a small, “smart” subset from the almost infinite number of tests available that will find a large percentage of the defects. Join Lee Copeland to discover how to design test cases using formal black-box techniques, including equivalence class testing, boundary value testing, decision tables, and state-transition diagrams. Explore examples of each of these techniques in action. Don’t just pick test cases at random. Rather, learn to selectively choose a set of test cases that maximizes your effectiveness and efficiency to find more defects in less time. Then, learn how to use the test results to evaluate the quality of both your products and your testing. Discover the test design techniques that will make your testing more productive.
Test design techniques
The document summarizes a series of talks on software testing. The talks will cover the different stages of the test life cycle, including: decomposing the system into independent units; building tests for formal models; establishing testability through test harnesses; automating tests using frameworks; and including tests in continuous integration. The document then provides more details about the second talk on building tests for formal models and describes the use of formal models in test design techniques.
Blackbox
Black box testing involves testing a system without knowledge of its internal workings by examining its behaviors and outputs based on given inputs. The document discusses various black box testing techniques including equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, cause-effect graphing, and syntax-driven testing. It also describes how black box testing is useful for finding incorrect or missing functions, interface errors, and other types of defects.
Test design techniques: Structured and Experienced-based techniques
This document discusses different types of software testing techniques, including structured-based techniques like cyclomatic complexity and statement/decision coverage, as well as experience-based techniques like error guessing and exploratory testing. It explains how to calculate cyclomatic complexity and coverage percentages. Choosing the appropriate testing technique depends on factors like system type, standards, requirements, risk level, documentation, tester knowledge, time and budget. Testing usually involves combining different techniques.
Test design techniques
This document discusses various techniques for software testing, including static testing, black box testing, and white box testing. Static testing involves non-execution techniques like reviews of documentation. Black box testing focuses on functional requirements without knowledge of internal structures, using techniques like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, and state transition testing. White box testing uses internal program structure, exercising all independent paths and logical decisions using techniques like statement coverage, branch coverage, and condition coverage. The document also covers topics like cyclomatic complexity, control flow graphs, and experienced-based testing methods like error guessing and exploratory testing.
Software Testing Techniques
The document summarizes various software testing techniques, including:
- White-box testing techniques like cyclomatic complexity and control flow graph analysis to derive test cases.
- Black-box techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to design test cases based on valid and invalid input conditions.
- The goal of testing is to systematically uncover errors by executing all independent paths and boundary values through a program.
Boundary and equivalnce systematic test design
Equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are black box testing techniques. Equivalence partitioning involves dividing the input data for a system into partitions of data that are expected to be processed in the same way, and testing using representative values from each partition. Boundary value analysis involves testing just outside the boundaries of valid input ranges to check for errors. These techniques help test a system systematically with fewer test cases. The document provides examples and discusses when to use these black box testing techniques.
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This document discusses various software testing techniques including coding standards, code reviews, code walkthroughs, code inspections, test case design, black box testing, and white box testing. It provides examples of statement coverage, branch coverage, and path coverage testing strategies to ensure all statements, branches, and paths are executed at least once. Testing approaches like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are discussed for black box testing, while coverage criteria guide test case design for white box testing.
Boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning
What is Boundary value analysis and Equivalence partitioning?
Border value research and Equivalence dividing, explained with simple example:
Boundary value research and equivalence dividing both are analyze situation style techniques in black box examining.
Equivalence partitions analysis
This document discusses equivalence partitioning, a black box testing technique where test cases are designed to execute representatives from equivalence partitions. Equivalence partitions are derived from requirements and divide test input data into ranges of values that cover all possible scenarios. The goals are to reduce the number of test cases to a minimum while maintaining coverage. Examples demonstrate how to identify equivalence classes based on requirements and define representative test cases. Benefits include reducing tests and time, while risks include missing bugs if not used correctly.
Black box testing or behavioral testing
This document discusses various black box testing techniques. Black box testing, also known as behavioral testing, involves testing a system without any knowledge of its internal structure or implementation. It involves testing a system based on its specifications and expected outputs for given inputs. The document describes several black box testing techniques including equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, comparison testing, orthogonal array testing, syntax-driven testing, decision table-based testing, and cause-and-effect graphs. These techniques help test a system from an external perspective to uncover errors in functionality, interfaces, behavior, and other issues.
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White box testing involves testing the internal structure and logic of a program. It includes techniques like statement coverage, loop testing, path testing, and branch testing to ensure all statements, paths, and conditional branches are executed. Grey box testing takes a partial view of internal structures and combines white and black box testing approaches. It may use internal program components like SQL queries to help test functionality without fully understanding the underlying code.
Black box testing
Dynamic black-box testing involves testing software without knowledge of its internal code by entering inputs, observing outputs, and checking results. The document discusses techniques for effective dynamic black-box testing including reducing test cases using equivalence partitioning, identifying boundary conditions, using various data values and states to find bugs, and applying repetition and high loads. It also covers using exploratory testing when requirements are not available and the approaches of test-to-pass and test-to-fail.
Testing
The document discusses various software testing techniques including black-box testing which focuses on inputs and outputs without seeing internal code, and white-box testing which considers internal logic and structures. Different levels of testing are covered from unit to acceptance testing. Strategies for effective test case design such as equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are also presented.
Path testing
Path testing is a structural testing method that focuses on executing all paths through the code or algorithm based on its structure rather than specifications. It involves converting the program into a control flow graph by representing the code as nodes, regions, and edges to show the flow of execution. This allows testers to ensure all statements are executed by following each path in the graph from start to finish.
Black box testing
Black Box Testing, also known as Behavioral Testing it is a method of software testing in which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested is not known to the tester. These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. It typically comprises most if not all higher level testing, but can also embody unit testing
Software Quality Testing
This document discusses various software testing strategies and methodologies, including black box testing and white box testing. It provides details on specific techniques for each, such as unit testing, path testing, branch testing, and loop testing. The document also provides an example of constructing test cases to test a program that identifies triangle types based on side lengths.
Whitebox
The document discusses various white box testing techniques:
1. Statement testing executes all statements in the code.
2. Branch/Decision Testing executes all outcomes (true/false) of decision points.
3. Branch Condition Combination Testing checks that each combination of inputs for a condition is tested to cover all branches.
4. Modified Condition Combination Testing independently tests each atomic condition to check its effect on the decision outcome.
White box testing
Testing method which is very important one is mentioned with description..which clears concepts easily...
White box testing
White box testing involves closely examining the internal logic and structure of code. It focuses on testing individual program paths by exercising conditions, loops, and logical decisions. Test cases are designed to ensure each path is tested at least once to cover all statements. Cyclomatic complexity measures the number of independent paths in a program and provides an upper bound for the number of test cases needed. Flow graphs are used to represent program control flow and determine the cyclomatic complexity and basis path testing set.
Software Verification, Validation and Testing
This document describes test cases that were generated for different programs using various software testing techniques. The programs tested include a for loop, if/else statements, if-else-for, nested if, if-for, if with two conditions, and a switch case. Equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, robustness testing, and worst case testing techniques were used to generate test cases with valid and invalid input values. The test cases are represented in tables that show the input parameters and expected output for each case.
Lesson 2....PPT 1
The document discusses various types and techniques of software testing. It defines software testing as the process of executing a program to find errors. It describes different levels of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing etc. It explains black box and white box testing strategies and techniques for designing test cases like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, cause-effect graphing etc. It also discusses limitations of testing and challenges in achieving complete testing.
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Test design techniques
The document summarizes a series of talks on software testing. The talks will cover the different stages of the test life cycle, including: decomposing the system into independent units; building tests for formal models; establishing testability through test harnesses; automating tests using frameworks; and including tests in continuous integration. The document then provides more details about the second talk on building tests for formal models and describes the use of formal models in test design techniques.
Blackbox
Black box testing involves testing a system without knowledge of its internal workings by examining its behaviors and outputs based on given inputs. The document discusses various black box testing techniques including equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, cause-effect graphing, and syntax-driven testing. It also describes how black box testing is useful for finding incorrect or missing functions, interface errors, and other types of defects.
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This document discusses different types of software testing techniques, including structured-based techniques like cyclomatic complexity and statement/decision coverage, as well as experience-based techniques like error guessing and exploratory testing. It explains how to calculate cyclomatic complexity and coverage percentages. Choosing the appropriate testing technique depends on factors like system type, standards, requirements, risk level, documentation, tester knowledge, time and budget. Testing usually involves combining different techniques.
Test design techniques
This document discusses various techniques for software testing, including static testing, black box testing, and white box testing. Static testing involves non-execution techniques like reviews of documentation. Black box testing focuses on functional requirements without knowledge of internal structures, using techniques like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, and state transition testing. White box testing uses internal program structure, exercising all independent paths and logical decisions using techniques like statement coverage, branch coverage, and condition coverage. The document also covers topics like cyclomatic complexity, control flow graphs, and experienced-based testing methods like error guessing and exploratory testing.
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The document summarizes various software testing techniques, including:
- White-box testing techniques like cyclomatic complexity and control flow graph analysis to derive test cases.
- Black-box techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to design test cases based on valid and invalid input conditions.
- The goal of testing is to systematically uncover errors by executing all independent paths and boundary values through a program.
Boundary and equivalnce systematic test design
Equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are black box testing techniques. Equivalence partitioning involves dividing the input data for a system into partitions of data that are expected to be processed in the same way, and testing using representative values from each partition. Boundary value analysis involves testing just outside the boundaries of valid input ranges to check for errors. These techniques help test a system systematically with fewer test cases. The document provides examples and discusses when to use these black box testing techniques.
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This document discusses various software testing techniques including coding standards, code reviews, code walkthroughs, code inspections, test case design, black box testing, and white box testing. It provides examples of statement coverage, branch coverage, and path coverage testing strategies to ensure all statements, branches, and paths are executed at least once. Testing approaches like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are discussed for black box testing, while coverage criteria guide test case design for white box testing.
Boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning
What is Boundary value analysis and Equivalence partitioning?
Border value research and Equivalence dividing, explained with simple example:
Boundary value research and equivalence dividing both are analyze situation style techniques in black box examining.
Equivalence partitions analysis
This document discusses equivalence partitioning, a black box testing technique where test cases are designed to execute representatives from equivalence partitions. Equivalence partitions are derived from requirements and divide test input data into ranges of values that cover all possible scenarios. The goals are to reduce the number of test cases to a minimum while maintaining coverage. Examples demonstrate how to identify equivalence classes based on requirements and define representative test cases. Benefits include reducing tests and time, while risks include missing bugs if not used correctly.
Black box testing or behavioral testing
This document discusses various black box testing techniques. Black box testing, also known as behavioral testing, involves testing a system without any knowledge of its internal structure or implementation. It involves testing a system based on its specifications and expected outputs for given inputs. The document describes several black box testing techniques including equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, comparison testing, orthogonal array testing, syntax-driven testing, decision table-based testing, and cause-and-effect graphs. These techniques help test a system from an external perspective to uncover errors in functionality, interfaces, behavior, and other issues.
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White box testing involves testing the internal structure and logic of a program. It includes techniques like statement coverage, loop testing, path testing, and branch testing to ensure all statements, paths, and conditional branches are executed. Grey box testing takes a partial view of internal structures and combines white and black box testing approaches. It may use internal program components like SQL queries to help test functionality without fully understanding the underlying code.
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Dynamic black-box testing involves testing software without knowledge of its internal code by entering inputs, observing outputs, and checking results. The document discusses techniques for effective dynamic black-box testing including reducing test cases using equivalence partitioning, identifying boundary conditions, using various data values and states to find bugs, and applying repetition and high loads. It also covers using exploratory testing when requirements are not available and the approaches of test-to-pass and test-to-fail.
Testing
The document discusses various software testing techniques including black-box testing which focuses on inputs and outputs without seeing internal code, and white-box testing which considers internal logic and structures. Different levels of testing are covered from unit to acceptance testing. Strategies for effective test case design such as equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are also presented.
Path testing
Path testing is a structural testing method that focuses on executing all paths through the code or algorithm based on its structure rather than specifications. It involves converting the program into a control flow graph by representing the code as nodes, regions, and edges to show the flow of execution. This allows testers to ensure all statements are executed by following each path in the graph from start to finish.
Black box testing
Black Box Testing, also known as Behavioral Testing it is a method of software testing in which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested is not known to the tester. These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. It typically comprises most if not all higher level testing, but can also embody unit testing
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This document discusses various software testing strategies and methodologies, including black box testing and white box testing. It provides details on specific techniques for each, such as unit testing, path testing, branch testing, and loop testing. The document also provides an example of constructing test cases to test a program that identifies triangle types based on side lengths.
Whitebox
The document discusses various white box testing techniques:
1. Statement testing executes all statements in the code.
2. Branch/Decision Testing executes all outcomes (true/false) of decision points.
3. Branch Condition Combination Testing checks that each combination of inputs for a condition is tested to cover all branches.
4. Modified Condition Combination Testing independently tests each atomic condition to check its effect on the decision outcome.
White box testing
Testing method which is very important one is mentioned with description..which clears concepts easily...
White box testing
White box testing involves closely examining the internal logic and structure of code. It focuses on testing individual program paths by exercising conditions, loops, and logical decisions. Test cases are designed to ensure each path is tested at least once to cover all statements. Cyclomatic complexity measures the number of independent paths in a program and provides an upper bound for the number of test cases needed. Flow graphs are used to represent program control flow and determine the cyclomatic complexity and basis path testing set.
Software Verification, Validation and Testing
This document describes test cases that were generated for different programs using various software testing techniques. The programs tested include a for loop, if/else statements, if-else-for, nested if, if-for, if with two conditions, and a switch case. Equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, robustness testing, and worst case testing techniques were used to generate test cases with valid and invalid input values. The test cases are represented in tables that show the input parameters and expected output for each case.
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The document discusses various software testing techniques including black box testing, white box testing, and grey box testing. It provides details on specific techniques such as equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, statement coverage, condition coverage, function coverage, and cyclomatic complexity. The objective is to understand these techniques so they can be used effectively to test applications and find defects.
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Testing software is difficult because exhaustively testing all possible inputs is infeasible due to the huge number of potential test cases. Common techniques for testing include:
- Generating test cases that cover different parts of the program structure through techniques like statement coverage and branch coverage.
- Partitioning the input domain into equivalence classes and selecting representative test cases from each class.
- Testing boundary conditions and edge cases like values at the limits of input ranges.
- Using coverage metrics to guide test case selection and determine when sufficient coverage has been achieved, though testing can never prove a program completely correct. Random and exhaustive testing alone are not effective approaches.
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Testing software is difficult because exhaustively testing all possible inputs is impractical due to the huge number of potential test cases. Various techniques can be used to select test cases such as functional testing based on requirements, structural testing based on code structure, and testing boundary conditions and edge cases. Coverage metrics like statement coverage, branch coverage, and path coverage can help determine when enough test cases have been selected, though full path coverage is often infeasible. Condition coverage additionally aims to test all conditions in branch statements.
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Testing software is difficult because exhaustively testing all possible inputs is infeasible due to the huge number of potential test cases. Common techniques for testing include:
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- Partitioning the input domain into equivalence classes and selecting representative test cases from each class.
- Testing boundary conditions and edge cases like values at the limits of input ranges.
- Using coverage metrics to guide test case selection and determine when sufficient coverage has been achieved, though testing can never prove a program completely correct. Random and exhaustive testing alone are not effective approaches.
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The document summarizes various software testing techniques including:
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- Black-box techniques like equivalence partitioning to divide inputs into classes and boundary value analysis to test boundary conditions.
- The goal of testing is to systematically uncover errors with minimum time by designing test cases to execute all program paths and boundary conditions.
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This document discusses various software testing techniques including verification, validation, and testing. It defines verification as demonstrating consistency, completeness, and correctness of software artifacts throughout development. Validation ensures compliance with customer needs and requirements. Testing examines program behavior by executing sample test cases. Exhaustive testing all possible inputs is infeasible due to exponential complexity. The document then discusses functional black-box testing based on requirements and structural white-box testing using coverage metrics like statement, branch, path, and condition coverage to guide test case selection.
Dynamic Testing
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Testing involves executing a program to find errors and is done at various stages - unit testing focuses on individual program modules, integration testing combines units and tests their interactions, and regression testing re-executes previous tests to ensure changes haven't caused errors. Key aspects of testing include white box testing which examines internal logic and black box testing which treats the program as a "black box" and focuses on inputs/outputs.
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The document discusses various techniques for software testing including whitebox testing, blackbox testing, unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. It provides details on techniques like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, orthogonal array testing, and graph matrices. The objective of testing is to systematically uncover errors in a minimum amount of time and effort. Testing should begin with unit testing and progress towards integration and system-level testing.
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Software testing lab manual
1. Incorrect dimension of matrices. Matrix multiplication is only defined if the number of columns of the first matrix is equal to the number of rows of the second matrix.
2. Off-by-one errors in loops. Loop indices may not be correctly iterating over all elements of the matrices.
3. Input/output errors. Matrices may not be input or output correctly, leading to invalid data.
4. Logical errors. The algorithm to multiply matrices cell-by-cell may contain flaws in how it calculates the results.
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The document discusses various software testing techniques including:
- Unit testing techniques like white box testing, gray box testing, and equivalence partitioning
- Integration testing techniques like boundary value analysis and error guessing
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It provides an example of using these techniques to test a TrafficSignal class through a series of test methods.
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This document provides information about software testing. It discusses different types of software testing like unit testing, black box testing, and white box testing. It also describes various techniques used for testing like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, and cause-effect graphing. The key objectives of testing are to discover faults and ensure software works as intended by identifying differences between expected and actual results.
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- 3. Software Test Designing Equivalence Partitioning Determine the equivalence classes Test Conditions Input Type Age Valid Data Invalid Data Results
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- 5. • Software Test Designing Black Box Technique Test Cases Test Condition Input Type Age Data based from Partitions Expected Results
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- 7. Software Test Designing • White Box Testing Statement and Branch Coverage: Illustrate the Control Flow Graph.
- 8. Software Test Designing • White-Box Testing Statement and Branch Coverage: Fill in the areas with a question mark. Statement Coverage: Data: 1, 2,10, -1 Path: ? Output: ? Branch Coverage: True Data: 0, 2, 13, 7-1 True Path: ? Output: ? False Data: -1 False Path: ? Output: ?
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- 13. PREMID REACTION PAPER Format: <LastName, FullName> <Course&Year> <Schedule> <Reaction Content> Times New Roman, 10, Single line spacing, minimum of 150 words per article DEADLINE : JANUARY 18, 2014