This document provides information about software testing. It discusses different types of software testing like unit testing, black box testing, and white box testing. It also describes various techniques used for testing like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, and cause-effect graphing. The key objectives of testing are to discover faults and ensure software works as intended by identifying differences between expected and actual results.

1. TESTING

5. Software Testing
Software Testing is a process of evaluating a system by
manual or automatic means and verify that it satisfies
specified requirements or identify differences between
expected and actual results.

6. Why Software Testing ????
 Error Free
 Efficient
 Secured
 Flexible
Software Testing is important as it may cause mission
failure, impact on operational performance and
reliability, if not done properly !

7. Software Faults and Failures Objective of Testing
•Objective of testing: discover faults
•A test is successful only when a fault is discovered
Fault identification is the process of determining
what fault(s) caused the failure
Fault correction is the process of making changes to
the system so that the faults are removed
 Is a level of the software testing process where
individual units/components of a software/system are
tested.
 The purpose is to validate that each unit of the software
performs as designed.

8. Software Faults and Failures

9. Software Faults and Failures

10. Unit Testing
 Each part tested
individually
 All components
tested at least
once
 Errors picked up
earlier
 Scope is smaller,
easier to fix errors

11. Unit Testing Ideals
 Isolatable
 Repeatable
 Automatable
 Easy to Write

12. Why Unit Test?
 Faster Debugging
 Faster Development
 Better Design
 Excellent Regression Tool
 Reduce Future Cost
Tools:
Test driver/harness
Code coverage analyzer
Automatic test case generator

13. BENEFITS
 Unit testing allows the programmer to refactor
code at a later date, and make sure the
module still works correctly.
 By testing the parts of a program first and then
testing the sum of its parts, integration testing
becomes much easier.
 Unit testing provides a sort of living
documentation of the system.

14. Unit Testing Techniques:
Functional testing techniques:
These are Black box testing techniques
which tests the functionality of the
application.

15. Some of Functional testing
techniques
 Input domain testing: This testing technique
concentrates on size and type of every input object in
terms of boundary value analysis and Equivalence
class.
 Boundary Value: Boundary value analysis is
a software testing design technique in which tests are
designed to include representatives of boundary
values.
 Syntax checking: This is a technique which is used
to check the Syntax of the application.
 Equivalence Partitioning: This is a software testing
technique that divides the input data of a software unit
into partition of data from which test cases can be
derived

16. Unit Testing Techniques:
Error based Techniques:
The best person to know the defects
in his code is the person who has
designed it.

18. BLACK BOX TESTING, also known as Behavioral
Testing, is a software testing method in which the
internal structure/design/implementation of the item
being tested is not known to the tester. These tests can be
functional or non-functional, though usually functional.
BLACK BOX
TESTING

19. Example
A tester, without knowledge of the internal structures of a website, tests
the web pages by using a browser; providing inputs (clicks, keystrokes)
and verifying the outputs against the expected outcome.
BLACK BOX TESTING

20. This method is named so because the software program,
in the eyes of the tester, is like a black box; inside which
one cannot see. This method attempts to find errors in the
following categories:
•Incorrect or missing functions
•Interface errors
•Errors in data structures or external database access
•Behavior or performance errors
•Initialization and termination errors
BLACK BOX TESTING

21. METHODS/TECHNIQUES
Following are some techniques that can be used for designing black
box tests.
Equivalence Partitioning: It is a software test design technique that
involves dividing input values into valid and invalid partitions and
selecting representative values from each partition as test data.
Boundary Value Analysis: It is a software test design technique that
involves the determination of boundaries for input values and
selecting values that are at the boundaries and just inside/ outside of
the boundaries as test data.
Cause-Effect Graphing: It is a software test design technique that
involves identifying the cases (input conditions) and effects (output
conditions), producing a Cause-Effect Graph, and generating test
cases accordingly.

22. Equivalence Class Partitioning (ECP).
1. Equivalence Class Partitioning :
The concept of equivalence partitioning technique comes from equivalence class which
in turn comes from equivalence relation. Equivalence class partitioning is a
technique of software black box testing in which input data is divided into
partitions of equivalent data that is valid and invalid values. This strategy is used to
minimize the number of possible test cases while maintains reasonable test coverage.
Steps involves in this technique are:
•Divide any input domain into two sets that is valid values and invalid values.
•Test cases are developed :
a. Assign unique identification number to each valid and invalid class of input.
b. Write the test cases i.e. valid and invalid test cases

24. As present in the above image, an “AGE” text field accepts only the numbers
from 18 to 60. There will be three sets of classes or groups.
Two invalid classes will be:
a) Less than or equal to 17.
b) Greater than or equal to 61.
One valid class will be anything between 18 to 60.
We have thus reduced the test cases to only 3 test cases based on the formed
classes thereby covering all the possibilities. So, testing with anyone value
from each set of the class is sufficient to test the above scenario.

25. Example of Equivalence Partitions •
Windows filename can contain any characters
except / : * ? " < > |.
• Filenames can have from 1 to 255 characters.
• Creating test cases for filenames:
• Will have equivalence partitions for valid
characters, invalid characters, valid length names,
names that are too short and names that are too
long.

26. From the name itself, we can understand that in this technique we
focus on the values at boundaries as it is found that many
applications have a high amount of issues on the boundaries.
Boundary means the values near the limit where the behavior of the
system changes. In boundary value analysis both the valid inputs
and invalid inputs are being tested to verify the issues.
BOUNDARY VALUE ANALYSIS

27. If we want to test a field where values from 1 to 100 should
be accepted then we choose the boundary values: 1-1, 1, 1+1,
100-1, 100, and 100+1. Instead of using all the values from 1
to 100, we just use 0, 1, 2, 99, 100, and 101.

28. Example
An exam has a pass boundary at 50 percent, merit at 75
percent and distinction at 85 percent. The Valid
Boundary values for this scenario will be as follows:
49, 50 - for pass
74, 75 - for merit
84, 85 - for distinction
Boundary values are validated against both the valid
boundaries and invalid boundaries.
The Invalid Boundary Cases for the above example can
be given as follows:
0 - for lower limit boundary value
101 - for upper limit boundary value

29. Example on Boundary Value Analysis Test
Case Design Technique:
Assume, we have to test a field which accepts
Age 18 – 56

30. Minimum boundary value is 18
Maximum boundary value is 56
Valid Inputs: 18,19,55,56
Invalid Inputs: 17 and 57
Test case 1: Enter the value 17 (18-1) = Invalid
Test case 2: Enter the value 18 = Valid
Test case 3: Enter the value 19 (18+1) = Valid
Test case 4: Enter the value 55 (56-1) = Valid
Test case 5: Enter the value 56 = Valid
Test case 6: Enter the value 57 (56+1) =Invalid

31. Example 2:
Assume we have to test a text field (Name)
which accepts the length between 6-12
characters.

32. Minimum boundary value is 6
Maximum boundary value is 12
Valid text length is 6, 7, 11, 12
Invalid text length is 5, 13
Test case 1: Text length of 5 (min-1) = Invalid
Test case 2: Text length of exactly 6 (min) = Valid
Test case 3: Text length of 7 (min+1) = Valid
Test case 4: Text length of 11 (max-1) = Valid
Test case 5: Text length of exactly 12 (max) =
Valid
Test case 6: Text length of 13 (max+1) = Invalid

33. Example 1 for Boundary Value Analysis :
Password field accepts minimum 6 characters and maximum 12 characters. [Range
is 6-12]
Write Test Cases considering values from Valid region and each Invalid Region
and Values which define exact boundary.
We need to execute 5 Test Cases for our Example 1.
1. Consider password length less than 6
2. Consider password of length exactly 6
3. Consider password of length between 7 and 11
4. Consider password of length exactly 12
5. Consider password of length more than 12
Note : 1st and 5th Test Cases are considered for Negative Testing

34. Example 2 for Boundary Value Analysis :
Test cases for input box accepting numbers between 1 and 1000 using Boundary value analysis:
1) Test cases with test data exactly as the input boundaries of input domain i.e. values 1 and 1000
in our case.
2) Test data with values just below the extreme edges of input domains i.e. values 0 and 999.
3) Test data with values just above the extreme edges of input domain i.e. values 2 and 1001.
Example 3 for Boundary Value Analysis :
Name text box which allows 1-30 characters. So in this case writing test cases by entering each
character once will be very difficult so then will choose boundary value analysis.
So in this case at max 5 test cases will come:
Test case1: minimum -1 character: Validating not entering anything in text box
Test case2: minimum +1 character: Validating with only one char
Test case3: maximum -1 character: Validating with 29 chars
Test case4: minimum +1 character: Validating with 31 characters
Test case1: any one middle number: validating with 15 chars

35. Cause-effect graph is a software testing technique that involves
specifying the causes (input conditions) and effects (output
conditions) and producing a Cause-Effect Graph, and designed test
cases. Causes are the input conditions and effects are the output
conditions. The causes and effects are represented using Boolean
graphs. It is also known as Ishikawa diagram as it was invented by
Kaoru Ishikawa or fish bone diagram because of the way it looks.
steps involved in this technique are :
Specify causes and effects.
 Produce the cause effect graph.
Convert the cause-effect graph into decision table.
Convert decision table rules into the test cases.
CAUSE EFFECT GRAPH :

36. The Cause-Effect Diagram can be used under these
Circumstances:
•To determine the current problem so that right decision can be
taken very fast.
•To narrate the connections of the system with the factors affecting
a particular process or effect.
•To recognize the probable root causes, the cause for a exact effect,
problem, or outcome.

37. A “Cause” stands for a separate input condition that fetches about an internal
change in the system. An “Effect” represents an output condition, a system
transformation or a state resulting from a combination of causes.
Steps to proceed on Cause-Effect
Diagram:
Firstly: Recognize and describe the
input conditions (causes) and
actions (effect)
Secondly: Build up a cause-effect
graph
Third: Convert cause-effect graph
into a decision table
Fourth: Convert decision table
rules to test cases. Each column of
the decision table represents a test
case

38. SYMBOLS USED IN CAUSE-EFFECT GRAPHS:

40. 4. Decision Table Testing :
Decision table testing is a software testing technique in which various input
combinations and their system behavior are represented in a tabular form. A decision
table places the causes (input conditions) and effects (output conditions) in a matrix. Each
column represents unique combination.
As the name describes that, there are logical relationships like :
if(Condition = True)
{
then action 1 ;
}
else
{
action 2;
}
Then a tester will identify two outputs for two conditions so based on the probable scenarios a
Decision table is created to design the test cases.

41. For Example:
Take an example of XYZ bank that provides interest rate for the
Male senior citizen as 10% and for the rest of the people 9%.
In this example condition, C1 has two values as true and false,
condition C2 also has two values as true and false. The number
of total possible combinations would then be four. This way we
can derive test cases using a decision table.

42. 5) Error Guessing
This is a classic example of Experience-Based Testing.
In this technique, the tester can use his/her experience about the
application behavior and functionalities to guess the error-prone areas.
Many defects can be found using error guessing where most of the
developers usually make mistakes.
Few common mistakes that developers usually forget to handle:
Divide by zero.
Handling null values in text fields.
Accepting the Submit button without any value.
File upload without attachment.
File upload with less than or more than the limit size.

43. ● White-box/Structure-based measures and its related
design techniques are described in BS7925-2 standard.
● A software testing technique whereby explicit
knowledge of the internal workings of the item being
tested are used to select the test data.
● White Box testing is based on specific knowledge of
the source code to define the test cases and to examine
outputs.
INTRODUCTION: WHITE BOX TESTING

44. ● Testing based on an analysis of the internal structure of
the component or system.
● White Box testing is also known as Clear Box testing,
Glass Box testing, Transparent Box testing, and Structure-
Based testing.
● It can be applied at all levels of SDLC.
● Most of the defects are found in Unit, Component &
Integration levels is through White-box.
DEFINITION:

45. WHITE BOX TESTING

46. WHITE BOX TESTING