This document discusses various central nervous system stimulants and cognitive enhancers. It describes how CNS stimulants generally increase muscular and mental activity from mild alertness to convulsions. It classifies stimulants into convulsants, analeptics, and psycho stimulants. Specific drugs are discussed in each category along with their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. Cognitive enhancers aimed at improving cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's are also reviewed, focusing on cholinergic activators like donepezil as well as memantine which acts by blocking glutamate receptors.
depression ,symptoms, mechanism of depression ,classification of antidepressants , tri cyclic anti depressants and its pharmacological actions ,acute poisoning and treatment
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detail and complete study on the topic of anti parkinson drug. the study is done under the guidance of faculty member. the learning content complete information of the topic
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Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
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The term neurohumoral transmission designates the transfer of a nerve impulse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic neuron by means of a humoral agent e.g. a biogenic amine, an amino acid or a peptide.
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As we approach the 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, many have argued that the time is ripe for public engagement on the increasing use of the drugs described as ‘cognitive enhancers’, and the implications of these pharmaceuticals for the ‘dignity and justice of us all’. This paper argues that at present, the models which drive the public engagement initiatives of institutional science are of little use to solve the particular societal challenges posed by these neurotechnologies. Drawing from diverse literatures, this paper identifies the two issues that make current models of public engagement redundant in this context; and proposes a systemic approach to public engagement that could be useful in these, and other areas.
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depression ,symptoms, mechanism of depression ,classification of antidepressants , tri cyclic anti depressants and its pharmacological actions ,acute poisoning and treatment
Drugs used in Parkinsons Disease ( anti- Parkinson drugs) Ravish Yadav
detail and complete study on the topic of anti parkinson drug. the study is done under the guidance of faculty member. the learning content complete information of the topic
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS-
The term neurohumoral transmission designates the transfer of a nerve impulse from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic neuron by means of a humoral agent e.g. a biogenic amine, an amino acid or a peptide.
Beyond ‘cognitive enhancement’ and ‘cosmetic neurology’: do the new (old?) n...Jennifer Gristock
As we approach the 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, many have argued that the time is ripe for public engagement on the increasing use of the drugs described as ‘cognitive enhancers’, and the implications of these pharmaceuticals for the ‘dignity and justice of us all’. This paper argues that at present, the models which drive the public engagement initiatives of institutional science are of little use to solve the particular societal challenges posed by these neurotechnologies. Drawing from diverse literatures, this paper identifies the two issues that make current models of public engagement redundant in this context; and proposes a systemic approach to public engagement that could be useful in these, and other areas.
This presentation considers the philosophical implications of current neuroscience advance. The brain is the final frontier, and thinking, cognition, emotion, and consciousness remain some of the most important unsolved mysteries. It is still unknown how ideas are actually represented in the brain. However, the expectation from neural nanotechnology and nanomedicine is that some of these mysteries will be revealed, in not just pathology resolution but also enhancement capabilities. There are already some translational research applications for cognitive enhancement. The fast pace of scientific advance in neuroscience is prompting the consideration of these kinds of questions involving personal identity, human potential, and societal coordination, and how we might eventually transition to a future of radically augmented post-biological entities and multispecies intelligence.
complete explanation with amicable pictures regarding CNS stimulants and cognitive enhancers.useful for both UG and PG students.references from different books and authors
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF DRUGS WITH THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND MECHANISM OF ACTION ,ESPECIALLY FOR PHARM.D STUDENTS.IT INCLUDE ALL D BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THIS TOPIC .
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. CNS STIMULANTS
The CNS stimulants mostly produce a generalized
action which may, at high doses, result in
convulsions.
They are drugs which increase the muscular
(motor) and the mental (sensory) activities.
Their effects vary from the increase in the
alertness and wakefulness (as with caffeine) to
the production of convulsion ( as with
strychnine) and sometimes lead to death in over
dose.
6. CONVULSANTS
1. Strychnine: It is an alkaloid from the seeds of
Strychnos nux-vomica, and a potent convulsant.
Example Strychnine.
Site of
action Spinal cord.
MOA
Block the postsynaptic inhibitory
response to glycine by blocking glycine
receptors. Glycine is the main inhibitory
transmitter acting on motor neurons.
End point Tonic convulsion.
8. Picrotoxin :
Obtained from ‘fish berries’ of East Indies
Anamirta cocculus. It is a potent convulsant—
convulsions are clonic, spontaneous and
asymmetrical. The convulsions are accompanied
by vomiting, respiratory and vasomotor
stimulation.
9. Examples Picrotoxin
Site of
action Medulla oblongata.
MOA
1. It inhibits the presynaptic
inhibition
→decrease GABA.
2. Noncompetitive GABAA
receptors
blocker which is a chloride
dependent →no
hyperpolarization → excitation.End point Clonic convulsion.
Removed
by Decapitation.
10. Bicuculline :
This synthetic convulsant has picrotoxin like
actions.
It is a competitive GABA-A receptor (intrinsic Cl¯
channel receptor) antagonist.
It is only a research tool.
11. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)
It is a powerful CNS stimulant
Low doses cause excitation, larger doses produce
Convulsions
Antagonism of PTZ induced convulsions is an
established method of testing anticonvulsant
drugs in laboratory animals
13. ANALEPTICS (Respiratory stimulants)
These are drugs which stimulate respiration and
can have resuscitative value in coma or fainting.
Mechanical support to respiration and other
measures to improve circulation are more
effective and safe.
14. Situations in which analeptics may be employed
are:
(a) As an expedient measure in hypnotic drug
poisoning untill mechanical ventilation is
introduced.
(b) Suffocation on drowning, acute respiratory
insufficiency.
(c) Apnoea in premature infant.
(d) Failure to ventilate spontaneously after
general anaesthesia.
15. Doxapram:
It acts by promoting excitation of central
neurones.
At low doses it is more selective for the
respiratory centre.
Respiration is stimulated through carotid and
aortic body chemoreceptors.
Continuous i.v. infusion of doxapram may abolish
episodes of apnoea in premature infant not
responding to theophylline.
16. Uses :
Post-anaesthetic resp. depression
COPD i.e. hypoxemic,hypercapnic res.fail
Apnoea in premature infants
Dose- 2-5mg/min(max 4mg/kg) slow i.v infusion.
Contraindications:
Resp.fail due to neurological & muscular
diseases.
Epilepsy
Side effect:
Restlessness, Tachycardia
High doses: convulsions & arrhythmias
20. PSYCHOMOTOR STIMULANTS
MOA:
Drug enter N endings by active transport
Displace DA(also NE) from vesicles by altering pH
↑DA conc. In synaptic cleft
Also inhibits MOA-B, ↓DA metabolism & DA
Release to synaptic cleft
Amphetamine & Non- Amphetamine:
24. Narcolepsy: Characterised by-
Sleep attacks during day time
Night mares in awakening state
Methylphenedate is still used
Modafinil- devoid of abuse liability
25. APPETITE SUPPRESSION
Fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine used earlier to
treat obesity
Discouraged due to:-
Tolerance
Insomnia, Pul.HTN, Abuse potential.
Sibutramine new drug used now
Blocks neuronal uptake of mainly NE & 5HT
(also dopamine) at hypothalamic site that
regulates food intake.
26. Use:
Severe obesity with risk factors like DM.
Adverse effects:
Dry mouth
Headache
Insomnia
Constipation
↑in HR & BP
CI in CVS diseases, withdrawn from market
28. Induces heat stroke like condition-
rhabdomyolysis & renal failure
Methylenedioxy amphetamine (love drug)
75mg- psychotomimetic effects
150 mg-LSD like effects
300mg- amphetamine like
SE: tachycardia, HTN, arrhythmias
29. METHYLXANTHINES
Only caffeine if used as CNS stimulant
PK:
Oral- rapid but irregular absorption
PPB:<50%
Distributed all over the body
Metabolism: in liver by demethylation & oxid.
Metabolites excreted in urine
T1/2: 3-6hrs
30. AE:
Gastric irritation, Nause, Vomiting.
Nervousness, insomnia, agitation
Muscule twitch, rigidity
↑body temp, delirium, convulsions
Tachy, extra systoles at high doses
Uses:
In Analgesic mixture for headache
Migraine
Apnoea in premature infants
32. LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE
Derived from cereal fungus ergot
Hofmann synthesized & experimented on
himself.
Act as agonist at 5HT2 receptors.
Excitation threshold of retina ↓- visual
hallucinations, hyper arousal state
Experiences may be bad or good trip.
33. CANNABINOIDS (Δ9THC)
Extract of hemp plant-C.sativa, C.indica
Bhang- paste of powdered dried leaves, used as
drink
Marijuana- dried leaves & flowering tops,
smoked in pipes or rolled as cigarettes.
Charas or hashish- resinous exudates leaves &
flowering tops, potent smoked
inpipe.
THC content more in hashish
34. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
Initial CNS stimulation later sedation.
Stimulatory phase- euphoria, ↑talkativeness,
↑appetite
Felling of confidence, relaxation & well being
Other- analgesia, antiemetic
Peripheral effects- tachycardia, reddening of
conjunctiva
35. MOA, USES
Two types CB 1& 2 receptors
CB1 in brain CB2 in periphery
Anandamide-endogenous ligand CB1.
Dronabinol, Nabilone- synt.analogues of THC
Use: CB1 Agonists- ↑appetite in AIDS pts.
Dronabinol-antiemetic in cancer chemo.
Rimonabant : CB1 antagonist, used for obesity,
dose-20mg OD before Breakfast
Smoking cessation
37. COGNITION ENHANCERS
Cognition is "the mental action or process of
acquiring knowledge and understanding through
thought, experience, and the senses.“
It encompasses processes such
as knowledge, attention, memory and working
memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning an
d "computation", problem solving and decision
making, comprehension and production
of language,
38. COGNITION ENHANCERS
Indications:
AD, multi infarct dementia
Mild cognitive impairment
learning defects, ADHD in children
CVA, Stroke
Organic psychosyndromes
Sequale of head injury
ECT, brain surgery
39. MECHANISMS
↑ global/regional blood flow
Direct support of neuronal metabolism
Enhancement of neurotransmission
Improvement of discrete cerebral functions
40. ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
Main pathological features:
Amyloid plaque
Neurofibrillary tangles
Marked ↓ in choline acetyltransferase & loss
of cholinergic neurons in brain.
41. CHOLINERGIC ACTIVATORS
ACEs that cross BBB are preferred.
Tacrine:
Longer acting, reversible ACE
Palliative for mild to moderate AD
Orally active
Improves memory, cognition, well being
Facilitates Ach release
AE: hepatotoxicity
42. DONEPEZIL, RIVASTIGMINE & GALANTAMINE
Newer reversible Anti cholinesterase
Better penetration in to CNS
Better tolerated & less toxic than tacrine
Clinical results modest & temporary
Donepezil: 5mg OD orally evening ↑ max
10mg after 4 wks
Rivastigmine:1.5 mg orally BD ↑ to 3mg BD
after 2 wks
Galantamine:4mg BD orally ↑to 8mg BD after
2 wks
43. Transdermal Rivastigmine patch –applied
every 24hrs
SE:diarrhoe, N, V, ↑urination
Acetyl-L-carnitine:
Structural analogue of Ach
↓ signs & symptoms of dementia in AD
↑ cholinergic transmission
Also have antioxidant properties, slows
progression of AD
44. MEMANTINE
Excitotoxicity due to enhanced Glutamate
transmission via NMDA recp.
Dose:5mg OD slowly ↑ to 10-20mg/day
Non-comp. antagonist of NMDA recp.
Better tolerated, less toxic.
Miscellaneous :
Nootropics- piracetam, aniracetam
High doses of vit E(1000 IU B.D)
Antioxidants-vit C, A, Zn, Se, bioflavonoids or
spirulina ↓ progression even in middle stage
AD.