This document provides a 3-paragraph summary of causes and risks of flooding in Nepal: Flooding often occurs in Nepal during the monsoon season from March to July due to heavy rains. It causes an estimated $300 million USD in economic losses annually and the deaths of around 15 people on average each year. Most flooding is caused by human factors like improper disposal of waste and careless use of fire. Poverty, lack of infrastructure, and beliefs around fate also contribute to vulnerabilities. The government has established early warning systems but their effectiveness remains limited. Local communities have low awareness of risks and preparedness. Flooding can be largely controlled with proper waste management, restricted building in flood zones, and community participation in

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jf?0foGqsf] ljZjOltxf; !)–!&
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6. cfunfuL / o;sf] sf/0f
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ljz]ifu/L, ;'ssf jf cGo cfuf]n] ;lhn} l6Kg;Sg] HjngzLn
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x'g] u/]sf 5g . cfunfuLsf sf/0f /fli6«o ;DklQ dfq gi6
x'bg, jif]gL w]/n] Hofg u'dfpg' / 3/af/ljxLg klg x'g' kl//x]sf]
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5 . cfFvfcufl8 b]lvg] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ / dfgjlgld{t ;'Gb/
ef}lts ;+/rgf If0fe/d} v/fgL eP/ v08x/ aGb5g . xf85fnf
lvofP/ / kl;gfsf] wf/f aufP/ cfh{g ul/Psf] >L;DklQ If0fe/d}
;vfk eP/ dfgjhLjg si6s/ aGb5 .
cfunfuLsf 36gf k|foM cfuf]sf] x]nr]qmØfOF / c;fjwfgLk"0f{
k|of]usf sf/0f x'g] ub{5g . oxL ;fgf] c;fjwfgLn] kfl/jfl/s
hLjgd} bL3{sfnLg c;/ k'Ug] cfunfuLh:tf] eoªs/ k|sf]k
x'g] ub{5 . sltko cfunfuLaf6 kLl8t kl/jf/ / ltgsf ;Gtfg–
b/;Gtfg ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ef}lts Pjd dfgl;s ;ªs6af6
p7g} g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g . o;af6 /fli6«o ljsf;sf]
ult;d]t k|efljt eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
cfuf] ;lNs;s]kl5 dfgjlgld{t tyf k|fs[lts ;+/rgfsf k|foM
;a} j:t' ;lhn} hn]/ gi6 x'g k'Ub5g . cfuf] aNbf eoªs/
zlQm pTkGg x'G5 . ToxL zlQmn] cGo cfuf]n] ghNg] ;'/lIft
7flgg] j:t'nfO{ klg gi6 ub{5 . cfunfuL ePkl5 o:tf j:t'sf]
ljgf; x'g]qmd 36gf:yndf cfuf] hNgsf nflu rflxg] tŒj
/x'Gh]n qmlds ¿kdf rln/xG5 . o;/L cfunfuL x'bf To;sf]
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8. cfuf];DaGwL P]ltxfl;s syg
cfuf]sf] pTklQ slxn] / s;/L eof] eGg] cflwsfl/s k|df0f s]xL
geP klg 9'ªuoub]lv g} dflg;n] cfuf]sf] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf]
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dfGotf 5 . j}lbs u|Gycg';f/ lx/0ofIfsL 5f]/L ljs]zLn] lzjhLsf]
ue{wf/0f ubf{ pg}sf] sf]vaf6 clUgsf] pTklQ ePsf] dflgG5 .
st} j;'–efof{sf] ue{af6 clUgsf] pTklQ ePsf] eGg] klg ul/G5 .
t/ clUgsf] pTklQ hlxn] ePsf] eP klg o;sf af/] clUgk'/f0fdf
k|z:t} syg kfOG5 .
cfuf]sf] j}1fflgs JofVof
j}1flgs cjwf/0ffdf clS;hg (Oxygen) / OGwg (Fuel) sf]
3if{0f (Friction) x'Fbf jf tfk (Heat) ldl;Fbf x'g] /f;folgs
k|ltlqmofaf6 pTkGg zlQmsf] cg'el" tnfO{ cfuf] elgG5 . jt{dfg
o'udf cfuf] b}lgs hLjgsf nflu geO{ gx'g] j:t' eO;s]sfn]
cfuf]sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ o;sf] pTklQ ug]{ ljleGg pkfox¿
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x'G5 . o:tf ;fwg k|of]u u/]/ h]–h;/L cfuf] pTkGg ul/g] eP
klg clS;hg+OGwg+3if{0f jf tfksf] ;lDd>0fsf] l;4fGtaf6
g} cfuf]sf] pTklQ ePsf] x'G5 .
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u'0f jf cju'0f km/s x'G5 . cfuf] aNbf x'g] /f;folgs k|ltlqmofn]
jftfj/0fdf ;d]t c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . cfuf] an]sf] cj:yfdf x]bf{
w"jfF, cfuf]sf] Hjfnf, cªuf/, sf]Onf / lemNsfx¿ b]lvg] eP
klg To;af6 sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, xfO8«fhg ]
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a]xf]; x'g klg ;S5g . o:tf ljiffQm Uof; jftfj/0fdf ldl;g]qmdsf]
lg/Gt/tfn] kof{j/0fdf ;d]t 7"nf] k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .
cfunfuL x'g] sf/0f
ljz]ifu/L v/sf em'k|femfk|L 3/ ePsf] Onfsfdf cfunfuLsf
36gf a9L x'g] eP klg ;x/L If]qsf kSsL ejg ePsf cfjf;
If]q, snsf/vfgf, / jghªundf ;d]t cfunfuLsf 36gf
k|z:t x'G5g . cfuf] pTkGg x'g] sf/0fsf lx;fan] cfunfuLsf
k|dv sf/0f b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g .
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k|fs[lts sf/0f
cfuf]sf] k|of]u ug{ dflg;n] ljsf; u/]sf ;fwgsf] k|of]u
gx'Fbf k|fs[lts lqmof—k|ltlqmofaf6 ;d]t cfuf] pTkGg eP/
cfunfuLsf 36gf x'g] ub{5g . o;/L x'g] cfunfuLnfO{ k|fs[lts
sf/0faf6 ePsf] cfunfuL elgG5 . k|fs[lts ¿kdf pTkGg
eO{ hªunaf6 ;'? ePsf] cfunfuL km}nFb} uP/ dfgja:tL,
cf}Bf]lus If]q, v]tL tyf jfuau}Frfh:tf If]qdf klg Iflt
k'Ug ;Sb5 . cfunfuL x'g] k|fs[lts sf/0fnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M
;'Svf tyf af]qmf lklN;Psf ¿v Pscfk;df 3if{0f eP/
cfuf] pTkGg x'Fbf .
r6Øfªsf sf/0f cfuf] pTkGg x'bf .
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rlDsnf] j:t', rlDsnf] 9'ªuf jf kfgLaf6 ;"osf] ls/0f
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nuftf/ k/fjt{g eO{ ;'s]sf jf cfuf]n] l5§} aNg;Sg]
;'Vvf j:t'df 7f]lSsP/ cfuf] pTkGg x'bf .
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afFb/ jf cGo hªunL hgfj/sf lqofsnfkaf6 9'ªuf
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e'Orfnf]h:tf k|sf]ksf sf/0f sf7, 9'ªuf jf c¿ j:t'
F
Pscfk;df 7f]lSsP/ cfuf] pTkGg x'bf .
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10. cfunfuL x'g] dfgjLo sf/0f
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To:t} ljB'tLo ;fdu|L, d]l;g jf ljB't nfOgsf] u8a8Lsf
sf/0f klg cfuf] pTkGg eO{ cfunfuLsf 36gf k|z:t x'g] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . cfunfuL x'g] ;Defljt dfgjLo sf/0f b]xfocg';f/
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c;fjwfgLk"js cfuf]sf] k|of]u
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k'/fgf] / q'l6k"0f{ ljB'tLo jfOl/ªaf6 cfuf] ;Nsg' .
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] ' '
ubf{ ;+jbgzLn If]qdf cfuf] emf]l;g' jf hyfefjL ˆofFlsPsf]
]
cfuf] km}ng' .
cflt;afhL ubf{, k6fsf k8sfpFbf tyf lj:kmf]6s j:t'
lj:kmf]6 x'bf cfunfuL x'g' .
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xjfOhxfh b'36gfaf6 cfuf] km}ng' .
{
= HjngzLn tyf clt HjngzLn j:t'df cfuf]n] e]6g,' To:tf
j:t'sf] k|of]u ubf{ cTolws tfk tyf k|sfz pTkGg eP/
lj:kmf]6 x'bf cfuf] pTkGg eO{ km}ng'' .
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P]gf, l;;f, r:dfsf 6'qmf tyf To:t} 6Nsg] rlDsnf] j:t'
3fddf /flvFbf ;"osf] k|sfz k/fjt{g eP/ ;'ssf HjngzLn
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j:t'df 7f]lSsP/ cfuf] pTkGg eO{ km}ng' .
7"nf ljB'tLo tf/ Pscfk;df h'Wbf jf ljB'tLo df]6/x¿af6
b'36gfa; cfuf] pTkGg eP/ km}ng' .
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cfuf] nufpFbf la?jfn] rfF8f] kfn'jf xfN5, 3fF; df}nfpF5
eg]/ hªundf 89]nf] nfpg' .
cfjf;, pBf]u, snsf/vfgfdf tyf cGo :yfgdf ljleGg
sf/0fn] cfuf] pTkGg eO{ ;Nsg' .

11. cfunfuL ;lhn} km}lng] If]q
vfgf ksfpg / cGo 3/]n' k|of]hgsf nflu 3/3/df ;w}F cfuf]
aflnG5 . t/, o:tf] cfuf] cgk]lIft :yfgdf ;lNsg]lalQs} klg
cfunfuLsf] k|sf]k l;h{gf eOxfNb}g . k|fslts / s[lqd sf/0fn]
pTkGg ePsf] cfuf] ;dod} lgoGq0f ug{ g;s] of] km}nG5 /
cfunfuLsf] k|sf]k pTkGg x'G5 . o;/L ljleGg lsl;dn] ;lNsPsf]
cfuf] km}n]/ k|sf]k pTkGg x'g cfuf] ;Ns]sf] :yfgsf] k|s[lt,
ToxfF /x]sf k|fs[lts Pjd dfgjLo k|of]usf j:t' jf ;+/rgf,
cfuf]n] ;d]6]sf] If]q, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf
;| f ] t ;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf] cj:yf, :yfgLo txdf /x] s f]
hgzlQmh:tf w]/} sf/0fn] cxd e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g .
cfunfuLsf] k|sf]k x'g] :yfg / cj:yf
cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug{ ;|ft, ;fwg gePsf :yfg .
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cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos hgzlQm gePsf :yfg .
cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug{, ;|ft;fwg kl/rfng ug{ hfGg] JolQm
]
gePsf :yfg .
3gf cfjfbL tyf
g]kfndf cfunfuLaf6 Iflt
of]hgfljxLg a:tL .
jif{ dfgj d[To' cfly{s Iflt ?=
v8]/L k/]/ emf/kft ;'Vvf
ePsf] jg . !((% &# @#,^@,*),(#&÷–
;lhn} aNg ;Sg] j:t' jf !((^ ^! #),*#,^$,%$%÷–
!((& $% @#,)&,%#,(%(÷–
afnLgfnL ePsf :yfg .
xjfOhxfh b' 3 { 6 gf / !((* %$ #,#%,%*,@@*÷–
k|fljlws q'l6 ePsf If]q . !((( $^ !#,%&,&^,!*(÷–
@))) %# @#,(@,%!,**!÷–
clt k|HHjngzLn j:t'
@))! @^ @$,^@,%^,$)!÷–
ePsf :yfg . @))@ !! ($,^(,!%,(#)÷–
udL{ / x' / Latf; rNg]
@))# !^ &#,!),@$,%))÷–
:yfg . hDdf #*% #,!),*!,*@,%&)÷–
;|ft M g]kfn ;/sf/, u[xdGqfno .
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12. jf?0foGqsf]
ljZjOltxf;
ljleGg sf/0fn] pTkGg cfunfuL ;dod} lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sbf
o;n] k|sf]ksf] ¿k wf/0f u/L 7"nf] dfqfdf wghg / dxŒjk"0f{
j:t'sf] Iflt ub{5 . t;y{, cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L
k|ljlwsf] vf]hLsf qmddf ;g !^)) tfsf a]nfotdf xftn]
rnfpg'kg]{ nfdf l;l/Gh kDkh:tf jf?0foGq (Fire Engine) sf]
ljsf;af6 jf?0foGqsf] Oltxf; ;'? x'G5 . t/ k|of]u ug{ ckm7/f]
]
ePsfn] tL ;fdu|Laf6 ;g !^## df nG8gdf ePsf]] cfunfuL
lgoGq0f ug{ ;Dej ePg . To; cg'ejaf6 k|f/Dedf ljsf;
ePsf] To; ;fdfGo k|ljlwdf cfjZos ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g cfjZos
7flgof]] . ;g !^^^ df nG8gdf km]l/ …u|6 kmfo/ nG8gÚ gfd
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lbOPsf] eoªs/ cfunfuL eof] . o;/L cfunfuL bf]xf]l/O/xFbf
cfuf] lgefpg] /fd|f] k|ljlw / k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf
68sf/f] b]lvg yfNof] . kmn:j¿k ;g !*## df nG8g kmfo/
OlGhgsf] :yfkgf x'g k'Uof] .
cfw'lgs jf?0foGqsf] ljsf;df kmfo/ OlGhgsf k|yd ;~rfns
h]D; a|8 p8 (James Braid Wood) n] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf
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5g . k|f/Dedf ;f] kmfo/ OlGhgdf *) hgf rf}aL;} 3G6f
t}gfy sd{rf/L tyf !( kmfo/ :6];g :yfkgf ul/P . p8n]
!*## b]lv !*^% ;Dd pQm ;+oGqsf] g]t[Tj ub}{ cfunfuL
lgoGq0fs} l;nl;nfdf k'l/P/ d[To'j/0f u/] . nG8gdf kmfo/
OlGhg :yfkgf ePkl5 tTsfnLg ladf sDkgLn] ;d] t
jf?0foGqsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg u¥of] . cfw'lgs jf?0foGqsf]
ljsf;df SofK6]g ;/ O/df;]:j (Captain Sir Eyremassayshow) n]
w]/} ldlxg]t vr]sf 5g . o; qmddf Pstkm{ kmfo/ OlGhgsf]
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13. ljsf; x'Fb} uof] eg] csf]{tkm{ cfuf] lgefpg 5'§} ;+oGqsf]
cfjZostfaf]w u/L a]nfotdf ;g !*^% df d]6f] kmfo/ la|u8
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P]g kfl/t eof] . To;}anfb]lv a]nfotsf] clUglgoGq0f ljefu
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axfnjfnf k|wfgdGqLsf] dftxtdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ToxL
P]gcg';f/ ;g !()$ df nG8g kmfo/ la|u8 / ;g !($! df
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g]zgn kmfo/ ;le{;sf] :yfkgf eof] . o;}tfsf a]nfotdf
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sf7df8f}sf] h'4;8sdf /flvPsf] pQm jf?0foGq h'4 jf?0foGqsf]
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kl/;/df cBflk 5Fb5 .}
cGo If]qdf h:t} jf?0foGqsf] If]qdf klg hfkfgn] w]/} ljsf;
u/]sf] 5 . hfkfgdf ;j{kyd ;g !^%* clUglgoGq0fsf nflu
|
…hf]–ljs];LÚ elgg] hg:t/sf] ;ªu7g vf]lnof] . ;g !&!& df
tTsfnLg 6f]lsof] gu/sf hgtf cfkm}n] …dfrL–ljs];LÚ elgg]
F
clUglgoGq0f ljefu :yfkgf u/] . ;g !*^* df hfkfgdf
cfw'lgs k|zf;lgs Joj:yf nfu" ePkl5 Fire Defence nfO{
u[xdGqfnocGtu{t /flvof] . hfkfg ;/sf/n] ;g !($& df
nfu" u/]sf] kmfo/ l8km]G; cu{gfOh]zg sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ;g !($* b]lv x'b} cfPsf] 5 .
F
g]kfndf clUglgoGq0f ;]jf
clUglgoGq0f ;]jf Fire Service cfunfuLsf] cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf
JolQm, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] hgwgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;w}F tof/L
cj:yfdf /xg] lgMz'Ns ¿kdf pknAw x'g] ;]jf xf] . g]kfn
;/sf/n] pkTosfsf tLg jf?0foGq ;]jfnfO{ u[xdGqfnocGtu{t
/fv]sf] 5 eg] ljleGg gu/ If]qdf gu/kflnsfcGtu{t jf?0foGq
;]jf ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g .
cfunfuLsf] ljkb pTkGg x'bf kLl8tn] p4f/ / /fxtsf] ;]jf
F
kfpg' p;sf] dfgjclwsf/ xf] . t;y{ cfunfuLaf6 cfˆgf

14. gful/ssf] lhpwgsf] Iflt gxf]; eg]/ ljZjsf k|foMh;f] ;a}
/fi6«df o;sf lglDt cfjZos ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu ;/sf/L
nufgL ePd'tflas g} pknlAw xfl;n ePsf 5g . t/ g]kfndf
xfn;Dd #% ;x/df dfq jf?0foGq ;]jf pknAw x'g'nfO{
;Gtf]ifhgs dfGg ;lsFbg . To;df klg u[xdGqfnon] cfkmgf]
}
dftxtdf /x]sf sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf tLg jf?0foGq ;~rfngsf
nflu s]jn kGw| nfv ?k}ofF jflif{s ah]6 ljlgof]hgd} ;Lldt
/fVg' kof{Kt dfGg ;lsGg . To:t}, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon]
cfkm"cGtu{t /x]sf] #@ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt jf?0foGq
;]jfsf nflu !# nfv () xhf/ ?k}ofF dfqsf] cltGo"g /sd
cg'bfg lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;/sf/n] clw/fHoe/sf
jf?0foGqsf nflu s]jn @* nfv () xhf/ ?k}ofF dfq vlr{g]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf?0foGq ;]jfsf] ljsf;df /fi6«n] ck]lIft nufgL
ug{ g;s]s} sf/0f o;sf] ;]jf e/kbf]{ / ;j{;ne x'g ;s]sf]
'
5}g . k|of]udf cfO/x]sf tyf pknAw jf?0foGqx¿sf] cj:yf
/fd|f] gx'g,' sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf Pjd Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu cfjZos
tflnd, ;|f]t;fwg tyf ;'ljwf / ladfsf] Joj:yf gx'g'h:tf
Joj:yfksLo sdhf]/Ldf klg ah]6 cefj g} sf/s b]lvG5g .
o:tf sdLsdhf]/Lsf] lgjf/0fsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ kf6f]sf ¿kdf
cfly{s ;|ftn] g} e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .
]
jf?0foGq ;]jf lj:tf/ Pjd o;sf] ;]jf:t/ ljsf; ug]{ bfloTj
;/sf/d} hfG5 . /fHon] o:tf dfgjLo ;]jfaf6 hgtfnfO{
jl~rt ug'{ eg]sf] cfktsfnLg ;dodf p4f/ gu/L hgwgsf]
Iflt x'g] cj:yfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{h:t} xf] . o:tf] cj:yfaf6
cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg, gful/s jf ;dfhn] >L;DklQ
/ cfkmGt dfq u'dfpFbgg, /fi6«sf] cfly{s d]?b08 g} w/fzoL
}
aGg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ctM /fHo / gful/s ;dfh b'jn] cfunfuL
}
;femf ljkb xf] eg]/ jf?0foGqsf] lj:tf/ / ;]jf:t/ ljsf;df
Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 .

15. jf?0foGq ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf
jf?0foGq ;]jfsf] sfo{ cfunfuL ePsf] cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf
cfuf] lgefpg' xf] . t/ jf?0foGqsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] Ps}kN6 w]/}
7fpFdf ePsf 36gfdWo] s'g 36gfnfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbg]
eGg] lgSof]n ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfuf] lgoGq0fdf
{
sfdsf] k|fyldstfqmd dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . clUglgoGq0fdf vl6Psf
sd{rf/Ln] ;aeGbf klxn] dfgjLo Iflt x'g glbg], ;s];Dd
sd ug]{ / cGo Iflt gx'g] cj:yf pTkGg u/fpg]tkm{ Wofg
k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . cfunfuLsf] ;dodf aflx/L cfuf] lgoGq0f
gu/L leqL cfuf] lgoGq0f ug{ vf] H bf clUglgoGq0fdf
vl6Psfx¿nfO{ g} cfuf]n] 3]g{ ;S5 . aflx/L cfuf] gnfu]sf]
cj:yfdf leqL cfuf] lgoGq0f sfo{ klg k|fyldstfqmdcg';f/
ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;kmntf;fy cfuf] lgefpg clUglgoGq0fdf
vl6Psf sd{rf/Ldf ;fx;, a'l4dfgL / tTsfn lg0f{o ug{
;Sg] Ifdtf x'g' kb{5 . sltko cj:yfdf tTsfn} k|fyldstf
lgSof]n u/]/ sfo{ ug{ g;Sbf cfuf] lgoGq0f ug{ w]/} sl7g eO{
{
hgwgsf] Iflt w]/} x'g] ub{5 .
cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug{' clt sl7g sfd xf] . o;sf nflu
cfunfuLsf] sf/0f, cfunfuL ePsf] :yfgsf] jftfj/0f, :ynut
tyf dfgjLo kl/j]z, cfunfuLsf] l:ylt / cfunfuL eO/x]sf]
;doh:tf s'/fdf Wofg lbP/ plrt k|aGw ug{ g;s] clUglgoGqs
:jod hf]lvddf kg{ ;S5g . ;xL ;dodf, ;xL sfd ug{
g;Sbf p4f/bn g} 36gfsf] l;sf/ x'g a]/ nfUb}g . o:tf] eof]
eg] k|sf]kdf yk kL8f / ;d:of pTkGg x'G5 .
cfunfuL lgoGq0f
cfuf] nfu]/ lgefpg'eGbf cfuf] nfUg} glbg' k|sf]kaf6 aRg]

16. ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo xf] . To;}n] 3/ agfpFbf, ljB'tLo jfol/ª
ubf{, efG5f agfpFbf, Uof;, ;nfO{, nfO6/ rnfpFbf, r'/f]6 tfGbf,
w"kaQL afNbf;d]t cfuf]sf] Jojl:yt k|of]udf Wofg k'¥ofpg'
kb{5 . ;dfhdf cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu cfktsfnLg ;dodf
rflxg] cfjZos ;+zfwgsf] k"jf{wf/ tof/L cj:yfdf eP o:tf
ljkbsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . cfunfuLaf6 aRg 3/,
sfof{no, xf]6n, /]:6'/G6, c:ktfn, gl;{ªxf]d cflb ;fj{hlgs
]
:yfgdf clUg;dgssf] Joj:yf ug{;s] To:tf :yfgdf nfu]sf]
cfuf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;xh x'G5 . o:tf clUg;dgs ;fwgsf]
;do–;dodf hfFru/L b'?:t /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . To:t} ejg
jf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf pko'Qm :ynut of]hgf tof/
u/L u' 0 f:t/Lo lgdf{ 0 f ;fdu| L sf] k| o f] u ubf{ Pstkm{
cfunfuLnufot af9L, klx/f], cfFwLa]x/Lh:tf cGo k|sf]kaf6
klg aRg ;lsG5 eg] csf]tkm{ k|sf]ksf] k|efj lj:tf/ x'gaf6
{
lgoGq0f eO{ Iflt Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
g]kfnsf] t/fO{If]q ;'Svf df};ddf a9L cfunfuL x'g] If]q xf] .
t/fO{df a:g] ljz]ifu/L cflbaf;L / ljkGg kl/jf/sf 3/ tyf
af/a]/f k/fn, 5jfnL, v/, ;G7L -h'6sf] 8fF7_ af6 agfOPsf
F
xf]rf / ;fgf x'G5g . o:tf 3/aflx/ / leq 3/fo;L k|of]hgdf
/ r'/f]6, laF8L cflb ;]jg ug{ cfuf]sf] k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . udL{n]
;a} j:t' ;'s/ em'?Dd ePsf] a]nf xfjfn] cfuf] p8fP/ NofP/
]
jf c;fjwfgLa; r'/f]6 laF8Lsf 7'6f glgefOsg kmfn]/ jf
b'ef{Uoa; cfuf]n] o:tf j:t' l6Kbf cfunfuL x'g k'U5 . o:tf
:yfgdf cfuf] km}ng]qmd tLj| ultdf x'g] x'bf lgoGq0fsf] ;Defjgf
F
w]/} sd x'G5 . cTolws cfunfuLsf 36gf x'g ;Sg] o:tf
:yfgsf] klxrfg u/L ;Defljt cfunfuLaf6 aRg :yfgLo
lgsfon] cfunfuL hf]lvdsf] gS;f tof/ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

17. cfunfuL–hf]lvd gS;fªsgdf Wofg
lbg'kg]{ kIf
;w}F vt/f eO/xg] j:t' jf ;DefJo :yfgsf] klxrfg .
vt/fk"0f{ j:t' /x]sf] :yfgsf] klxrfg .
cfunfuL lgoGq0fdf :yfgLo ;+nUgtf
cfunfuL x'bf jf?0foGq ;]jf t'?Gt pknAw eOxfN5 eGg] 5}g .
F
s'g} klg :yfgdf cfunfuL ;'? x'gf;fy cfunfuL lgoGq0f
sfo{df :yfgLo ;d'bfon] v]Ng] e"ldsf g} ;a}eGbf a9L dxŒjk"0f{
x'G5 . jf?0foGq cfOgk'Ub} :yfgLo ;d'bfos} k|of;af6 cfunfuL
lgoGq0f ePsf pbfx/0f ;dfhdf k|z:t kfOG5g . jf?0foGq
cfOk'ukl5 klg cfuf] lgoGq0fdf :ynut cj:yf a'em]sf :yfgLo
]
;d'bfosf] e"ldsfn] 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg ;S5 .
cfunfuL eOxfn] s] ug]{ <
cfunfuL ePsf] hfgsf/L ufpF;d'bfo;Dd /fd|/L k'Ug]u/L
s/fpFb} jf l;67L k'ms]/ hg;xeflutf h'6fpg] .
cfuf] km}ng gkfpFb} lgoGq0fdf tTsfn} h'6g] .
cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug]{ ;|ft, ;fwgsf] ;xL ¿kdf pkof]u
]
ug]{ .
pknAw hgzlQmnfO{ nfOga4 ug]{ / kfgL, xl/of af]6la?jf,
afn'jf, df6f]h:tf j:t' Psn] csf{df x:tfGt/0f ub{} cfunfuL
ePsf] :yfg;Dd k'¥ofpg] .
;a}n] ;xof]usf] efjgfn] sfd ug]{ .
;|ft;fwg gePsf :yfgdf 5]p5fpdf cfuf] a9g glbg' g}
]
cfuf] lgoGq0fsf] ;kmntf ePsfn] To;tkm{ Wofg lbg] .
cfunfuLdf k/]sf dflg;nfO{ ;Dej eP cj:yfcg';f/

18. s'b/, kN6Fb} jf cGo ;'/lIft tl/sfaf6 aflx/ lgSng nufpg]
]
tyf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
cfuf]sf] 3]/faf6 lgSng ;Dej gePsf kLl8tnfO{ kfgLn]
leh]sf]] sk8f lbg], k|of]u ug]{ / To:tf] sk8f z/L/df a]//
]
aflx/ lgsfNg ;xof]u ug]{ .
36gfaf/] va/ ubf{ kfng ug'{kg]{ s'/f
36gfaf/] cfktsfnLg p4f/sf nflu jf?0foGq ;]jfnfO{ va/
ubf{ lgDg s'/fx¿sf] 5f]6s/Ldf hfgsf/L lbg' kb{5 M
s:tf] 36gf ePsf] xf] <
36gf s'g 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] <
36gf:yn k'Ug] af6f] s'g xf] <
af6f]sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
36gfsf] k|sl[ t s:tf] 5 <
va/ ug]sf] gfd / ;Dks{ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ cflb .
{
p4f/ bnn] ug'kg]{ sfd tyf st{Jo
{
p4f/ bndf vl6Psf clUglgoGqssf] st{Jo cfuf] lgefpg'
dfq x'bg, k|sf]kdf km;]sf s]6fs]6L, a"9fa"9L, ckfªu / czQm
F }
dflg;sf]] p4f/ ug'{ pgLx¿sf] k|yd st{Jo x'G5 . To;kl5
cfuf] lgoGq0fsf sfo{ ;'rf? ub}{ 3fOt]sf] pkrf/sf] k|aGw;d]t
Ps};fy ldnfpg' kb{5 . clUglgoGqs 6f]nLn] ;w}F k|fyldstfsf
cfwf/df ljj]s k|of]u u/L sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
cfuf] lgoGq0f 6f]nLn] ckgfpg'kg]{ k|fyldstfqmd
cfunfuL ePsf] :yfg, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, dfgjLo tyf cGo
ef}lts Ifltsf] ;Defjgfsf] tTsfn} cfsng u/L clUglgoGqsn]
k|fyldstfqmd lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|yldstfqmd lgwf{/0f
ubf{ ljz]ifu/L lgDg ljifonfO{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 M

19. s= 36gf:yndf k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df sfd ug]{ .
cfˆgf] ;'/Iff ug]{ .
3fOt] / km;]sfsf] p4f/ ug]{ .
cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug]{ .
cfunfuL 5]p5fp km}ng glbg] .
3fOt]sf] k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ .
v= p4f/df czQmnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg] .
u= afnaRrf, dlxnf, j[4j[4f tyf 3fOt]sf] p4f/ ug]{ .
3= ;fjwfgL;fy sfd ug]{ .
ª= 36gf:ynaf6 lgsfn]sf j:t'x¿sf] ;'/Iff ug]{ .
r= p4f/ ug],{ ljkb lgoGq0f ug],{ 3fOt]sf] k|fylds pkrf/
ug]{ / 3fOt]nfO{ c:ktfn nfg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
5= Ifltsf] ljj/0f lng] M
36gfsf] sf/0f
36gf:ynsf] If]qkmn
cfly{s Ifltsf] cfsng
3fOt]sf] cj:yfsf] ljj/0f
d[tssf] ;ªVof cflb .
cfuf] lgoGq0fdf hg;xeflutf
;dfhdf eO/xg] k|sf]k lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;/sf/L
k|of; dfq oy]i6 x'bg eg] p;sf]] pkl:ylt klg ;a} :yfgdf
F }
;Dej x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu 5/l5d]s tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf]]
hfu?stf tyf ;xeflutf cfjZos x'G5 . ;fd"lxs ;xeflutf
/ arfj6sf :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] 1fg tyf hgr]tgf
k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;xfos x'G5 . r]tgzLn ;dfhdf

20. cfunfuL lgoGq0f u/L Iflt sd ug{] sfo{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] ljsf; ug{
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf x'g] / ltgnfO{ k|ToIf nfe x'g]
sfo{ ul/g' ;fGble{s x'G5 M
hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd
cfunfuL x'g] sf/0f / To;af6 k'Ug] dfgjLo, cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
ef}uf]lns, kof{j/0fLo c;/af/] hgtfnfO{ r]tgzLn agfpg],
o;sf] ljkbaf6 ;'/lIft u/fpg] / Iflt Go"gLs/0fdf hg;xeflutf
h'6fpg] k|of; k"jtof/Lsf] klxnf] sfo{ xf] . hgr]tgf clej[l4
{
ug{ /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsfh:tf cfd;~rf/sf dfWodaf6
o:tf 36gf x'g;Sg] sf/0f, Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo, p4f/,
Ifltsf] d"Nofªsg, tYofªs ;ªsng, /fxt ljt/0f cflb ljifodf
hfgsf/L u/fpFbf 36gfsf] dfqf / ltgaf6 k'Ug] Ifltdf sdL
cfpF5 .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+nUgtf
g]kfndf k|sf]ksf ljljw If]qdf sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]
;+nUgtf :yfgLo:t/df klg a9b} cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] cfˆgf]
bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf If]qdf cfFvf k'¥ofP/ ;fd'bflos
;xeflutfsf cfwf/df sfd ug]{ k|of;df nfu]sf w]/} u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg, k"j{tof/L, cfktsfnLg p4f/ tyf
/fxtsf If]qdf sfo{/t 5g . k|sf]ks} cj:yfdf tTsfn} ;/sf/sf]
pkl:ylt ;Dej gx'g klg ;Sb5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf k|sf]k;Fu
;DalGwt sfo{ ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ cfunfuL lgoGq0f
tyf cfktsfnLg p4f/ / ;xof]usf lgldQ ;l/s u/fpg'
k5{ .
xf]l8{ªaf]8{ /fVg] jf kf]:6/ 6f“:g]
cfunfuLaf/] ;r]t agfpFb} Iflt Go"gLs/0f / k|sf]k lgoGq0fdf

21. hg;xeflutf h' 6 fpg ;fj{ h lgs :yfgdf ;/n efiffsf
xf]l8{ªaf]8{ /fVg], kf]:6/ 6fF:g], krf{ ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
lzIffd"ns sfo{qmd
cfunfuL jf cGo ljkbaf6 aRg k"j{tof/L, ;DefJo :yfgsf]
klxrfg tyf 5gf]6, k|sf]k /f]syfdsf pkfo, 36gf jf 36gfkl5
3fOt]sf] p4f/ tyf k|fylds pkrf/sf] Joj:yf, /fxt ljt/0f,
k' g lg{ d f{ 0 f tyf k' g :yf{ k gh:tf ljifodf ;/n efiffdf
kf7o;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf, ufpF3/, ;8s jf :yfgLo d~rdf
b]vfpg ;lsg] gf6s, 6]lnlkmNd, k|x;g cflbsf dfWodaf6
;a}nfO{ ;hu agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . ljkbsf a]nf cfˆgf]
;DklQ / cfkmGt u'dfPsfnfO{ c¿n] lbg] dfgjLo ;xof]u g}
hLjgsf] cfwf/ x'G5 . ljkbdf wgL–ul/a hf] klg kg{ ;S5
eGg] ;Gb]z ;a}df k'¥ofpg;s] hgdfg;df ;xof]usf] efjgf
hfUg] 5 .
:yfgLo lgsfo / ;|ft;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg
]
:yfgLo lgsfox¿df k|sf]k;DaGwL ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/L ;|f]t
/ ;fwg h'6fpg] tyf cfunfuL tyf cGo k|sf]k lgoGq0fsf
tflnd k|bfg ug]{, cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ tyf ;+/rgf
lgdf{0fsf dfkb08 nfu" ug]h:tf ljleGg sfo{ ug{;s] cfunfuLsf]
{
k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f, lgoGq0f tyf kLl8tsf] p4f/sfo{ ;lhnf]
x'G5 .
cf}iflwpkrf/ / /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf
36gfaf6 kLl8tx¿sf] p4f/;F u } 3fOt] dflg;nfO{ tTsfn}
pkrf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . s'g} 3fOt]n] t'?Gt pkrf/ gkfP
p;sf] d[To' x'g;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf :ynut 6«df c:ktfn
jf :yfgLo lgsfod} k|fylds pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'g' h?/L
x'G5 . k|sf]kaf6 3fOt] ePsfsf] k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fdu|L
:yfgLo ;d'bfodf ;d'bfos} /]vb]vdf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/g'
kb{5 . k|fylds pkrf/kl5 cfjZos k/] c:ktfn n}hfg] Joj:yf
klg ug'{ kb{5 . k|sf]kkLl8t JolQm jf kl/jf/ jf ;d'bfonfO{

22. tTsfn /fxt ;fdfu|L pknAw u/fpg' klg cfjZos x'G5 .
;/sf/n] k|sf]ksf] ;Defljt If]qdf :yfgLo lgsfo, ;d'bfo
tyf ;DalGwt If]qdf sfd ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+of]hgdf
cfktsfnLg p4f/ / /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' cfjZos
x'G5 .
kLl8tsf] dgf]an a9fpg]
k|sf]kkLl8tnfO{ b'Mvsf] ;dodf lxDdt, ;fx; lbg' klg dxŒjk"0f{
sfo{ xf] . o;af6 kLl8tnfO{ kL8f / b'Mvsf] 38Ldf PSnf]
dx;'; x'Fb}g . o:tf] ;dodf lbOg] ;fGTjgfn] 3fOt]df afFRg]
dgf]ansf] j[l4 x'g5 eg] kLl8tnfO{ kL8faf]waf6 aflx/ lg:sg]
]
;fx; k|bfg ub{5 .
k'/:sf/
k|sf]ksf ;dodf ul/g] p4f/ cfkm}df hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . p4f/sdL{
F
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