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jiff{sf] clen]v lgs} 8/nfUbf] lyof] . ;g !(*) sf] cu:t !@ df
afh'/fdf $#! ldlnld6/ jiff{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;g !(*! sf]
;]K6]Da/ @( df klZrdf~rn If]qsf] a]njfdf $$^ ldlnld6/, ;g
'
!(^* cu:t @% df dWodf~rnsf] 3'Dtfªdf %)) ldlnld6/, emfkfsf]
cgf/dgLdf ;g !(%( sf] cS6f]a/df $&# ldlnld6/ jiff{ ePsf] lyof] .
jiff{sf] :j¿kdf ptf/r9fj x'gdf k|fs[lts 36sx¿aLr x'g] cGtlqm{of
'
g} k|dv sf/s xf] . oBlk jfo'kbif0fsf sf/0f ljZjJofkL ¿kdf a9]sf]
' | "
tfkqmd / hnjfo' kl/jt{g klg jiff{sf] :j¿kdf ljrng Nofpg] sf/s
b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg] k|dv sf/0f
'
hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ klg dflgPsf] 5 .

af9Lsf] k|j[lQ
jiff{ x'g' / gbLdf kfgLsf] axfj a9]/ af9L cfpg' k|fs[lts lgod xf] .
gbLdf af9L cfP klg Tof] cfˆgf] k|fs[lts axfj If]qd} aUbf hghLjgdf
vf;} c;/ kb}g . hgwgsf] Iflt gug]{ To:tf] af9LnfO{ k|sf]ksf ¿kdf
{
lng klg h¿/L 7flgFbg . t/ gbLdf cfPsf] af9Ln] cfjf; If]q 8'afof],
}
dflg; aufof], v]tLof]Uo hldg s6fg tyf 8'afg u/]/ hgwgsf] Iflt
u¥of] eg] To:tf] af9LnfO{ k|sf]k dflgG5 .
gbLsf] axfjsf] k|sl[ tdf kl/jt{g cfP/ To;n] cfˆgf] axfjdfu{ kl/jt{g
ubf{ klg hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;f] ePdf af9Lsf]
k|jl[ Qdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 . hnfwf/ If]q cyjf axfj If]qdf hDdf x'g]
afn'jf, 9'ªuf, tyf u]uØfgL jf lyu|gL tyf kfgLdf ldl;g] cGo kbfy{sf
| ]
sf/0f klg af9Lsf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpg ;S5 . ;ªnf] jf ;fdfGo
wldnf] /x]sf] 7"nf] af9Lsf] t'ngfdf lyu|gL ldl;Psf] af9Ln] lgs} w]/}
]
Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . gbLsf] axfjdfu{ w]/} le/fnf] ePdf af9L;Fu} 9'ªuf, df6f]

/ cGo h}ljs kbfy{ w]/} aU5 . To:tf] af9L sd le/fnf] jf d}bfglt/ k'Ubf
o;n] aufP/ NofPsf] lyu|gL gbLsf] lkFwdf hDdf x'G5 jf lsgf/df hDdf
]

x'G5 . lyu|gL gbLsf] axfj dfu{d} y'lk|Pdf gbL psf; eP/ kfgLsf] axfj
]
aflx/ aUb5 / dfgja:tL tyf s[life"ldlt/ km}lnG5 . o;/L gbLsf]
pTklQ:yn, jiff{sf] cj:yf, gbL aUg] ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cWoogaf6
af9Lsf] k|jl[ Q s:tf] x'G5 eg]/ cWoog u/]kl5 dfq af9Lsf] hf]lvd /
;ªs6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f u/]/ k"jtof/L ug{ ;lsG5 .
{

af9Lsf] k|sf/
af9LnfO{ ef}uf]lns cj:yf / k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs k|rng cg';f/
ljleGg ¿kdf lrlgG5 eg] z}lIfs k|lti7fgn] af9LnfO{ k|fljlws ¿kdf
juL{s/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; k'l:tsfdf af9Lsf oL ;a} juL{s/0fsf]
ljj]rgf ;Dej gePsf]n] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L dfq lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
gbLdf cfpg] af9L
lgoldt ¿kdf Ps gf;n] kfgL aUg] 7"nf gbLdf jiff{sf ;dodf cfpg]
af9LnfO{ gbLaf9L elgG5 . o:tf] af9Ln] gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf v]tLof]Uo
e"ld, ufpF3/df Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . 7"nf gbLdf cfpg] af9L ;fdfGoh:tf]
nfu] klg kfgLsf] dfqf a9b} hfFbf o;sf] Ifdtf lgs} ljgfzsf/L x'G5 .
cfsl:ds af9L
ljz]ifu/L 3gf jiff{ x'bf jf PsfPs 7"nf jiff{ x'bf ;txdf Psf]xf]l/P/
F F
au]sf] kfgL vf]N;fvfN;L x'b} vx/]df k'u/ ljgfzsf/L ¿k wf/0f u5{ .
F ]
slxNo} kfgL gaUg] vf]nfdf PsfPs cfpg] o:tf] af9LnfO{ cfsl:ds
af9L elgG5 . To;}u/L dflyNnf] If]qdf /x]sf] k|fs[lts tfn jf dfgjlgld{t
afFw km'6/ cfpg] af9LnfO{ klg cfsl:ds af9L elgG5 . PsfPs cfpg]
]
t/ jiff{ /f]lsgf;fy jf km'6sf] afFw jf kf]v/Lsf] kfgL ;lsgf;fy ;'Sg]
]
ePsfn] o;af6 aRg t6Lo If]qsf dflg;n] k"jtof/L ug{ gEofpg] x'bf
{ F
o:tf] af9L lgSs} ljgfzsf/L x'G5 .
;lDdl>t af9L
afn'jf, 9'ªuf–df6f], emf/kft, af]6la?jf, cflb ldl;Psf] n]bf] af9LnfO{

u]uØfgL af9L elgG5 . cfsl:ds af9Lkl5 of] af9L Hofb} ljgfzsf/L
|
dflgG5 . u]uØfgL af9Ldf k/]sf dflg;, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ s]xL klg
|

hLljt /xg ;Sb}g . o:tf] af9L ljz]ifu/L klx/f] hfFbf, d?e"ldo'Qm hldg
au]/ vf]nf–gbLdf ldl;Fbf pTklQ x'g] ub{5 .
;d'b| t6Lo af9L
;d'bdf p7]sf] cfFwL, ;'gfdL cflbsf sf/0f ;d'bsf] 5fn t6Lo e"lddf
| |
af9Lsf ¿kdf k|jz u5{ . o:tf] af9Ln] vf;u/L ;d'b| t6 / cf;kf;sf
]
ufpF / ;x/df Iflt k'¥ofpF5 .

g]kfndf af9Lsf] Oltxf;
g]kndf af9Lsf] klxnf] clen]v ;g !()@÷# df jfudtL gbLdf cfPsf]
af9LnfO{ ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 ;g !(^$ tyf ;g !(*$ df ;'gsf];L
gbLdf cfPsf] 7"nf] af9Lsf] clen]v /flvPsf] kfOG5 . gVv' vf]nfdf ;g
!(*! sf] ;]K6]Da/df uPsf] u]uØfgLo'Qm af9L sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf
|
uPsf] ;aeGbf vt/gfs af9L dflgPsf] 5, h;df sl/a &@ dflg;sf]
Hofg uPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ;g !(%! df eLdkm]bLdf
cfPsf] ;f]xL k|sf/sf] af9Ln] #) hgfsf] Hofg lnPsf] lyof] -O;Ldf]8,
!((#_ . g]kfndf o;afx]s klg lgs} 7"nf af9L uPsf 5g . ;g !(*#
b]lv ;g @))# ;Dddf af9L / klx/f]df k/L ^ xhf/ & ;o !$ hgfsf]
Hofg uO;s]sf] 5 -g]kfn ;/sf/, u[x dGqfno, @))%_ . g]kfnsf]
Oltxf;df ;g !((# sf] af9L g} xfn;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf ljgfzsf/L af9L
dflgG5 . ;f] jif{ af9Lklx/f]df k/L ! xhf/ # ;o #^ hgfsf] Hofg uPsf]
lyof] eg] c/af}F ¿k}ofFa/fa/sf] cfly{s Iflt ePsf] lyof] .

af9L cfpg'sf sf/0f
gbLdf af9L cfpg' eg]sf] dg;'gsf] ;dodf x'g] Ps k|sf/sf] lgoldt
k|lqmof xf] . To;}n] af9L cfpgaf6 /f]Sg' c;Dej x'G5 . jiff{, af9L,
v08j[li6, v8]/L k|sl[ tsf ;fdfGo lgod x'g . k|sl[ tsf] o;k|sf/sf]
lgoldt k|lqmofnfO{ dflg;n] k"0f{ ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g . t/ klg
af9Lsf] k|efj tyf o;af6 x'g;Sg] hgwgsf] Iflt eg] sd ug{
;lsG5 . o;sf nflu af9L s] sf/0fn] / s;/L cfpF5 eGg] hfgsf/L

lng' k5{ . af9Laf6 aRg k"jtof/L ug{{ jf p4f/, /fxt / k'gM:yfkg,
{
k'gMlgdf{0fh:tf sfo{ ug{sf nflu klg af9L cfpg] sf/0f / To;sf]
k|jl[ Qsf] cWoog x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .
af9L k|fs[lts k|lqmof eP klg dfgjLo ultljlwn] o;sf] k|jl[ QnfO{
ljgfzsf/L agfPsf] 5 . ef/tLo pkdxfåLk / g]kfnnufotsf d'nsdf '
h]7sf] dWob]lv c;f]hsf] dWo;Dd dg;'g ;lqmo eP/ Jofks jiff{
x'G5 . o; qmddf 7fpF–7fpFdf jiff{sf] r/d bafa pTkGg eO{ 5f]6f]
;dodf c;fdfGo jiff{ x'G5 . lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ef/L dg;'gL em/L kbf{ 7"nf
gbLdf dfq geP/ ;fgf vf]nf / vx/]df ljzfn af9L cfpF5 . obfsbf
lxdtfn jf lxds'08sf] lj:kmf]6g x'bf klg af9L cfpF5 . klx/f] uP/ s'g}
F
gbL y'lgP/ Tof] afFw k'm6bf klg ljgfzsf/L af9Lsf] pTklQ x'G5 .
xfnsf] cj:yfdf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 eO/x]sf] jftfj/0fLo Ifltaf6 af9Lsf]
k|sf]kdf ;d]t j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .

klx/f]lgld{t af"w km'6/ cfPsf af9L
]
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klx/f]af6 ;g !(*% df lqz'nL
gbL w'Gr]glhs} !@ 3G6f;Dd y'lgPsf] lyof] . o;/L
gbL y'lgFbf ;fdfGotof #%) 3gld6/ k|lt;]sG8 kfgL ]
aUg] o; gbLdf cu:t #, !(*% sf] lbg kfgL axfj
PsfPs (# 3gld6/ k|lt;]sG8df el/of] . nueu !@
]
3G6fkl5 kfgLsf] axfj @ 3G6f;Dd @,)!) 3gld6/
k|lt;]sG8sf] eLdsfo :j¿k lnP/ pln{of] / kfFr
]
3G6fkl5 aNn km]l/ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfOk'Uof]
-vgfn !((*_ . t/ o; af9Laf6 ePsf] hgwgsf]
Iflt Hofb} Go"g lyof] . To:t}, ;g !(*@ df #
ju{lsnf]ld6/sf] eofgs klx/f] uP/ l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf]
j]NkL vf]nfnfO{ y'gsf] lyof] . klx/f]n] agfPsf] Tof] afFw
]
km'6bf kmnfd];fF3' cf;kf;af6 (& dflg;nfO{ !% j6f

3/;lxt aufP/ nu]sf] lyof]] .

k|fs[lts sf/0f
3gf jiff{ jf cltj[li6
jiff{ af9Lsf] k|dv k|fs[lts sf/0f xf] . gbLsf] hnfwf/ If]qdf 5f]6f]
'
;dodf 7"nf] jiff{ ePdf klg ljgf;sf/L af9L cfpF5 .
e"Ifo tyf klx/f]
g]kfnsf] kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qdf klx/f]n] agfPsf] afFw km'6/ cfpg]
]
af9Ln] ;fdfGotof k|sf]k bf]xf]¥ofO/xG5 . kj{tLo If]qsf] le/fnf] hldg
/ 9'ªufsf] 7"nf] kl/df0f tnlt/ emb{5 . o;/L em/]sf] hldg / 9'ªufn]

gbL y'G5 / dflyNnf] If]qdf 7"nf] kf]v/L aG5 . klx/f]n] agfPsf o:tf
afFwx¿ s]xL ld6/ cUnf x'g ;S5g . o:tf c:YffoL afFw km'6/ gbLdf
]
7"nf] kl/df0fsf] kfgL PsfPs aUbf tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf ljzfn af9L
cfpF5 .
lxdtfn lj:kmf]6
g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf y'k}| lxdtfn 5g . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf eO/x]sf]
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f 7"nf–7"nf lxd If]qx¿ b|tt/ ultdf klUnP/
"
lxdtfnx¿ cem} w]/} ;ªVofdf ylkO/x]sf 5g . o:tf lxdtfnsf] lj:kmf]6g
x'bf To;df hDdf ePsf] 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] kfgL PsfPs aflx/ lg:sFbf
F
af9L pTkGg x'G5 . o;/L lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g eP/ tLj| j]udf pln{Psf]
7"nf] kl/df0fsf] kfgL / To;df ;dflxt ePsf] 9'ªufdf6f]sf] ld>0fn]

tNnf] t6Lo If]qsf k'n, hnljB'th:tf ;+/rgf, s[lif / hgwgdf ;d]t

7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . Ol;df]8 / o"PgO{kLn] ;+oQm ¿kdf tof/ kf/]sf]
'
ljj/0f cg';f/ g]kfndf /x]sf # xhf/ @ ;o %@ j6f lxdIf]qn]-lxdgbL_
s'n % xhf/ # ;o @# ju{lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf 5g . To;}u/L,
oxfF /x]sf @ xhf/ # ;o !% lxdtfndWo] @^ j6f lj:kmf]6 x'g] vt/fdf
5g (ICIMOD & UNEP 2000) .
R5f]/f]Nkf lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g x'bf cfpg ;Sg] af9Lsf] hf]lvd 36fpg
F
Pp6f s'n;f] sf6]/ lxdtfnsf] ;tx # ld6/ 36fOPsf] 5 . ;fOkmgh:tf
]
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo ckgfpg] k|of; klg ToxfF ul/Psf] 5 .

lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 eP/ af9L cfOxfn]df tTsfn ;ts{ u/fpg tNnf]
t6Lo If]qdf hgwgsf] Iflt x'g glbg k"jrtfjgL k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
{ ]
ePsf] 5 .
g]kfndf ljut s]xL bzsb]lv lxdtfn lj:kmf]6gaf6 pTkGg af9Lsf y'k|}
36gf bf]xf]l/O/x]sf 5g . ;g !(*! sf] h'nfO{ !! df ltAatsf] emfªhfªjf]
lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 x'bf cfPsf] af9Ln] g]kfn–rLg l;dfgfsf] k'n dfq
F
aufPsf] lyPg, %) lsnf]ld6/ tn;Dd Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L
$ cu:t !(*% df l8u T;f] lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 eP/ cfPsf] af9Ln]
gfDr]l:yt hnljB'tsf] ;+/rgf aufP/ sl/a !% nfv cd]l/sL

8n/a/fa/sf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] .

dfgjLo sf/0f
jgljgfz
kxf8L If]qdf lg/Gt/ x'g] jg ljgfzn] e"Ifo a9g] / hldgsf] df6f]sf]
kfgL ;f]:g] Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg] x'bf af9Lsf] dfqf a95 . ljz]ifu/L
F
g]kfnsf] dxfef/t / r'/] kj{t z[ªvnfdf a9]sf] hg3gTjn] jgljgfznfO{

ljs/fn agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 . To;}n] kxf8L If]qdf ;fg} jiff{ eP klg af9L
cfpg] qmd a9b5 .
cJojl:yt e"pkof]u
k/Dk/fut e"pkof]u k|jl[ Q tyf v]tLk|0ffnL / j:t'efpsf] clt r/Lr/gsf
sf/0f klg e"Ifo / klx/f] w]/} eP/ af9Lsf] hf]lvd a9b} uPsf] 5 .
gbLsf] cltqmd0f
gbLsf] axfjdfu{ / au/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf ljsf;sf ;+/rgf, dfgjLo
a;f]af;df j[l4 cflbn] kfgLsf] lgsf;df cj/f]w pTkGg ug]{ x'bf
F
af9Lsf] hf]lvd lgs} a9]sf]] 5 .


af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt / k|efj
hgwgsf] Iflt
af9Laf6 jif]gL xhf/fF} la3f pa{/ v]tLof]Uo hldg s6fg / 8'afg eP/
{
s/f}8f}F ¿k}ofFa/fa/sf] Iflt x'G5 . af9Ln] l;FrfO gx/, ;8s, k'n,
hnljB't of]hgfnufotsf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . af9Ln]
3/kfn'jf hgfj/df klg Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . g]kfndf jif]gL t/fO{sf] clwsf+z
{
pa{/ / v]tLof]Uo e"ld s6fg / 8'afgaf6 Ifltu|:t x'g] ;d:of
bf]xf]l/O/x]sf] 5 . w]/} 7fpFsf afl;Gbf k|sf]ksf] o; ;d:ofsf sf/0f
lj:yflkt ePsf y'k}| pbfx/0f kfOG5g . gbLsf] hnfwf/ If]qdf af9Ln]
k'¥ofpg] Ifltsf sf/0f s[lif If]qsf] nufgL ;d]t k|efljt ag]sf] 5 .
af9Lsf sf/0f ;d'bfodf a9g] dgf]j1flgs kL8faf6 klg ;fdflhs tyf
}
cfly{s Ifltdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .
af9Laf6 v]tLof]Uo e"ld, afnLgfnL, j:t'efp / ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf]
Iflt eP/ ;d:t cy{tGq k|efljt x'G5 . g]kfndf jif]gL cfpg] af9Ln]
{
k'¥ofPsf] Ifltn] cfly{s ljsf;sf]
ultnfO{ lgs} kl5 ws]ln/x]sf] 5 . cf“s8fdf
af9Laf6 x'g] o; k|sf/sf] Ifltn] af9Lklx/f]af6 Iflt
ljsf;nfO{ slt k|ltzt kl5 ws]nsf] ] g]kfndf af9Lklx/f]sf]
5 eGg] ljZn]if0f eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|sf]ksf] clen]v cg';f/
kl/0ffd:j¿k d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf ;g !((# nfO{ ;jf{lws
lg/Gt/ gsf/fTds k|efj kl//x]sf] 5 .
ljgfzsf/L jif{ dflgG5 .
af9Lsf] hf]lvd /x]sf If]qdf lg/k]If ;fpgsf] clGtd /
ul/ax¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . of] ju{ ebf}sf] k|f/Delt/ ePsf]
g} ;|ft / ;fwgljxLg ePsfn] k|sf]ksf] af9Lklx/fdf k/L ;f] jif{
]
hf]lvddf klg ltgLx¿ g} a9L k/]sf ! xhf/ # ;o #^
x'G5g . af9Låf/f lj:yflkt ;d'bfosf] hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] lyof]
;'/lIft a;f]af; / cfocfh{gsf eg] $ ca{ ()
j}slNks ;|f]tsf] cefjsf sf/0f s/]f8eGbf a9Lsf] cfly{s
pgLx¿ k'gM hf]lvdo'Qm If]qd} a;f]af; Iflt ePsf] lyof] .
ug{ afWo x'G5g / yk ul/aLsf] kL8fdf

hLjg afFRg ljjz x'G5g . o;n] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] ;x>fAbL nIos}
pkxf; u/]sf] 5 eGg] cj:yf xfdLsxfF /x]sf] 5 .
k|fs[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo Iflt
hg;ªVof j[l4sf] rfkaf6 k|fs[lts ;|ftdf w]/} bafa k5{ . jghªunsf]
]
ljgfz Pj+ ;LdfGt v]tLsf sf/0f le/fnf] If]qdf klx/f] tyf e"Ifosf]
;d:of a9b5 . jgljgfz eO{ xl/of 8fF8fx¿ p/f7 ag]/ klx/f] hfg]
tyf jiff{sf] kfgL ;f]:g] e"ldsf] Ifdtfdf x|f; cfP/ klg e"Ifo x'G5 .
kmn:j¿k af9Ldf kfgL / df6f], afn'jf / u]uØofgLsf] ef/ a9]/
|
axfjdfu{ k'l/G5 . o;/L axfjdfu{ k'l/Fbf 8'afg / s6fgsf] ;d:ofdf
j[l4 x'G5 . jgljgfzsf sf/0f jiff{sf] :j¿kdf klg kl/jt{g eP/ st}
kfgLsf ;|ft ;'s/ d¿e"dLs/0fsf] ;d:of al9/x]sf] 5 eg] st} cltj[li6
] ]
eP/ af9L cem Jofks aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
;fdflhs k|efj
d'nssf lg/k]If ul/a ;d'bfo g} af9Lsf] hf]lvd ePsf] If]qdf a;f]af;
'
ug{ afWo 5g . ToxL ul/a ;d'bfosf] a;f]af; /x]sf] If]qdf af9Lnufotsf
k|sf]k bf]xf]l/O/xG5g / ul/aLsf] :t/ emg a9b} hfG5 . clzIff /
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] 1fgsf] cefjn] af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt sd ug]{ pkfo
ul/Psf] x'bg . ;fdflhs ul/aLdf j[l4 ePkl5 ;dfhdf ljrng k}bf
F }
eP/ åGåsf] pTklQ x'G5 . o;af6 n'6kf6, rf]/L–8s}tL h:tf ;fdflhs
ck/fwdf j[l4 eP/ ;fdflhs ljrng k}bf x'g] ;Defjgfdf j[l4 x'G5 .
hg:jf:Yodf k|efj
gbLdf af9L cfpFbf 6f9f–6f9faf6 kmf]xf]/ kfgL ldl;P/ cfPsf] x'G5 .
To:tf] kfgL ufpFa:tLdf k:of] eg] htf;'s} kmf]x/ kfgL hDb5 . o;n]
gbL, s'jf, Ogf/, 6oaj]n, kf]v/L, h¿jfh:tf vfg]kfgLsf ;|ftnfO{
' ]
kmf]xf]/ jf b"lift agfOlbG5 . vfg]kfgLsf] csf]{ ;kmf ;|ft gePsf]
]
cj:yfdf ufpFa:tLsf dflg;n] ToxL kfgL k|of]u ug'kg]{ afWotf x'G5 .
{
o:tf] k|bl" ift kfgLsf sf/0f sdnlkQ, emf8fkvfnf / 6fOkmfO8sf]
dxfdf/L km}ng] ;Defjgf lgSs} /xG5 .


af9LhGo k|sf]ksf]
Joj:yfkg
kl/ro
af9Ln] ljz]ifu/L gbL lsgf/sf ufpF, a:tL, v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf cnfjf
3/kfn'jf kz' / dfgjlgld{t cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ aufP/ jf 8'afP/
Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . To;}n] Ps JolQm tyf kl/jf/af6 dfq af9Lsf] k|efjsf]
/f]syfd ug'{ ;Dej x'bg .
F }
em§ x]bf{ k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 af9L cfpg] cfef; x'G5 . clws jiff{ eP/
af9L cfpg] x'bf af9LnfO{ k|fs[lts k|sf]ks} ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ ul/Psf]
F
5 . t/ cTolws jiff{ / af9LhGo k|sf]ksf] j[l4 x'gdf dfgjLo sf/0f
'
klg w]/} xb;Dd lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] 5 .
af9Laf6 aRg cfˆgf] 3/af/, v]tLkftL, hUufhldg ;a} 5f]8/ a;fO ;g'{
]
klg ;Dej x'bg . To;}n] af9LhGo k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkgdf ;fd'bflos
F }
¿kaf6} sfd ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;/f]sf/jfnf cGo
;ª3;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt sd ug{ k"jtof/L / p4f/
{
tyf /fxtsf sfo{ ug'kg]{ x'G5 . k|efljt ;d'bfosf] efjL ;'/Iff /
{
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu k'gM:yfkg / k'glg{df{0fsf sfo{
ug'kg]{ x'G5 .
{

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t af9L Joj:yfkg
af9L lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg] k|sl[ thGo k|sf]ksf] 36gf xf] . t/ klg xfd|f]
c1fgtf / cJoj:yfn] ubf{ af9Ln] ljgfznLnf b]vfpF5 . af9L cfpg]
lglZrt ;do yfxf geP klg dg;'gL ofddf af9L cfpF5 eGg]] ;a}nfO{
yfxf x'G5 . g]kfndf h]7sf] cGTob]lv ebf};Dd dg;'gL jiff{ x'g] ePsfn]
of] cjlwnfO{ af9Lsf] hf]lvdsf] ;do dflgG5 . o; ;dodf cfpg]
af9Lk|lt ;ts{ x'g] / To;sf] k|efjsf] /f]syfd ug{ tof/ /xg] xf] eg]
af9Ln] ;d'bfodf k'¥ofpg] hgwgsf] Iflt w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{{ ;lsG5 .


g]kfnsf clwsf+z hgtfdf ul/aLsf] kL8f 5 . pgLx¿ af9Lsf] vt/f
ePsf :yfgdf a:g afWo t 5g g}, ;DalGwt If]q tyf lgsfoaf6 af9L
Joj:yfkgsf] kof{Kt 1fg pgLx¿df k'¥ofpg klg ;lsPsf] kfOFbg . }
af9Lsf] hf]lvd ePsf t/fO{sf s}of}F a:tLdf x/]s jif{ ;of}F dflg;sf]
d[To' x'g] u5{ eg] xhf/f}F kl/jf/ k|efljt x'G5g . af9Laf6 lj:yflkt
x'gsf] jf:tljs tYofªs pknAw geP klg jif]gL sl/a Ps xhf/
] {
3/kl/jf/ af9Lsf sf/0f lj:yflkt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . af9Lsf]
;dodf p4f/ tyf /fxtsf clwsf+z sfo{ kLl8t :jo+n] JolQmut
tj/af6 ug'kg]{ afWotf /x]sfn] klg ck]Iffcg'¿k hgwgsf] Iflt sd
{
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf sfo{ ;/sf/sf :yfgLo lgsfo / ;d'bfosf]
;+oQm k|of;af6 ug]{ xf] eg] hgwgsf] Iflt w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{
'
;lsG5 .
u|fdL0f tyf gu/f]Gd'v ufpFx¿sf sltko :yfgdf clxn] klg Ps JolQm
kl/jf/sf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd JolQmut tj/af6} af9Lsf] k|lt/f]w ug]{
ul/Psf] klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . vf;u/L ;d'bfosf ;DkGg / ;Ifd JolQmn]
g} af9Laf6 aRg ljleGg k|sf/sf k"jtof/L u5{g . ul/a kl/jf/df
{
af9Lsf] k|ltsf/ ug]{ 1fg, ;|ft / ;fwg kof{Kt x'bg . To;}sf/0f
] F }
pgLx¿ g} af9Laf6 a9L kLl8t x'G5g . Go"g kx'r, ;fdflhs ;+/rgf
F
tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cefjsf sf/0f km]l/ klg log} ul/a ;d'bfo
af9Lsf] hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf a;f]af; ug{ afWo x'G5g . t}klg ;d'bfon]
;fªu7lgs ¿kdf af9Lsf] k|lt/f]w ug]{ /0fgLlt clVtof/ ug{ z'¿ ug{
yfn]kl5 eg] o; cj:yfdf Go"g eP/ ;'wf/sf] ;ªst b]vf k/]sf] 5 .
]
;d'bfon] ;ªul7t ¿kdf af9L Joj:yfkgsf] vfFrf] dx;'; ug{ yfn]sf
/ sltko :yfgdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfkgn] o; k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{
ljleGg r/0fdf sfd ug'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg rqms}
{
cg';/0f u/]/ af9Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug'kg]{ x'G5 .
{

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k"j{tof/L
af9L cfOxfn]df s'g} Ps JolQm tyf kl/jf/n] dfq ;d'bfonfO{ arfpg
;Sb}g . To;}sf/0f af9L cfpg'klxn] g} ;d'bfosf ;a} ldn]/ ;'/lIft
/xg] pkfox¿sf] klxrfg eof] eg] af9Laf6 x'g;Sg] ;Defljt IfltnfO{
w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:o
Ps;fy ldn]/ ;fd'bflos k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug'{ k5{ .

o:tf] ;ldlt u7g ubf{ ;d'bfon] lgDg nfe k|fKt ug{ ;S5g M
af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt sd ug{ pko'Qm k"jtof/L ug{ ;lsG5 .
{
af9L cfOxfn]df ;d'bfosf clwsf+z dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu afXo ;xof]u h'6fpg ;lsG5 .
;d'bfosf] cfjfh afXo hut;Dd k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 .
;/sf/L ;xof]usf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu kxn ug{ ;lsG5 .
hgr]tgf tyf Ifdtf clej[l4
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t af9L Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{n] af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt Go"g
ug{ / af9Lsf] k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ hgr]tgf / Ifdtfj[l4nfO{ klxnf]
k|fyldstf lbg' k5{ . ;fd'bflos k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lhNnfl:yt
;/f]sf/jfnf ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;d]t ;lDdlnt
cfkTsfnLg of]hgf tof/ ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g5 . ;ldltn] plNnlvt
]
lgsfo;Fu Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg cfu|x
klg ug'{ k5{ . ;d'bfon] af9Lsf] hf]lvd sd ug{ k"jtof/L, af9Lsf]
{
;dodf ug'kg]{ cfkTsfnLg sfd, af9Laf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] k'gMlgdf{0f
{
tyf k'gM:yfkgh:tf ljifodf tflnd lng' k5{ .

hf]lvdsf] klxrfg tyf Go"gLs/0f
af9Ln] slt Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 eGg] cg'dfg ug'{ k5{ . o;sf nflu
ljutsf] af9Lsf] 36gf, jt{dfg ;dodf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ;d'bfosf]
Ifdtfh:tf ljleGg ljifodf Wofg lbg' k5{ . ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] 1fg, ;Lk
/ k|ljlwsf dfWodaf6 af9Lsf] hf]lvd klxrfg ug]{ / To;sf] Go"gLs/0fsf
sfo{ ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 .
ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;fdflhs ;+:s[lts cfly{s / k|fljlws x}l;otn]
km/s ;d'bfodf hf]lvd klg km/s–km/s x'g ;S5 . gbL5]p / To;eGbf
k/ x'g] Iflt Ps} k|sf/sf] x'g ;Sb}g . Ps}7fpFdf klg 3/sf] agfj6sf]
cfwf/df af9Lsf] hf]lvdsf] :t/ km/s x'g ;S5 . kSsL 3/df sd /
sRrL 3/df a9L Iflt k'Ug ;S5 . o;}n] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltn]
af9L cfpg] If]qsf] juL{s/0f u/L ;d'bfodf af9Lsf] hf]lvdsf] gS;f
tof/ ug'{ k5{ . o;k|sf/sf] gS;fdf ;fj{hlgs hUuf, cUnf] hldg /
af6f];d]t b]vfpg' k5{ . ;Dej eP ljleGg If]qdf af9L cfpFbfsf]
kfgLsf] ulx/fO tyf af9Lsf] kfgL hDg] cjlw;d]t o:tf] gS;fdf

b]vfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
hf]lvdsf] gS;fªsg u/]/ agfOPsf] gS;faf6 af9Ln] s'g–s'g 3/
8'afgdf kg{ ;S5g / s'g–s'g If]qsf] v]tLafnL Iflt x'g ;S5 yfxf
kfpg ;lsG5 . o;k|sf/sf] gS;f tof/ ug{ ;Dej 5}g eg] ;ldltn]
;d'bfo;Fu 5nkmn u/L ljutdf cfPsf af9Lsf] cg'ejaf6} hf]lvdsf]
klxrfg ug{ ;S5 . hf]lvd gS;fªsgkl5 yfxf ePsf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
sfo{ ug'{ k5{ .
gbLsf] cltqmd0f lgoGq0f
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf hg;ªVof j[l4df cfPsf] tLj|tf;Fu} dflg;sf] cfjf;
If]q klg km}lnFb} uPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k dflg;sf] a;f]af; gbLlsgf/df
a9L s]lGb|t x'g yfn]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qsf gbLlsgf/df dflg;sf]
af;f]af; lg/Gt/ a9]sf] sf/0f kfgLsf] axfjdfu{ ;fF3l' /b} uPsf] 5 . o;
sf/0fn] klg af9Lsf] ;dodf kfgL axfjdfu{ aflx/ uP/ ufpFa:tL /
v]tL aufpg] qmd a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] af9Laf6 x'g] Iflt lgoGq0f ug]{
klxnf] tl/sf eg]s} gbLlsgf/dfly eO/x]sf] cltqmd0f lgoGq0f ug'{
xf] . gbLlsgf/nfO{ cltqmd0faf6 arfpg gbLsf] cfsf/, k|sf/ / To;df
aUg] kfgLsf] dfqfcg';f/ ! ;ob]lv # ;o ld6/;Dd gbLlsgf/nfO{
k|fs[lts¿kdf 5f]8g] /fli6«o gLlt g} aGg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

t6aGw lgdf{0f
gbLsf] tLj| axfjaf6 x'g] s6fg / 8'afg lgoGq0f ug{ ;Defljt Ifltsf]
cj:yfcg'¿k t6aGw lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ . gbLdf t6aGw nufpFbf ljleGg
k|ljlw ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ;–;fgf t6aGw :yfgLo ;|ftsf] pkof]uaf6}
]
nufpg ;lsG5 eg] 7"nf t6aGwsf nflu cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
ug'kg]{ x'G5 .
{
af9Låf/f Iflt x'g;Sg] ;–;fgf afFwsf nflu afn'jfsf] af]/f,
afF;sf ef6fsf] af/ / h}ljs j:t'sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
7"nf afFwsf nflu tf/hfnLdf 9'ªuf e/]/ t6aGw lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ .

e"Ifo eO/xg] gbL cf;kf;sf 8fF8f–kfvfdf j[If/f]k0f u/L le/fnf]
kfvf]df ux|f agfP/ df6f] aUgaf6 arfpg] .
klxn] af9Ln] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 7fpFsf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0f u/L eljiodf
x'g;Sg] Iflt sd ug{ :yfgLo 1fg / k|ljlwcg'¿k sfd ug]{ .

af9Låf/f Ifltu|:t e"ld jf au/sf] pkof]u ug{ ;DalGwt k|fljlws
tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu ;xof]u lng] .
Ifltu|:t e"ldsf] pkof]u ;d'bflos ;xeflutfdf ug]{ .
gbL lgoGq0fsf s'g} klg ljlw ckgfpFbf t6aGw;Fu} j[Iff/f]k0f
ug]{ / ;s];Dd afF; /f]k/ x'sf{pg] .
]
af9Laf6 pTkGg x'g;Sg] hf]lvd sd ug{ ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;d'bfosf]
Ifdtf, k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ug'{ k5{ . o:tf
sfo{ s] x'g eGg] klxrfg ;fd'bflos 5nkmnaf6 ug'{ k5{ .
;'/lIft a;f]af;
af9Lsf] kL8f jf:tjd} Hofb} eofjx x'G5 . ljzfn jiff{ / ;j{q hndUg
ePsf] cj:yfdf clwsf+z ul/a ;d'bfo 8'Ab} jf aUb} u/]sf] cfˆgf]
3/leq} a:g ljjz x'G5g . ;dod} p4f/sdL{ gk'udf pgLx¿ aluPnf
]
eGg] 8/n] aflx/ hfg] ;fx; h'6fpg ;Sb}gg . t/fO{df af9Laf6 aRg
aflx/ lg:sFbf aUg] dfq xf]Og, ;k{sf] 6f]sfOdf kg]{ ;Defjgf klg
/xG5 . To;}u/L aflx/ hfg;s] klg efUg] ;'/lIft af6f] / a:gsf nflu
;'/lIft 7fpFsf] cefj x'g] x'bf ul/a kl/jf/ qf;k"0f{ cj:yfdf klg
F
;Dk"0f{ hf]lvd af]s/ 3/leq} a:g afWo x'G5g .
]
o; cj:yfdf klg sltko 3/x¿ af9Lsf] hf]lvdaf6 w]/} xb;Dd
;'/lIft x'g ;S5g . o;sf nflu lgDg Joj:yf ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 M
3/sf] ;tx af9Lsf] kfgL hDg] txeGbf cUnf] agfpg' k5{ .
3/kfn'jf kz'sf nflu agfpg] uf]7 8'afgaf6 ;'/lIft x'gu/L ]
cUnf] kf/]/ agfpg' k5{ .
zf}rfno af9L tyf 8'afgn] ge]6gu/L cUnf] agfpg' k5{ .
]
kfgL hDg ;Sg] xf]rf] e"If]qdf a;f]af;sf nflu 3/ agfOPsf] 5
eg] ufpFsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] 7fpFdf kfgL hDg] vfN8f] vGg' k5{ .
;/;kmfO, kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] plrt lgsf;sf] k|aGw ug'{ k5{ .
vfBfGg e08f/0f
k|sf]ksf ;dodf rflxg] cTofjZos vfBkbfy{sf] aGbf]a:t klxn] g} ug'{
k5{ . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf k|sf]k vfBe08f/sf] :yfkg ug'{ k5{ .

u'7Lsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;d'bfosf ;b:oåf/f d'7L bfg u/]/ rfdn, bfn,
kL7f] / cGo cfjZos vfBkbfy{sf] e08f/0f ug{ ;lsPdf af9Laf6
ePsf] Ifltsf ;dodf tTsfnsf nflu vfBfGg pknAw x'G5 .
z'4 kfgLsf] ;|ftsf] ;+/If0f
]
6Ø'aj]nsf] kfgL ;'/lIft eP af9Lsf] ;dodf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
af9Ln] clwsf+z kfgLsf ;|ft b"lift kfg]{ x'bf 6oaj]n g8'Ag] u/L cUnf]
] F '
kf/]/ uf8g' k5{ . To;}u/L lkpg] kfgLsf] ;|ft Ogf/ 5 eg] To;sf] l8n
]
cUnf] kf/]/ af9Lsf] kfgL k:g g;Sg] agfpg' k5{ .
cf}iflw / :jf:Yos]Gb|sf] Joj:yf
d'nssf clwsf+z ufpFdf :jf:Yorf}sLsf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/
'
tL pkrf/s]Gb|df cfkTsfnLg cf}iflwsf] cefj ;b}j /xg] cj:yf ljBdfg
5 . To;}n] :yfgLo :jf:YosdL{sf] ;d]t ;Nnfx / ;xof]u lnP/ cfkTsfnLg
;dodf rflxg] k|fylds pkrf/sf cf}iflwsf] Joj:yf ;fd'bflos ¿kd}
ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
p4f/ tyf /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] aGbf]a:t
af9LkLl8tsf] p4f/sf nflu 8'ªuf, nfOkm Hofs]6, 6fo/, 6oa, 8f]/L
'
cflb ;lhn} e]6g ;lsg] :yfgdf /fVg] . To;}u/L ;ªs6sfnLg ;dodf

cfjZos kg]{ vfBfGg, n'ufkmf6f], k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu cf}iflw,
dnxdk§L cflb af9L cfPsf] ;dodf lnP/ efUg ;Sg] u/L /fVg] .
c:yfoL lzlj/sf] aGbf]a:t
af9Ln]] 3/–uf]7 aufpg] jf 8'afg x'g] x'bf dflg;nufot 3/kfn'jf
F
kz'sf nflu c:yfoL cf>o lng] ;fd'bflos cf>o:ynx¿sf] Joj:yf
ug'{ k5{ . af9Lsf] cTolws hf]lvddf /x]sf kl/jf/sf] klxrfg u/]/
To:tf] cf>o:ynsf] cfsf/–k|sf/ s:tf] x'g' k5{ eGg] lgSof]n ug'{ k5{ .
{
cf>o:ynsf] lgdf{0f hf]lvd sd ePsf] cUnf] 7fpFdf ug'{ k5{ .
af9Lsf] ;dodf hf]lvddf g/x]sf l5d]sL, ljBfno tyf ;fj{hlgs
ejg, d7dlGb/, dl:hb, rr{ cflb 7fpFdf klg cf>o lng' kg]{ x'G5 .
To;}n] ;d'bfo ldn]/ o:tf ejgsf] dd{t;Def/ ;dod} ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
c:yfoL lzlj/sf] cfjZostf kg{;Sg] 3/ tyf uf]7sf] ljj/0f klg
klxNo} tof/ u/]/ /fVg' k5{ .

cfkTsfnLg of]hgf
af9Lsf] hf]lvdaf6 ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg, af9L cfOxfn]df ug'{ kg]{
cfkTsfnLg sfo{sf nflu :yfgLo clwsf/L, lhlj;, uflj;, ;fd'bfodf
cfwfl/t k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;d"x / :jo+;jsx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L
]
cfkTsfnLg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ .
k"jrtfjgL k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf
{ ]
af9L ljz]ifu/L dg;'gL ofddf cfpg] x'bf To; ;dodf af9Lsf] eljiojf0fL
F
/ k"jrtfjgL k|0ffnLsf] :yfgLo Joj:yf ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . ;d'bfo ldn]/
{ ]
:yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L k"jrtfjgL{ ]
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . gbLsf] d'xfg tyf dflylt/ jiff{ ePsf]
va/ lng] Joj:yf dflyNnf] If]qsf] ;d'bfo;Fu ;DaGw :yfkgf u/]/ ug{
;lsG5 . To;}u/L gbLglhs} cUnf] :yfgdf s'¿jf 3/ agfP/ ¿Fufnf]
/fVg] aGbf]a:t klg ug{ ;lsG5 . dflyNnf] If]qdf jiff{ ePdf / af9L
cfpg nfu]df s'¿jfn] l;67L, dfbn, bdfxf, zªv cflb ahfP/ tNnf]
If]qsf ;d'bfonfO{ hfgsf/L lbg ;Sg] k|aGw ldnfpg' :yfgLo ;d'bfon]
cfkm}F ug{ ;Sg] sfo{ xf] . g]kfnsf s]xL :yfgdf o:tf] aGbf]a:t ug{
yflnPsf] 5 .
lrtjg lhNnfl:yt gf/fo0fL gbLdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k"jrtfjgL { ]
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf klg ePsf] 5 . dflyNnf] If]qaf6 cfPsf] af9Lsf] ;tx
a9g yfn]kl5 :jrflnt ¿kdf ;fO/g aHg] d]l;g k|flS6sn PS;g
gfds cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf h8fg ePsf] 5 . t/
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfly{s cj:yf tyf k|fljlws 1fgn] o:tf] ;"rgfk|0ffnLnfO{
lbuf] ¿k lbg ;S5 of ;Sb}g eGg]tkm{ klg cWoog x'g' h¿/L 5 . olb
;d'bfon] o;sf] nfut lgoldt ¿kdf axg ug{ / ;~rfng ug]{ bIftf
k|fKt u¥of] eg] /fd|f] sfdsf] k|f/De ePsf] dfGg' k5{ / cGoq klg
la:tf/ ug'{ k5{ .
;d'bfosf] cfly{s / k|fljlws cj:yfsf cfwf/df ;d'bfo :jo+n] cfkm";u F
ePsf] ;|ft tyf cg'ejnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ cfˆg} lsl;dsf] k"jrtfjgL
] { ]
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;Sof] eg] To;n] lbuf] ¿k lng ;S5 . ;d'bfonfO{
;|ft / ;fwgn] :jLsfo{ x'g] af9Lsf] eljiojf0fL tyf k"jrtfjgLk|0ffnLsf
] { ]
s]xL pkfo lgDgcg';f/ x'g ;S5g M


/]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgdf ;dfrf/ k|zf/0fsf] cGTodf b]zsf ljleGg
efusf] df};dL ljj/0fsf] k|zf/0f x'g] u5{ . o:tf ;"rgf af9Lsf]
cg'dfg nufpg ;xfos x'G5g . t;y{ jiff{sf] df};ddf o:tf
;dfrf/ lgoldt x]g{] jf ;'Gg] ug'{ k5{ .
gbLsf] kfgLsf] ;txsf] lgu/fgL ug{ ;d'bfosf] s'g} JolQmnfO{
lhDdf lbg ;lsG5 . gbLsf] dflyNnf] hnfwf/ If]qdf jiff{ x'g;Sg]
l:yltsf] cjnf]sg u/]/ klg af9Lsf] k"jcg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
{
gbLsf] kfgLsf] ;txdf j[l4 x'g,' lxnf] df6f] ldl;P/ cfpg', kft
au]/ cfpg', df5fsf] ;ªVof PSsfl; a9gh:tf kl/jt{g x]//
' ]
af9Lsf] ;DaGwdf ;d'bfonfO{ ;ts{ u/fpg ;lsG5 .
gbLdf u8u8fx6sf] cfjfh jf gbLsf] kfgLdf uGw cfpg'h:tf
c;fdfGo cj:yf b]lvPdf af9L cfpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
jiff{ofddf rf}aL;} 3G6f vf]nf jf gbLsf] lgu/fgL ug{' k5{ .
cjnf]sg ul/Psf ;"rsfªs, ;d'bfonfO{ ;r]t ul/Psf] ljj/0f
tyf jf:tljs cg'ej ul/Psf] 36gfsf] clen]v /fVg' k5{ .
af9L;DaGwL 36gfsf] ljj/0f ;ªsng u/L cBfjlws ugf{n]
eljiodf ;d'bfosf nflu pkof]uL x'g] af9Lsf] eljiojf0fL tyf
To;af6 ;r]t u/fpg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
af9Lsf] eljiojf0fL tyf ;r]ttf ;d'bfosf x/]s JolQm;Dd k'¥ofpg]
rfFhf] ldnfpg' k5{ . ;Dk"0f{ If]qnfO{ Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg kIfsf] rfFhf]
ldnfpg cg'sn x'gu/L If]qut ¿kdf cfjZos ;ªVofdf ljefhg u/L
" ]
;"rgf k'¥ofpg] lhDdf ;ldltsf ;b:on] lng' k5{ . ;"rgf k|jfxsf
nflu kl/lrt ;ªst, jf af9L cfpFb5– 3/ jf a:tL vfnL u/, ;'/lIft
] }
:yfgtkm{ efu, eg]/ ;Gb]z lbg' k5{ . To;}u/L ;d'bfosf ;b:onfO{
dfOsaf6 ;"rgf lbP/ jf 9f]ns, l;67L, dfbn, bdfxf, zªvh:tf 7"nf]
cfjfh cfpg] afhf ahfP/ ;"rgfk|jfx ug'{ k5{ .

:yfg vfnL ug]{ of]hgf agfpg]
xf]rf] hldgdf /x]sf] a:tLnfO{ af9L / 8'afgn] a9L Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 .
gbLn] s6fg u/]/ klg 3/a:tL aufpg ;S5 . af9L cfpFbf hgwgsf]
Iflt sd x'g] cj:yf agfpg o:tf] If]qnfO{ af9L cfpg' cufj} vfnL ug'{
k5{ . ;d'bfosf cu'jf / :jo+;jsn] ufpFn;u 5nkmn u/L af9L
] ] F
cfPsf] r]tfjgL k|fKt x'gf;fy hf]lvdk"0f{ If]qsf] a:tL tTsfn} vfnL ug]{


k"jtof/L ug'{ k5{ . o;/L 3/af/ g} 5f]8/ cGoq hfg] sfo{ To;
{ ]
;d'bfosf ;r]ttfsf] :t/df lge{/ x'G5 .
af9L cfOxfn]df kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ k"jklxrfg ul/Psf] ;'/lIft af6f]af6
{
cf>o:yn;Dd k'¥ofpg' k5{ . ;ªs6sf] ;Defljt If]q vfnL u/fpFbf
afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm / dlxnfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg' k5{ .
o;/L hf]lvdo'Qm If]q vfnL u/fpFbf s'g If]qsf ;d'bfo s'g If]qsf]
cf>o:yn jf lzlj/df hfg] xf] To;sf] klxn] g} lgSof]n ul/Psf] x'g'
{
k5{ . o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ lgoldt / e/kbf]{ agfpg :jo+;]jsn]
cfjZostfcg';f/ k|aGw ldnfpg' k5{ .
:yfg vfnL ug]{ qmddf af9Ldf k/]sf ;b:osf] p4f/sf nflu cfjZos
kg]{ p4f/ ;fdu|L klg ;Fu} lnP/ hfg' /fd|f] x'G5 . klxn] g} ;'/lIft
/flvPsf 8'ªuf, 6oa, 6fo/, 8f]/Lh:tf ;fdu|L;d]t af]Sg' pQd x'G5 .
'
o;sf ;fy} cfk"m;Fu ePsf ax'dNo u/uxgf, gub, xn'sf vfgf /
"
cf}iflw /flvPsf] emf]nf cflb ;s];Dd ;Fu} lnP/ :yfg vfnL ug'{ k5{ .
;"rgf k|jfx
;Defljt af9Laf6 ;d'bfonfO{ ;r]t u/fO;s]kl5 ;ldltn] cfjZos
;xof]u tyf p4f/sfo{sf nflu ;DalGwt ;+:yf;Fu ;~rf/;Dks{ sfod
ug'{ k5{ . ;ldltn] ;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:onfO{ cfjZos sfo{sf nflu
;ts{ /xg cfu|x ug'{ k5{ .

af9Lsf] ;dodf ul/g] sfo{
af9L cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ug'kg]{ sfo{nfO{ klg ljleGg r/0fdf /flvPsf]
{
x'G5 . af9Ldf k/]sf ;d'bfosf s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ arfpg' o; r/0fsf]
klxnf] sfo{ xf] . af9L cfO/x]sf] / To;sf] nuQ} lg/Gt/ ug'kg]{ sfo{nfO{
{
af9Lsf] ;dodf ul/g] sfo{sf ¿kdf lng' k5{, hf] lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
p4f/, vf]h / pkrf/
af9Ldf k/]sf ;b:osf] p4f/ ug'{ :jo+;js / ;'/lIft /x]sf ;a}
]
;b:osf] bfloTj x'G5 . 3/sf] 5fgf jf hf]lvdo'Qm :yfgdf /x]sf
afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, dlxnf tyf cGo JolQmnfO{ pknAw ;|ftsf] ]
pkof]u u/L ;'/lIft :yfgdf jf lzlj/df n}hfg' k5{ . af9Ldf k/]/ 3fOt]
ePsf ;b:onfO{ tTsfn} k|fylds pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / cfjZos

k/]df c:ktfn k7fpg] k|aGw ug'{ k5{ .
af9L cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf s;}nfO{ aufPsf] 5 ls eg]/ rgfvf] /xg' k5{ .
olb ;d'bfosf] s'g} ;b:o x/fPsf] kfOPdf t'¿Gt} vf]hL ug'{ k5{ . o;
cj:yfdf :jo+;jsx¿sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;/sf/L p4f/ 6f]nL
]
gcfP;Dd cfˆgf ;b:osf] p4f/df :yfgLo :jo+;jsx¿sf] e"ldsf
]
dxTjk"0f{ x'g] x'bf ltgLx¿sf] kl/rfngsf] k|efjsf/L k|aGw ul//fv]sf]
F
x'g' k5{ .
cfkTsfnLg cfjf; Joj:yfkg / /fxt ljt/0f
af9L cfPsf] ;dodf clwsf+z :jo+;js af9Ldf k/]sfsf] p4f/ /
]
x/fPsfsf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf x'G5g . s]xL :jo+;js 3fOt]sf] pkrf/df
]
;+nUg eO/x]sf x'G5g . To; cj:yfdf afFsL /x]sf :jo+;js tyf ]
;d'bfosf ;Ifd ;b:on] p4f/ ul/Psf kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft
cf>o:yndf nu]/ a;fpg' k5{ . o:tf] sfo{df nfUg' kLl8tdWo]s} klg
;r]t / lzlIft gful/ssf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj xf] . k|sf]kklxn]
af9Laf6 ;'/lIft /xg] jf Ifdtf clej[l4 tflnd lnPsf ;d'bfosf
;b:on] kLl8tnfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg] / ltgnfO{ cfjZos kg]{
/fxt ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{ ug'{ k5{ . ;/sf/L /fxt ;fdu|L
k|fKt geP;Dd tTsfnsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;fd'bflos cGge08f/af6
;fdu|L lgsfNg' k5{ . k"jtof/Lsf qmddf ;'/lIft /flvPsf sDan,
{
n'ufkmf6f], vfBfGg, k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fdu|L cflbsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .
o:tf sfo{sf nflu k|sf]kklxn] ag]sf] cfkTsfnLg of]hgf / sfdsf]
afF8kmfF8 ePcg';f/ ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{ k5{ . af9Laf6
lj:yflkt ePsf ;d'bfonfO{ /fxt k|bfg ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljleGg
ljifodf Wofg lbg' k5{, hf] lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
lzlj/ Joj:yfkg
af9Låf/f k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ ltgsf] cfjZostfcg¿k cf>o
pknAw u/fpg] .
af9Ldf km;]sf dflg;nfO{ af9LkLl8t lzlj/df :yfgfGt/0f ug'{
k5{ . :yfgfGt/0fsf] qmddf afnaflnsf, dlxnf, j[4 / czQmnfO{
k|fyldstf lbg' k5{ .
3fOt] / af9Lkl5 x'g;Sg] dxfdf/Lh:tf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{
lzlj/d} c:yfoL c:ktfn agfpg] .

lzlj/df zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf ug]{ / lzlj/ cf;kf;sf] ;/;kmfOdf
Wofg lbg] .
dlxnf la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug{, aRrfnfO{ cfdfsf] b"w v'jfpg /
dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff tyf uf]kgLotfsf] /Iffsf nflu Joj:yf ug]{ .
vfBfGg, OGwg / kl/jf/sf ax'dNo ;fdfgsf] e08f/0fsf nflu
"
;'/lIft Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f ljt/0f x'g] /fxt ;fdu|Lsf]
e]befj/lxt ljt/0fsf nflu kLl8tx¿df cfk;L ;dGjo / ;dembf/L
a9fP/ Ps–csf{sf] ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf k|:t't x'gtkm{ ;r]t u/fpg] .
]
lzlj/df k|fKt ePsf] ;xof]u / ljt/0fsf] ljj/0f :ki6;Fu /fVg] .
kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ af9Lsf] kL8f sd u/L ;fGTjgf lbg r]tgfd"ns
syf, sljtf / dgf]/~hgfTds sfo{qmd rnfpg] .
:jf:Yo;]jf
ue{jtL dlxnf, la/fdL, afnaflnsf / a"9fa"9Lx¿sf] lgoldt
:jf:YohfFrsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
l;ls:t la/fdLsf nflu 5'§} kfn jf sf]7fsf] Joj:yf u/L
cfkTsfnLg pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
k|fylds :jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu rflxg] ;fdfgsf] hf]xf] ug]{ .
/fxt ;fdu|L aflx/af6 cfPsf] / kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf]
clen]v b'¿:t kf/L /fVg] .
kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] k"lt{
af9LkLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ :km]o/ kl/of]hgfåf/f lgwf{l/t dfkb08
cg'¿k vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .
;s];Dd :yfgLo ahf/df pknAw t/sf/L / ;fukft / cGo
vfBkbfy{sf] pkof]u ug'{ k5{ .
vfBfGgsf] kf]if0f:t/df Wofg lbg' k5{ . af9Laf6 kLl8t s]6fs]6L,
j[4, czQm tyf dlxnf, To;df klg ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/L dlxnfsf
nflu kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGgsf] aGbf]j:t ug'{ k5{ .
:jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO
af9Lkl5 dxfdf/Lsf] k|sf]k klg ylkg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}n]
kmf]xf]/ kfgL glkpg] / ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' k5{ .


af9Laf6 x'g] kmf]xf]/d}nf tyf k|bif0fsf] c;/ afnaflnsfdf ;a}eGbf
"
a9L kg]{ ePsfn] ltgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO{df ljz]if Wofg
k'¥ofpg' k5{ .
emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ k|fylds pkrf/n] gEofPdf tTsfn}
glhs}sf] :jf:Yorf}sL jf c:ktfndf k'¥ofpg' k5{ .
af9Lsf] kfgLdf lb;flk;fa ug{' xFbg . ' }
;/;kmfOsf nflu ;fd'bflos ¿kd} eP klg rkL{ k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .
af9L;Fu} laR5L / ;k{sf] k|sf]k klg a9g] ;Defjgf x'g] x'bf F
zts{tf ckgfpg' k5{ . sy+sbflrt ;k{ jf laR5Ln] 8;]df
8;]sf] 7fpFdf a/kmsf 6'qmf /fvL tTsfn} c:ktfn n}hfg' k5{ .
/fHoåf/f k|fKt x'g] ;xof]usf] bfaL
af9LkLl8tsf nflu ;/sf/n] w]/yf]/ /fxt / cfkTsfnLg ;xof]u k|bfg
ug]{ Joj:yf x'G5 . ;/sf/n] kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ lgwf{l/t ;xof]u u5{
eg] af9Lsf] :j¿k, cj:yf / Ifltsf] n]vfhf]vf u/]/ cGo k|sf/n] klg
;xof]u pknAw u/fpF5 . ;/sf/n] s]–s:tf] ;xof]u lbg] 3f]if0ff u5{
To;k|lt ;d'bfon] ;r]t x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . ;d'bfodf p4f/ tyf
/fxtsf nflu vl6Psf :jo+;jsn] ;/sf/åf/f 3f]lift ;xof]u ;d'bfon]
]
kfpg] Joj:yfsf nflu cfjZos kxn u/L ;xof]u ug'{ k5{ .
clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
k|sf]kdf kg'{ s'g} efUosf] v]n jf k"jhGdsf] kfksf] kl/0ffd xf]Og .
{
To;}n] k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ lbOg] /fxtnfO{ s'g} bfg–bftJo jf
bofk"js eLv lbOPsf] dfGg' x'bg . kLl8tsf] p4f/ ug'{ tyf /fxt
{ F }
;xof]u ug'{ dfgjLo sd{ xf] eg]/ a'‰g' k5{ . lsgls k|sf]kkLl8t;Fu
klg ;fdfGo gful/s;/x ;Ddfgk"js afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 .
{
af9L g]kfndf x/]s jif{ cfO/xg] hnpTkGg k|sf]k xf] . clwsf+z ul/a
tyf ;LdfGt kl/jf/ g} o;sf] cTolws hf]lvddf k5{g . o:tf ;d'bfonfO{
kL8fsf] ;dodf lbOg] ;xof]u ;Ddfghgs x'g' h¿/L x'G5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm /fHo / p;sf :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu kLl8tsf] clwsf/ /Iffsf]
nflu kxn ug'{ x/]s gful/ssf] st{Jo g} x'g cfpF5 . /fxt :j¿k lbOg]
cGg, vfBfGg :j:ys/ / tfhf x'g' k5{ eg] n'ufkmf6f] klg cfk"mn] k|of]u
u/]/ kmflnPsf] lbg' x'bg . h] hlt ;lsG5 pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg / :jfledfgdf
F}
cfFr gcfpg] u/L lbg' k5{ .

af9LkLl8t kl/jf/sf] cj:yf ;fdfGo / cfocfh{gsf] lgoldt Joj:yf
geP;Dd /fHo, 5/l5d]s jf cGo bftfaf6 x'g] ;xof]un] lg/Gt/tf
kfpg] k|Tofe"lt lbg' k5{ . kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] dfkb08 cg'¿k ;xof]u / ;'ljwf lbg] k|aGw ug'{ k5{ . To;sf
;fy} ltgLx¿sf afnaRrfnfO{ lbOg] lzIff :km]o/ kl/of]hgfn] g} lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] dfkb08 cg'¿k g} lbg] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .

af9Lkl5sf] sfo{
af9Lkl5 ;dfhdf l:ylt ;fdfGo x'b} hfG5 . obfsbf jiff{ nfdf] ;do;Dd
F
eP/ af9L klg nfd} ;do cfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . h] eP klg af9L
dTy/ x'b} uPkl5 k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfˆgf] 3/af/
F
;DxfNg ;xof]u ug'{ k5{ eg] lj:yflkt kl/jf/nfO{ a;f]af;sf] k|aGw
ug'{ k5{ . af9Laf6 eTs]sf lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgfsf] /]vb]v,
dd{t;Def/ tyf k'gMlgdf{0fsf sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
Ifltsf] d"Nofªsg
af9Laf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] k'gMlgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/sf nflu s]–s:tf] /
slt d"Nosf] Iflt ePsf] 5 eg]/ ;j]If0f ug'{ k5{ . k'gM:yfkg tyf
{
k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu /fHon] ah]6 Joj:yf ug{ klg o:tf] d"Nofªsg u5{
eg] ;d'bfon] klg af9Lkl5sf] ;'/lIft lgdf{0fsf nflu Ifltsf] ljZn]if0f
ug'{ k5{ . cfˆgf] lghL ;DklQ / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] Ifltsf] cj:yfsf]
ljZn]if0f klg k|efljt ;d'bfo, 5/l5d]s, :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo,
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfn ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ug'{
pko'Qm x'G5 . To;f] ePdf k'gMlgdf{0f / k'gM:yfkgfsf sfo{df klg ;a}
ju{sf] ;xeflutf /xg] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 .
k'g:yf{kg sfo{sf] k|fyldsLs/0f
af9Ln] k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf] k"lt{ t'¿Gt} x'g ;Sb}g . Ifltsf] k"lt{, dd{t;Def/
/ k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu tTsfnLg cfjZostf klxrfg ug'{ k5{ . k'g:yfkgsf
nflu sfo{ k|f/De ug'cl3 lgDg ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ M
{
:jR5 lkpg] kfgL, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfOsf] k'gM:yfkg,


vfBfGg / cfjf;sf] aGbfa:t,
dfgjclwsf/sf] lgoldt cg'udg
;ªs6sfnLg lzIffsf] k|aGw,
;~rf/ Joj:yfsf] k'gM:yfkg tyf ;Dks{,
cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg sfdsf] klxrfg / sfo{of]hgfsf] tof/L,
k'gM:yfkg tyf k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo .
k'gM:yfkg tyf k'glg{df{0f
af9Lsf] k|efj dTy/ x'b} uPkl5 ;d'bfonfO{ k"jf{j:yfdf Nofpg lgs}
F
nfdf] ;do nfU5 . ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfsf] k|yfldsLs/0fsf cfwf/df
tTsfn / lj:tf/} ug'kg]{ sfo{sf] klxrfg ul/g' k5{ . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf]
{
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts hLjgk4lt / cfly{s tyf k|fljlws Ifdtfsf
cfwf/df sfo{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug'{ k5{ . :yfgLo ;|ftsf] pknAwtf /
]
afXo ;xof]usf] cfjZostfsf] klg klxrfg u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ k5{ .
o;/L ul/Psf] cWoog / ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df lgDf sfo{ ug'{ k5{ M
tTsfnLg k'gM:yfkg
af9L dTy/ x'gf;fy ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff / tTsfnLg /fxtsf nflu lgDg
sfo{ ug'{ k5{ M
z'4 lkpg] kfgLsf] cfk"lt{, ;/;kmfOsf] Joj:yf / lgoldt cg'udg,
afnaRrf, dlxnf, a"9fa"9L, czQmsf] pkrf/,
vfBkbfy{sf] cfk"lt{, d"No lgoGq0f / pknAwtfsf] k|Tofe"lt,
;xof]uL ;+:yf tyf lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo / ;xof]u kl/rfng,
zflGt;'/Iff, kLl8tsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt,
:km]o/ kl/of]hgfåf/f lgwf{l/t dfkb08sf] sfof{Gjog tyf
cf+lzs Ifltu|:t 3/sf] dd{t;Def/ / k'gM:yfkg .
bL3{sfnLg k'gM:yfkg
af9Ll5 ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg / k'gM:yfkgsf nflu lgDg sfo{
ug'{ k5{ M
af9Ln] k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf] cfFsng,

k'gM:yfkg of]hgfsf] tof/L,
;Defljt bftf JolQm, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;+:yfh:tf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
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afXo ;+:yfåf/f k|bfg ul/g] ;xof]usf] ;dGjo,
vfBfGgsf] lap, dn tyf v]tLsf nflu cfjZos cf}hf/sf] ;xof]u
jf sfdsf nflu vfBfGgsf] k|aGw, bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf cfocfh{gsf
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lgdf{0f, k"jrtfjgL k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf, ;'/lIft cfjf; / vfg]kfgL /
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of]hgfcg'?k sfd ug{ ;lsPdf hgwgsf] Iflt 8'ag ug]{ k|of;df ;kmntf
af9L, Go" fg tyf Joj:yfkg ÷33
k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

7. flood and its manage dks 7

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7. flood and its manage dks 7