The microcontroller is a one-chip solution that integrates CPU, RAM, ROM, and I/O ports onto a single chip. It is optimized for embedded applications where cost and space are critical compared to general-purpose microprocessors. The 8051 microcontroller contains 4 I/O ports, 128 bytes of RAM, 4k bytes of ROM, timers, and serial communication. It uses a quartz crystal oscillator or external TTL oscillator as its clock source and has pins for reset, external memory access, and address latching.
8051 timer counter
Introduction
TMOD Register
TCON Register
Modes of Operation
Counters
The microcontroller 8051 has two 16 bit Timer/ Counter registers namely Timer 0 (T0) and Timer 1 (T1) .
When used as a “Timer” the microcontroller is programmed to count the internal clock pulse.
When used as a “Counter” the microcontroller is programmed to count external pulses.
Maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency.
The microprocessor is the core of computer systems.
Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable devices, are controlled by them.
A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to reduce production costs and product reliable.
This presentation discusses the details of the I2C protocol and interfacing of EEPROM with 8051 based on I2C protocol. It also discusses the other applications of I2C protocol
UNIT III PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE ravis205084
UNIT III PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE 9
Introduction – Architecture of 8255, Keyboard interfacing, LED display –interfacing, ADC and
DAC interface, Temperature Control – Stepper Motor Control – Traffic Control interface.
8051 timer counter
Introduction
TMOD Register
TCON Register
Modes of Operation
Counters
The microcontroller 8051 has two 16 bit Timer/ Counter registers namely Timer 0 (T0) and Timer 1 (T1) .
When used as a “Timer” the microcontroller is programmed to count the internal clock pulse.
When used as a “Counter” the microcontroller is programmed to count external pulses.
Maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency.
The microprocessor is the core of computer systems.
Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable devices, are controlled by them.
A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to reduce production costs and product reliable.
This presentation discusses the details of the I2C protocol and interfacing of EEPROM with 8051 based on I2C protocol. It also discusses the other applications of I2C protocol
UNIT III PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE ravis205084
UNIT III PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE 9
Introduction – Architecture of 8255, Keyboard interfacing, LED display –interfacing, ADC and
DAC interface, Temperature Control – Stepper Motor Control – Traffic Control interface.
Presentation On: "Micro-controller 8051 & Embedded System"surabhii007
The presentation is dealing with majors about 'An Embedded System' along with 'Micro-controller' with it's base peripherals & parameters.
Hope It'll be helpfull!
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Technology is constantly changing. New microcontrollers become available every year. The one thing that has stayed the same is the C programming language used to program these microcontrollers. If you would like to learn this standard language to program microcontrollers, then this book is for you!
Arduino is the hardware platform used to teach the C programming language as Arduino boards are available worldwide and contain the popular AVR microcontrollers from Atmel.
The AT89S8252 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with
8K bytes of downloadable Flash programmable and erasable read only memory and
2K bytes of EEPROM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile
memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51
instruction set and pinout. The on-chip downloadable Flash allows the program memory
to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with downloadable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S8252 is a powerful
microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications.
The AT89S8252 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of downloadable
Flash, 2K bytes of EEPROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, programmable watchdog
timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In
addition, the AT89S8252 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency
and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system
to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware
reset.
The downloadable Flash can be changed a single byte at a time and is accessible
through the SPI serial interface. Holding RESET active forces the SPI bus into a serial
programming interface and allows the program memory to be written to or read from
unless Lock Bit 2 has been activated.
Complete description of AT89xxx (8051 based) microcontrollers with timers, serial communication and assembly language programming. Interfacing of some real time devices like led, sensor, and seven segment display is also covered.
The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K
bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on
a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a
five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator,
and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation
down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents
but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external
interrupt or hardware reset.
8-bit
Microcontroller
with 4K Bytes
In-System
Programmable
Flash
AT89S51
2487D
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. WHAT IS A MICROCONTROLLER?
• All of the components needed for a controller
were built right onto one chip.
• A one chip computer, or microcontroller was
born.
• A microcontroller is a highly integrated chip
which includes, on one chip, all or most of the
parts needed for a controller.
• The microcontroller could be called a "one-
chip solution".
4. MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICRO CONTROLLER
General-purpose Microcontroller
microprocessors
The fixed amount of on-chip
Must add RAM, ROM, I/O ROM, RAM, and number of
ports, and timers externally I/O ports makes them ideal
to make them functional for applications in which
Make the system bulkier cost and space are critical.
and much more expensive In many applications, the
Have the advantage of space it takes, the power it
versatility on the amount of consumes, and the price per
RAM, ROM, and I/O ports unit are much more critical
considerations than the
computing power
5. Features :
• The Intel 8051 is used in embedded
systems
– 8-bit CPU
– 4k bytes ROM for the program
– 128 BYTES of RAM for variables
– 32 I/O lines ( 4 PORTS WITH 8 EACH )
– 2 timers
– 1 Serial port
– 6 interrupt sources
– Low cost (10-15 cents per chip)
6. Block Diagram
External Interrupts
Interrupt 4k 128 bytes Timer 1
Control ROM RAM Timer 2
CPU
OSC Bus
4 I/O Ports Serial
Control
P0 P2 P1 P3 TXD RXD
Addr/Data
9. • 8051 contains four I/O ports (P0 - P3)
• Each port can be used as input or output
(bi-direction)
Port 1 Port 2 Port 3
Port 0
P1（P1.0～ P2（P2.0～ P3（P3.0～
P0（P0.0～P0.7）
P1.7） P2.7） P3.7）
8-bit R/W -
8-bit R/W - General
General
General Purpose I/O
Purpose I/O
Purpose I/O Only 8-bit
R/W -
General Or high if not using
Or acts as a Purpose byte of the any of the
multiplexed
I/O address internal
low byte bus for peripherals
address and (timers) or
data bus for
external
external memory external
memory design interrupts.
design
11. IMPORTANT PINS
• PSEN (out): Program Store Enable, the read signal
for external program memory (active low).
• ALE (out): Address Latch Enable, to latch address
outputs at Port0 and Port2
• EA (in): External Access Enable, active low to access
external program memory locations 0 to 4K
• RXD,TXD: UART pins for serial I/O on Port 3
• XTAL1 & XTAL2: Crystal inputs for internal
oscillator.
12. SIGNALS - OPERATION
• Vcc（pin 40）：
– Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.
– The voltage source is +5V.
• GND（pin 20）：ground
• XTAL1 and XTAL2（pins 19,18）：
– These 2 pins provide external clock.
– Way 1：using a quartz crystal oscillator
– Way 2：using a TTL oscillator
13. QUARTZ CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
• Using a quartz crystal oscillator
• We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2
pin. C2
XTAL2
30pF
C1
XTAL1
30pF
GND
14. XTAL Connection to an External Clock Source
• Using a TTL oscillator
• XTAL2 is unconnected.
N XTAL2
C
EXTERNAL
OSCILLATOR
SIGNAL XTAL1
GND
15. RST - RESET
• RST（pin 9）：reset
– input pin and active high
• The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine
cycles.
– power-on reset.
• Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the
microcontroller will reset and all values in
registers will be lost.
• Reset values of some 8051 registers
16. RESET Value of Some 8051 Registers:
Register Reset Value
PC 0000
ACC 0000
B 0000
PSW 0000
SP 0007
DPTR 0000
RAM are all zero
18. EA’ & PSEN’
• EA’（pin 31）：external access
– There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .
– The EA’ pin is connected to GND to indicate
the code is stored externally.
– PSEN’ ＆ ALE are used for external ROM.
– For 8051, EA’ pin is connected to Vcc.
– active low.
• PSEN’（pin 29）：program store enable
– This is an output pin and is connected to the OE
pin of the ROM.
19. ALE
ALE（pin 30）：address
latch enable
It is an output pin and is
active high.
8051 port 0 provides
both address and data.
The ALE pin is used for
de-multiplexing the
address and data by
connecting to the G pin of
the 74LS373 latch.
20. External code memory
WR
RD
PSEN OE
ALE 74LS373 CS
G
P0.0 A0
D
P0.7 A7
D0
D7
EA
P2.0 A8
P2.7 A15
8051 ROM
21. External data memory
WR WR
RD RD
PSEN
ALE 74LS373 CS
G
P0.0 A0
D
P0.7 A7
D0
D7
EA
P2.0 A8
P2.7 A15
8051 RAM
22.
23. Title
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