Production agriculture and the agricultural processing and manufacturing sectors are important elements of the economy in the state of Utah. These economic sectors contribute jobs, income, fiscal revenues, and quality of life to not only rural regions of the state, but also to its more urbanized regions.
Effects of Rice Liberalization Law on Rice Production, Farmers’ Wages and Gov...IJAEMSJORNAL
This article estimated the effect of Rice Liberalization Law on rice production, farmers' wages, and government budgets in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The quantitative research design was utilized in this study using the time series data. The results found out that the government budget has a significant role and a positive effect on Philippine rice productions. Finding also suggests that low rice production affects farmers’ wages and income, tantamount to a high price of rice due to the demand and leads to high rice importation. Therefore,it is necessary to increase rice production at a lower cost that will give a positive effect on farmers ' wages and rice market prices. This could result in enticing the younger generation or unemployed citizens to be engaged in farming that will eventually result in to increase in rice production.
This study sets to assess the effect of government intervention on economic development adopting Songhai Development Initiative Farm in Rivers State of Nigeria as a case study. It adopted the survey design with the instruments of personal observations, interviews and questionnaires to collect the required data. The data has internal consistency of 0.87, test-retest reliability of 0.85 (p < 0.001), split-half reliability of 0.82 (p < 0.001). The mean of 3 points was chosen as a cut off point for accepting or rejecting each of the items in the Likert’s scale. The Chi-square was also used to test the hypothesis. All items have mean (X ̅) that are higher than the cut-off mark and this is supported by low standard deviation for all the items which depicts a low variation of the observations from the mean. With the calculated Chi-square greater than the table value (i.e 30.34957 > 21.026) in absolute term, the study concludes that there is a significant relationship between Songhai Development Initiative Farm and the economic development. It, therefore, recommended that such and similar government direct involvements in the agricultural and other sectors should be encouraged for optimum benefits in output, job creation, income, social welfare and technological advancement.
Indian Economy Next Quarter
Rains still not favouring India’s granary in the northwest, August rains key now
Pressure on pulses prices set to ease with imports and higher crop by winter
RBI holds rates, but inflationary pressures will force its hand by last quarter
Commodity prices set to rise as global growth signs turn more positive
High government borrowings pushing bond yields upwards
Subdued dollar as emerging economies show more promise this year
India : Kal, aaj aur kal
As we have been emphasising in the past few newsletters, despite the negative WPI inflation numbers, all is not calm on the inflation front. Right now attention has focused on inflation in food articles and manufactured food products, standing provisionally at 9.7% and 8.5% for the week ending July 25th. Consumer price indices for June are also registering higher inflation than previous months, CPI AL for instance stands at 11.52% inflation; this is on top of the 8.77% rate in June 2008. Clearly, the government’s ‘touchy feely’ talk on being the saviour of the poor has been negated by inflation. Could the government have done anything different? We believe it could have and should have. By preferring to reduce emphasis on the consequences of a high fiscal deficit on inflation, the government has done a great disservice to the country.
Analysis of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricult...researchagriculture
The research was conducted to determine the effect of monetary and fiscal
policy indicators on Nigeria’s agricultural output. The output considered were mainly
cereals such as maize, sorghum, rice, millet and wheat while the monetary policy
indicators studied were inflation, money supply, interest rate and savings. Budgetary
allocation represents the fiscal component while inflation, savings, interest rate,
money supply represented monetary policy indicators. One of the fundamental
objectives was to examine the relationship between monetary and fiscal policy
indicators on agricultural output. Multiple regression was used as the main analytical
tool, and the result showed that money supply, budgetary allocation, interest rate
were 94%, 54% and 82% significant in the order above i.e. they had significant
relationship with output, while inflation and savings were not significant. The result
also revealed that within the period of study, agriculture contributed 28% to 35% of
the gross domestic product. Forestry and fisheries contributed the least, while crop
and animal sub sectors contributed the highest.
Analysis of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricultu...researchagriculture
The research was conducted to determine the effect of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on Nigeria’s agricultural output. The output considered were mainly cereals such as maize, sorghum, rice, millet and wheat while the monetary policy indicators studied were inflation, money supply, interest rate and savings. Budgetary allocation represents the fiscal component while inflation, savings, interest rate, money supply represented monetary policy indicators. One of the fundamental objectives was to examine the relationship between monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricultural output. Multiple regression was used as the main analytical tool, and the result showed that money supply, budgetary allocation, interest rate were 94%, 54% and 82% significant in the order above i.e. they had significant relationship with output, while inflation and savings were not significant. The result also revealed that within the period of study, agriculture contributed 28% to 35% of the gross domestic product. Forestry and fisheries contributed the least, while crop and animal sub sectors contributed the highest.
Article Citation:
Okidim IA and Albert CO.
Analysis of the Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy Indicators on Agricultural
Output (Cereal) (1990-2000).
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 058-064.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0021.pdf
Production agriculture and the agricultural processing and manufacturing sectors are important elements of the economy in the state of Utah. These economic sectors contribute jobs, income, fiscal revenues, and quality of life to not only rural regions of the state, but also to its more urbanized regions.
Effects of Rice Liberalization Law on Rice Production, Farmers’ Wages and Gov...IJAEMSJORNAL
This article estimated the effect of Rice Liberalization Law on rice production, farmers' wages, and government budgets in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The quantitative research design was utilized in this study using the time series data. The results found out that the government budget has a significant role and a positive effect on Philippine rice productions. Finding also suggests that low rice production affects farmers’ wages and income, tantamount to a high price of rice due to the demand and leads to high rice importation. Therefore,it is necessary to increase rice production at a lower cost that will give a positive effect on farmers ' wages and rice market prices. This could result in enticing the younger generation or unemployed citizens to be engaged in farming that will eventually result in to increase in rice production.
This study sets to assess the effect of government intervention on economic development adopting Songhai Development Initiative Farm in Rivers State of Nigeria as a case study. It adopted the survey design with the instruments of personal observations, interviews and questionnaires to collect the required data. The data has internal consistency of 0.87, test-retest reliability of 0.85 (p < 0.001), split-half reliability of 0.82 (p < 0.001). The mean of 3 points was chosen as a cut off point for accepting or rejecting each of the items in the Likert’s scale. The Chi-square was also used to test the hypothesis. All items have mean (X ̅) that are higher than the cut-off mark and this is supported by low standard deviation for all the items which depicts a low variation of the observations from the mean. With the calculated Chi-square greater than the table value (i.e 30.34957 > 21.026) in absolute term, the study concludes that there is a significant relationship between Songhai Development Initiative Farm and the economic development. It, therefore, recommended that such and similar government direct involvements in the agricultural and other sectors should be encouraged for optimum benefits in output, job creation, income, social welfare and technological advancement.
Indian Economy Next Quarter
Rains still not favouring India’s granary in the northwest, August rains key now
Pressure on pulses prices set to ease with imports and higher crop by winter
RBI holds rates, but inflationary pressures will force its hand by last quarter
Commodity prices set to rise as global growth signs turn more positive
High government borrowings pushing bond yields upwards
Subdued dollar as emerging economies show more promise this year
India : Kal, aaj aur kal
As we have been emphasising in the past few newsletters, despite the negative WPI inflation numbers, all is not calm on the inflation front. Right now attention has focused on inflation in food articles and manufactured food products, standing provisionally at 9.7% and 8.5% for the week ending July 25th. Consumer price indices for June are also registering higher inflation than previous months, CPI AL for instance stands at 11.52% inflation; this is on top of the 8.77% rate in June 2008. Clearly, the government’s ‘touchy feely’ talk on being the saviour of the poor has been negated by inflation. Could the government have done anything different? We believe it could have and should have. By preferring to reduce emphasis on the consequences of a high fiscal deficit on inflation, the government has done a great disservice to the country.
Analysis of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricult...researchagriculture
The research was conducted to determine the effect of monetary and fiscal
policy indicators on Nigeria’s agricultural output. The output considered were mainly
cereals such as maize, sorghum, rice, millet and wheat while the monetary policy
indicators studied were inflation, money supply, interest rate and savings. Budgetary
allocation represents the fiscal component while inflation, savings, interest rate,
money supply represented monetary policy indicators. One of the fundamental
objectives was to examine the relationship between monetary and fiscal policy
indicators on agricultural output. Multiple regression was used as the main analytical
tool, and the result showed that money supply, budgetary allocation, interest rate
were 94%, 54% and 82% significant in the order above i.e. they had significant
relationship with output, while inflation and savings were not significant. The result
also revealed that within the period of study, agriculture contributed 28% to 35% of
the gross domestic product. Forestry and fisheries contributed the least, while crop
and animal sub sectors contributed the highest.
Analysis of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricultu...researchagriculture
The research was conducted to determine the effect of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on Nigeria’s agricultural output. The output considered were mainly cereals such as maize, sorghum, rice, millet and wheat while the monetary policy indicators studied were inflation, money supply, interest rate and savings. Budgetary allocation represents the fiscal component while inflation, savings, interest rate, money supply represented monetary policy indicators. One of the fundamental objectives was to examine the relationship between monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricultural output. Multiple regression was used as the main analytical tool, and the result showed that money supply, budgetary allocation, interest rate were 94%, 54% and 82% significant in the order above i.e. they had significant relationship with output, while inflation and savings were not significant. The result also revealed that within the period of study, agriculture contributed 28% to 35% of the gross domestic product. Forestry and fisheries contributed the least, while crop and animal sub sectors contributed the highest.
Article Citation:
Okidim IA and Albert CO.
Analysis of the Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy Indicators on Agricultural
Output (Cereal) (1990-2000).
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 058-064.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0021.pdf
Attaining sustainable agricultural development in any economy indubitably points towards ensuring improved quality of life and enough food for both present and future generations. The need to understand the links between agricultural output and health outcomes necessitates an inquiry to ascertain the extent the changes in health outcomes can influence agricultural output. This study using the dynamic error correction built an econometric model such that mortality rate and life expectancy are proxies for health outcomes while agricultural output is the dependent variable; HIV/AIDS is the dummy. Results showed that HIV/AIDS has lethal effects on health outcomes and aggregate output. It revealed that health outcomes also have significant impact on agricultural output potentials; and there is a causal relationship between health outcomes and agricultural output in Nigeria. This implies that if the healthcare system in Nigeria can be taken as a policy priority, a tremendous increase in the agricultural sector is unarguably expected. A simultaneous front involving both the public and private sectors in extending the healthcare services is necessary to enable workers and prospective workers access to healthcare delivery; this will invariably boost the agricultural output.
Concept of Economic Environment
Agricultural Sector
Status of agriculture sector in Nepalese economy
Features of Nepalese Agriculture
Issues of Agriculture Development in Nepal
The Economic Survey, 2016/17
Attaining sustainable agricultural development in any economy indubitably points towards ensuring improved quality of life and enough food for both present and future generations. The need to understand the links between agricultural output and health outcomes necessitates an inquiry to ascertain the extent the changes in health outcomes can influence agricultural output. This study using the dynamic error correction built an econometric model such that mortality rate and life expectancy are proxies for health outcomes while agricultural output is the dependent variable; HIV/AIDS is the dummy. Results showed that HIV/AIDS has lethal effects on health outcomes and aggregate output. It revealed that health outcomes also have significant impact on agricultural output potentials; and there is a causal relationship between health outcomes and agricultural output in Nigeria. This implies that if the healthcare system in Nigeria can be taken as a policy priority, a tremendous increase in the agricultural sector is unarguably expected. A simultaneous front involving both the public and private sectors in extending the healthcare services is necessary to enable workers and prospective workers access to healthcare delivery; this will invariably boost the agricultural output.
Concept of Economic Environment
Agricultural Sector
Status of agriculture sector in Nepalese economy
Features of Nepalese Agriculture
Issues of Agriculture Development in Nepal
The Economic Survey, 2016/17
The Problem of Unwanted Medicines: (Source: Susan E. Boehme & Elizabeth H. Ma...SerPIE Repository
The Problem of Unwanted Medicines: Environmental Impacts of Unwanted Medicines and Best Disposal Practices. (Source: Susan E. Boehme & Elizabeth H. Malloy, USEPA)
8th National Pharmacy R&D Conference 2014Hasnain Zafar
This is Programme Schedule for the National Pharmacy Conference. I will be conducting Pre-Conference full one day workshop on Social media for Research and Knowledge sharing.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under the Growth E...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study investigated the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers under the growth enhancement scheme in Egbeda and Surulere Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Multistage sampling technique was used in the random selection of 250 respondents using copies of a structured questionnaire. The result of average input used of respondents was farm size (1.59ha), labor used (23 man-days), seed (30 kg), years of education (6.23 years), fertilizer (259.69 kg), and seasonal extension contact (7) while the average input per farm was 4,162.89 kg. Efficiency of farmers was influenced by the significant input variables such as farm size (3.3749), fertilizer (0.2094), and experience were significant at 1% while years of education (0.6038) and agrochemicals (0.0846) were significant at 1% and 10%, respectively. The distribution of efficiency score showed that farms within the range of 0.81–0.90 were highest with 62.4%. It was, therefore, recommended that policy that will stimulate more extension services and labor availability to improve on output.
Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program...ijtsrd
In a bid to revitalize the ailing agricultural sector in Nigeria, several programmes have been introduced by the government, one of such programmes is Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 Atasp 1 . Hence, this study was necessitated to look at the performance implication of the programme on participant farmers in Southeast Nigeria. The study specifically determined the effect of ATASP 1 interventions on the farm income of participants and ascertained the effect of ATASP 1 intervention on the farm profit of participants. A survey research design was adopted for the study. A total of 8,585 Rice 3248 and Cassava 5337 farmers are participating in the programme from Anambra and Enugu constituted the population for the study. A multi stage sampling technique was employed by the researcher. Taro Yamane sample size determination formula was further used to derive the sample size 730 of the study. R. Kumaison formula was adopted to allocate sample stratum for the study. Primary and secondary data were collected and used in the study. A combination of descriptive, regression and inferential statistics were utilized in data analysis. Results revealed that Pseudo R2 was 0.435 which implies that 43.5 variation in farmer's income was explained by the joint action of the programme interventions and that the Pseudo R2 was 0.300 which implies that the programme interventions explained 30.0 variation in the profit of farmers. Hence, it was concluded that ATASP 1 is a signifant and right step in the right direction to regalvanize the agricultural sector and give it the pride of place it desearves. Among others, the study recommended that there is a need for the programme to increase its efforts on financial market development intervention and that the programme implementers and policymakers are encouraged to increase their intervention in rural areas. Johnpaul Chimnedum Onyekineso | Nwankwo Frank "Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 (Atasp-1): A Southeast Nigeria Experience" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46410.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46410/performance-implication-of-agricultural-transformation-agenda-support-program-phase-1-atasp1-a-southeast-nigeria-experience/johnpaul-chimnedum-onyekineso
Exploratory Model of the Impact of Agriculture on Nigerian Economyijtsrd
This paper explored four models in determining the impact of four agricultural sub-sectors of on the Nigerian GDP. The data is on the contribution of four different sub-sectors of agriculture on Nigerian Economy and was obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The findings revealed that ridge regression and PCR are good regression estimation methods for predicting GDP. From the models there is strong indication that fish production in Nigeria is too insufficient to sustain her ever increasing population and improve her economy. Also, the ever increasing demand for fish by Nigerians due to high cost of meat in the market is clearly shown in the models and this stands to say that a lot need to be done to improve fish production in Nigeria to ensure sustainable growth and development. Okeke, Evelyn Nkiruka | Okeke, Joseph Uchenna"Exploratory Model of the Impact of Agriculture on Nigerian Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd162.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/162/exploratory-model-of-the-impact-of-agriculture-on-nigerian-economy/okeke-evelyn-nkiruka
Agricultural Development during Structural TransformationTri Widodo W. UTOMO
(Case Study of Hachiman-cho, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)
Prepared to fulfill assignments in the Domestic Field Work Course, GSID Nagoya Universisity, 2002
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
This research work examined the impact of Agriculture output on Economic Growth in Nigeria, with the objective of determining the relationship between the Agricultural sector and the Economic Growth rates in Nigeria. Thus, the research was aimed at examining the contributions of agriculture (value added) to the growth of the national economy, investigating government expenditure on agriculture in Nigeria, and determining the contributions of crop production from agriculture on the Nigerian economy. Data were collected from the World Bank Data base and CBN statistical bulletin. Co-Integration and Vector Error correction model techniques were employed as well as the Granger Causality test to determine the causality relationship between Agriculture and Economic Growth. As a result of the data collected, analyzed and interpreted, the research found that Agriculture has positive and long run impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends amongst many other things that the Government of Nigeria should put in more efforts to diversify the Nigerian economy as the Nigerian agricultural sector currently suffers a lot of marginalization which has not enabled it to contribute more significantly as it should.
Status of Agricultural Food Sector: Basis for A Proposed Continuity PlanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
Do Investments in Agricultural Extension Deliver Positive Benefits to Health,...Premier Publishers
The study provides an overview of the state of Agricultural Extension with the major aim of identifying gaps and areas of advocacy in the laws and policies that govern extension service delivery in Uganda, document the linkages and analytical trends between agricultural extension and performance of Health, Trade and Industry and Water and Environment sectors, as well as establish the value of each shilling or dollar invested in agricultural extension. Using secondary sources of data and Statistical Based Costing methods, the results revealed that the state of agricultural extension services in Uganda is wanting. Adoption of improved technologies was very low and technology misuse was very rampant. In livestock, the quality of veterinary services and their use were particularly very low. Our results showed that the unit cost of providing agricultural extension services that result in increased productivity, better nutrition as well as higher incomes to farmers is UGX 66,290 per visit. The total cost of not providing agricultural extension is extremely high and the country stands to lose greatly due to the multiplier effect and spillover effect of agricultural extension in other productive sectors. There is certainly need to invest in agricultural extension both in crop and livestock sectors.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national
consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of
improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department
of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers
with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with
propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties
on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii)
school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption
of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health
expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On
the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure
invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by
which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii) school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
‘Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0’IOSR Journals
The agriculture sector which employs more than 55% of the country workforce whereas share of agriculture and allied sector to total GDP is 14.1% (2011-12). The farm sector achieved 3.6% growth during the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12), falling short of the 4% growth target, although it was much higher than growth of 2.5 and 2.4% during 9th and 10th plan respectively. Thus, the sector needs urgent reforms to boost crop yields and private investment in infrastructure so as to motivate farmers and feed the growing population. At the latest Economic Survey (2012-13) points out that “India is at a juncture where further reforms are urgently required to achieve greater efficiency and productivity in agriculture for sustaining growth. There is a need to have stable and consistent policies where markets play a deserving role and private investment in infrastructure is stepped up. An efficient supply chaim that firmly establishes the linkage between retail demand and the farmer will be important”
Farmer's Agribusiness Training Course: Module 1 Lesson 3 Supplementary Readin...Saide OER Africa
The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in agricultural productivity in Kenya in the last 25 years for five of the most important agricultural provinces in Kenya, with particular focus on the period since the initiation of agricultural policy adjustment in the 1990s; (2) to identify the major factors affecting changes in crop productivity; and (3) to identify cost-effective strategies likely to promote future agricultural intensification and productivity growth in Kenya's crop sector in the post-reform period.
Farmer's Agribusiness Training Course: Module 1 Lesson 3 Supplementary Readin...PiLNAfrica
The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in agricultural productivity in Kenya in the last 25 years for five of the most important agricultural provinces in Kenya, with particular focus on the period since the initiation of agricultural policy adjustment in the 1990s; (2) to identify the major factors affecting changes in crop productivity; and (3) to identify cost-effective strategies likely to promote future agricultural intensification and productivity growth in Kenya's crop sector in the post-reform period.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with Parameters
8 kelechi igwe_86--90
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.4, 2011
Determinants of Agricultural Output: Implication on
Government Funding of Agricultural Sector in Abia State,
Nigeria
Kelechi Igwe (Corresponding author)
Department of Agricultural Economics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture,
Umudike, P. O. Box 2, MOUAU Post Office, Umudike, Abia State
kayce_chima@yahoo.com igwe.kelechi@mouau.edu.ng
Cynthia Esonwune
Department of Agricultural Economics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture,
Umudike, P. M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State
Abstract
Using secondary data generated from the Abia State Agricultural Development Programme,
National Root Crops’ Research Institute Umudike in Abia State and the Central Bank of
Nigeria, the determinants of agricultural production in the State were examined. The
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis was applied to the data. Result show that
total land area cropped, total annual rainfall and total population were strong factors that
significantly determined total crop output in the state at 1% level. Whereas the total land area
and total annual rainfall were positive in their signs, the total population was negative.
Government therefore need to do more to ensure that insufficient food that the rapidly
growing population would depend on is addressed. Government spending on agriculture
would need to be revisited in terms how the fund is applied to ensure that it meaningful affect
the rural agrarian economy.
Keywords: Crop output, Determinants, Government funding, Abia State
Introduction
The role of agriculture in transforming the economic framework of any economy cannot be
over emphasized given that it is the source of food for man and animal and provides raw
materials for the industrial sector. Thus, it plays a significant role in the reduction of poverty
(Nwankwo, 1993). Although Nigeria has been an agricultural economy and has targeted the
agricultural sector as the principal source of growth and revenue, the role of agriculture in the
economy has since independence seem to be experiencing a downward trend due majorly to
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2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.4, 2011
lack of finance inter alia (Okorie, 1998; Hammond, 2003). It was also evident that from the
increasing food supply shortfalls, rising cost of food processing and delivering, foreign
exchange earnings from agricultural exports, agriculture is not given the needed attention to
economic development (CBN, 2002). If we are able to deal with corruption problems
meaningfully in our re-branding Nigeria initiative, problem of inadequate funding is another
major obstacle confronting the agricultural sector if tackled, would contribute to agricultural
productivity and economic development.
Inadequacy of government funding of agricultural projects and programmes has been
observed by researchers because lack of strong evidence of growth promotion externalities by
deepening food insecurity, social inequality, rural poverty and hunger are issues of funding
(Ogiri, 2004). If public and private investment is directed towards greater public good, the
lukewarm attitude to food production for domestic production rather than cash production for
export would be taken care of (Adedeji, 1986). Ogunfowora (1973) had argued that all talks
by government on the priority and improvement of agriculture must be reflected on the
pattern of state resources allocation, and thus called for sizeable and assured quantum of such
resources.
This study therefore is set to determine the contribution of government funding to agricultural
production in Abia State and compare with some other factors on which agricultural output
depends on as well. This will guide policy making for increased agricultural productivity in
the State in particular and the nation as a whole.
Methodology
Abia State created in 1991 and which lies within the Southeast of Nigeria and between
latitude 40 41I and 60 14I North and Longitude 70 10I and 80 East is the study area. Abia State
is one of the 36 states of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Data for the study were of secondary origin and covered climatic weather conditions; rainfall
between 1994-2007 were obtained from the National Root Crops’ Research Institute,
Umudike; total land area cropped and the total yield of staple crops produced from 1994-
2007 were obtained from the Abia State Agricultural Development Programme; and the
budget estimates for the actual expenditure on all the economic sectors of the state were
obtained from the Ministries of Agriculture and Finance, that is, the total budgetary allocation
or actual releases from 1994-2007. Data were edited and sorted out for correctness for
analysis. The multiple regression analysis and correlation analysis were carried out to
accomplish the objective of the study.
A casual relationship between crop output which is the dependent variable and four other
explanatory or independent variables were encapsulated into the following implicitly stated
production function:
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3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.4, 2011
Y = f (TLAC, TAR, TPAS, TAGA), where Y = Total crop output (grain equivalent) in naira,
TLAC = Total land area cropped in hectares, TAR = Total annual rainfall in millimetres,
TPAS = Total population of Abia State in million numbers, and TAGA = Total actual
government expenditure on Agriculture in Million naira. Four functional forms of the model
namely linear, exponential, semi-log and the double log were fitted to the data and the best fit
chosen as the lead equation.
Results and Discussion
Based on the strength of the coefficient of determinations, number of significant variables,
their sign and degree of significance and conformity to a priori expectation, the linear
function is chosen as the lead equation. The model shows that total land area cropped, total
annual rainfall and total population are the significant variables that determined agricultural
output in the state.
Total land area cropped is significant at 1% level. It is positive in sign as expected.
Implication therefore is that the higher the hectares cultivated or devoted to crop farming in
the state, the higher the total output that would be produced. This therefore calls for the need
to devote every idle farmland in the state to agriculture as more food would be available if
these idle areas are cropped.
Total annual rainfall estimated variable is significant also at 1% level and positive in sign.
This is in consonance to expectation as rainfall is an important factor to agricultural
production in the study area as the farmers hardly engaged in irrigation farming. Adequate
rains will increase agricultural productivity. In fact should the rains be spread throughout the
year, certain crops such as the vegetables would be grown all the year round in the study area.
The estimated coefficient of the total population in the state was also highly significant in the
determination of agricultural output from the soil. The variable is significant at 1% but
negative in sign contrary to the other two variables. This implies that an increase in total
population does not lead to an increase in agricultural productivity but rather to a decrease.
There is therefore insufficient food for the rapidly growing population. The low labour force
in the agricultural sector and the dependence on crude farm implements and equipment for
agricultural production could possibly account for the inability of the total cropped land to
produce enough for the total population. Hunger therefore is bound to persist unless
something is done to change the trend. If government could encourage the farmers towards
achieving labour saving technologies, output could be meaningfully increased.
Incidentally, the total actual government spending on agriculture estimated variable was not
significant in the determination of agricultural output. This questions not only the amount
spent but also how the money is translated to affecting the rural farmers who need
government intervention. It calls for a restrategizing on disbursement and application of fund
by government to rural agricultural production.
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4. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.4, 2011
The result of the correlation of these variables to agricultural output indicate that only total
land area cropped and total annual rainfall that significantly and strongly correlated with
total output while total population and total actual government expenditure on agriculture
were never significant.
Conclusion
The determinants of agricultural production in Abia State reveal that the effect of government
actual spending on agriculture is yet to improve agricultural productivity. However, the total
area cropped, the total annual rainfall and the total population have significantly continued to
exert effect on agricultural output. Policies therefore should gear towards curbing the
negative effect of increasing population and making more land available to potential farmers
and introducing irrigation farming to take advantage of the dry seasons for crops like
vegetables since the potential fertility of the available land is not in doubt if attended to as
should be. Government funding to accomplish this is paramount if the poor resource farmers
could meaningfully contribute to meeting the production challenge of the teeming population.
Reference
Adedeji, A. (1986). Contributions of the Private Sectors to Agricultural Development. Paper
Presented at the Conference organized by Government in Sub Saharan Africa,
Business means and Voluntary agencies on More Effective Private Participation in
African Economies.
Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN (2006). CBN Statistical Bulletin Vol. 15. December
CBN Bulletin (2006). Annual Reports and Statements of Accounts (Various Issues)
Hammond, R. (2003). The Impact of IMF Structural Adjustment Policies on Tanzanian
Agriculture.
Nwankwo, G. O. (1983). ‘’Agricultural Finance Policy and Strategy in the 1980’’ In: Ojo, M.
O., Edodu, C. C. and Akinbade, J. A. (eds) Nigeria: Problems and Prospects.
Published by the Central Bank of Nigeria, Lagos.
Ogiri, P. (2004). Agriculture and the Food basket Myth: Implication for Food Security and
Agricultural Policy Reforms in Nigeria. Markurdi, Aboki Publishers.
Ogunfowora, O. (1973). Income and Employment Potential of Credit and Technological
Farming at a Rural Development. Paper No. 9. Department of Agricultural
Economics, University of Ibadan.
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5. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.4, 2011
Table 1: Regression Results of Determinant of Agricultural Output in Abia State
Variable Linear Exponential Double log Semi – Log Correl. Coeff.
Constant 2285799.100* -2981975.000 11.854 14.808 1.000
(3.868) (-0.167) (0.999) (36.200)
TLAC 2.904* 599330.830** 0.439** 2.078E-06* 0.059*
(3.456) (2.323) (2.557) (3.572) (P=0.017)
TAR 546.094* 178888.700 0.143 3.685E-04* 0.7911*
(5.267) (0.560) (0.676) (5.134) (P=0.001)
TPAS -0.758* -282164.000 -0.272 -5.426E-07 0.0140
(-3.254) (-0.198) (-0.287) (-3.364) (P=0.490)
TAGA 2.608E-05 6389.227 2.542E-03 2.931E-11 0.008
(0.330) (0.073) (0.043) (0.535) (P=0.490)
R2 0.867 0.427 0.460 0.864
R Squared 0.808 0.172 0.221 0.804
F-ratio 14.655 1.675 1.920 14.322
Source: Computer Print Out, 2007
Note: * = significant at 1%, ** = significant at 5%; Values in parenthesis are t-ratios
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