The agriculture sector which employs more than 55% of the country workforce whereas share of agriculture and allied sector to total GDP is 14.1% (2011-12). The farm sector achieved 3.6% growth during the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12), falling short of the 4% growth target, although it was much higher than growth of 2.5 and 2.4% during 9th and 10th plan respectively. Thus, the sector needs urgent reforms to boost crop yields and private investment in infrastructure so as to motivate farmers and feed the growing population. At the latest Economic Survey (2012-13) points out that “India is at a juncture where further reforms are urgently required to achieve greater efficiency and productivity in agriculture for sustaining growth. There is a need to have stable and consistent policies where markets play a deserving role and private investment in infrastructure is stepped up. An efficient supply chaim that firmly establishes the linkage between retail demand and the farmer will be important”
This document is the preface and table of contents for the "Pocket Book of Agricultural Statistics 2014" published by the Government of India's Ministry of Agriculture. It provides an overview of the publication, which contains statistical tables on key indicators related to Indian agriculture. These include socio-economic data, government outlays and expenditures, labor and poverty statistics, agricultural land use, production and yields of major crops and horticulture, livestock, inputs and costs, prices and procurement, consumption, international comparisons, and agricultural emissions. The preface notes that additional useful data from other sources have been included in this edition.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Agricultural Statistics, India (2013)Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document is a preface and contents page for the "Pocket book on Agricultural Statistics 2013" published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
It provides an overview of the key economic and social indicators included in the pocket book, such as GDP growth rates, agricultural production indexes, inflation rates, trade data, and more. It also outlines the 14 statistical tables that will be included, covering topics like population trends, agricultural land use, crop production, inputs and costs, prices and procurement, imports/exports, and international comparisons.
The preface explains that the pocket book is intended as a quick reference guide for policymakers and ministry officials to access frequently used agricultural data
Effects of Rice Liberalization Law on Rice Production, Farmers’ Wages and Gov...IJAEMSJORNAL
- The document analyzes the effects of the Rice Liberalization Law on rice production, farmers' wages, and government budgets in Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
- Quantitative analysis using time series data from 2010-2019 finds that government budgets have a significant positive effect on rice production, while low production negatively impacts farmers' wages and income.
- The study aims to determine if liberalizing rice trade through the Rice Liberalization Law significantly impacted the current rice market situation in Nueva Ecija.
The document provides information on India's agriculture sector. Some key points:
- India has the 2nd largest amount of agricultural land in the world at 157.35 million hectares.
- Food grain production reached a record high of 273.83 million tonnes in FY2017, up from 253.16 million tonnes in FY2016.
- India is the largest producer of many crops like spices, pulses, milk and tea. It is also the 2nd largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- The government has implemented various schemes to boost agriculture like Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana for irrigation and Pradhan Mantri Fas
The document discusses the importance of agriculture in the Indian economy. It notes that agriculture accounts for around 17-18% of India's GDP and 50% of employment. It plays a key role by providing food, raw materials to industry, employment, and market for other goods. The agricultural sector is therefore critical to India's growth, development, and food security.
Record global harvests in 2013/14 have pushed down prices for cereals like maize and wheat. However, uncertainty in Ukraine has led to temporary price rises for these crops. While prices have been high and volatile since 2008, it now seems the markets may be reaching a new equilibrium as major drivers of change stabilize. Production responses to high prices, especially in developing countries, have accelerated world supply. If stability continues, proposals for radical market interventions may not be needed.
Jobs and Ethiopia’s agri-food system: Reviewing the evidenceessp2
This document reviews evidence on jobs and Ethiopia's agri-food system. It finds that agriculture remains extremely important for employment in Ethiopia, accounting for over 75% of jobs, though this share is declining slowly. Labor productivity in agriculture is increasing over time but remains low, with larger, more commercial farms showing higher productivity. Hired agricultural wage labor constitutes a small share of total agricultural labor. Wages are increasing in rural areas but remain low internationally. Food processing, trade, and transportation make up sizable shares of non-farm employment in Ethiopia's agri-food system.
This document is the preface and table of contents for the "Pocket Book of Agricultural Statistics 2014" published by the Government of India's Ministry of Agriculture. It provides an overview of the publication, which contains statistical tables on key indicators related to Indian agriculture. These include socio-economic data, government outlays and expenditures, labor and poverty statistics, agricultural land use, production and yields of major crops and horticulture, livestock, inputs and costs, prices and procurement, consumption, international comparisons, and agricultural emissions. The preface notes that additional useful data from other sources have been included in this edition.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Agricultural Statistics, India (2013)Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document is a preface and contents page for the "Pocket book on Agricultural Statistics 2013" published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
It provides an overview of the key economic and social indicators included in the pocket book, such as GDP growth rates, agricultural production indexes, inflation rates, trade data, and more. It also outlines the 14 statistical tables that will be included, covering topics like population trends, agricultural land use, crop production, inputs and costs, prices and procurement, imports/exports, and international comparisons.
The preface explains that the pocket book is intended as a quick reference guide for policymakers and ministry officials to access frequently used agricultural data
Effects of Rice Liberalization Law on Rice Production, Farmers’ Wages and Gov...IJAEMSJORNAL
- The document analyzes the effects of the Rice Liberalization Law on rice production, farmers' wages, and government budgets in Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
- Quantitative analysis using time series data from 2010-2019 finds that government budgets have a significant positive effect on rice production, while low production negatively impacts farmers' wages and income.
- The study aims to determine if liberalizing rice trade through the Rice Liberalization Law significantly impacted the current rice market situation in Nueva Ecija.
The document provides information on India's agriculture sector. Some key points:
- India has the 2nd largest amount of agricultural land in the world at 157.35 million hectares.
- Food grain production reached a record high of 273.83 million tonnes in FY2017, up from 253.16 million tonnes in FY2016.
- India is the largest producer of many crops like spices, pulses, milk and tea. It is also the 2nd largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- The government has implemented various schemes to boost agriculture like Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana for irrigation and Pradhan Mantri Fas
The document discusses the importance of agriculture in the Indian economy. It notes that agriculture accounts for around 17-18% of India's GDP and 50% of employment. It plays a key role by providing food, raw materials to industry, employment, and market for other goods. The agricultural sector is therefore critical to India's growth, development, and food security.
Record global harvests in 2013/14 have pushed down prices for cereals like maize and wheat. However, uncertainty in Ukraine has led to temporary price rises for these crops. While prices have been high and volatile since 2008, it now seems the markets may be reaching a new equilibrium as major drivers of change stabilize. Production responses to high prices, especially in developing countries, have accelerated world supply. If stability continues, proposals for radical market interventions may not be needed.
Jobs and Ethiopia’s agri-food system: Reviewing the evidenceessp2
This document reviews evidence on jobs and Ethiopia's agri-food system. It finds that agriculture remains extremely important for employment in Ethiopia, accounting for over 75% of jobs, though this share is declining slowly. Labor productivity in agriculture is increasing over time but remains low, with larger, more commercial farms showing higher productivity. Hired agricultural wage labor constitutes a small share of total agricultural labor. Wages are increasing in rural areas but remain low internationally. Food processing, trade, and transportation make up sizable shares of non-farm employment in Ethiopia's agri-food system.
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India ranks among the largest producers globally for many agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea, and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown significantly over the past decade at a CAGR of 16.45% to reach $38.21 billion in FY2018.
- Major agricultural exports include marine products, basmati rice, buffalo meat which collectively accounted for over $15 billion in exports in FY2018.
- Production of many farm commodities has increased steadily, with rice and wheat production rising over 90%
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India is the largest producer of many agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea, and the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown at a CAGR of 16.45% over the past decade to reach US$38.21 billion in FY2018.
- The food processing industry in India contributes 32% to the food market and 13% to total exports. Major segments include oils and fats, dairy, rice and snacks. Processed food sales have increased significantly between 2013-2017.
- The government has taken initiatives like
The document provides an overview of India's agriculture and allied industries sector. Some key points:
1) India is a major global producer of various agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea, cashew and jute, and is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
2) The sector saw growth of 3.0% in GVA in 2017-18 and production of food grains reached a record 284.83 million tonnes in 2017-18.
3) Agricultural exports from India have grown at a CAGR of 16.45% between FY10-18 to reach US$38.21 billion in FY18, with major exports including marine
Macro-Policy, Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia: Maintai...essp2
This document summarizes an analysis of macro-policy, agricultural growth, and poverty reduction in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia has achieved substantial progress in reducing poverty and increasing food security through agricultural investments and reforms. Agricultural growth averaged over 8% annually from 2004-2016 due to increased yields driven by improved seeds, fertilizer, and total factor productivity. However, macroeconomic imbalances including real exchange rate appreciation and rising public debt pose risks. Future scenarios project that land and water constraints may slow agricultural growth, while urbanization and changing diets will shape demand. Sustaining success will depend on balanced investments and managing macroeconomic stability.
Budget 2016 govt raises agriculture spending to rs36,000 croreAnil Surma
The Indian government raised its agriculture spending for fiscal year 2016-2017 to Rs. 36,000 crore, a 44% increase over the previous year. Major areas that will receive increased funding include crop insurance schemes like Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana which will receive Rs. 5,500 crore, irrigation projects, e-marketplaces for farm goods, and interest subsidies on loans for farmers. The budget aims to boost the agriculture sector and improve farm incomes following two years of drought conditions.
This presentation discusses how agricultural production is the base of Bangladesh's economy and factors that can improve an agro-based economic country into an industrial economy. It notes that 60-80% of the population supports themselves through farming and agriculture contributes significantly to the country's annual budget. Some factors that can drive this change include improved education, implementing hybrid cultivation systems to increase production, greater budget and investment in agriculture, and increasing research and development. The presentation provides examples of how agricultural products can be transformed into industrial products to be distributed farther and consumed year-round.
Indian Agricultural Concerns and Future Prospects of Agriculture in IndiaDevina Seram
Challenges faced in Present Indian Agriculture.
Future Prospects of Agriculture in India (Expected)
"Everything Else Can Wait But Not Agriculture".
- Jawaharlal Nehru
The document provides an overview of India's agriculture and allied industries sector. Some key points:
- India is a major global producer of various agricultural commodities and has the largest livestock population.
- The food processing industry in India contributes significantly to the country's overall food market and exports. There has been rapid growth in production and sales of processed foods.
- Government schemes and policies aim to boost agricultural exports and farm incomes. Infrastructure development including expansion of cold storage capacity also supports the agriculture sector.
1. Agriculture and Ethiopia's agri-food system are extremely important for employment in Ethiopia, accounting for over 80% of total employment. While the share of agriculture in employment is declining slowly, it remains much larger than agriculture's share of GDP.
2. On-farm productivity has been increasing over time but remains low. Larger, more commercial farms are becoming more important but make up only a small percentage of total agricultural area. Labor productivity is significantly higher on larger farms and in more connected areas. Agricultural labor markets differ by remoteness, with more monetized labor in less remote areas.
3. Ethiopia's food processing, trade, and transport sectors have been growing rapidly, providing increasing
Priyanka Parvathi, Rattiya Suddeephong Lippe, and Hermann Waibel, Institute of Development and Agricultural Economics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
The document provides information on agriculture in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Some key details:
1) Agriculture makes up close to 19% of Andhra Pradesh's GDP and provides employment to 65% of the state's population.
2) Major crops grown in the state include rice, oilseeds like groundnuts and sunflowers, and cotton.
3) Irrigation sources include canals, tanks, tube wells, and other wells, with 55% of irrigation being power intensive.
4) Rainfall was well below normal levels during the 2004 monsoon season and other periods.
Acid soil effects on cereal crop productivity in Ethiopia:A prototype for enh...essp2
This document discusses a study on the effects of acid soils on cereal crop productivity in Ethiopia and ways to improve crop management. It presents:
1) The objectives of analyzing soil pH and crop productivity data to estimate gains from adjusting pH levels and developing recommendations for lime application.
2) An overview of the multi-disciplinary research collaboration between soil scientists and economists using agricultural survey and soil data.
3) Preliminary regression results indicating increases in crop yields from raising pH levels from 5.5 to 6.5 and relationships between lower pH, fertilizer use and yields.
Poverty and economywide effects of FISP, by Karl Pauw (IFPRI)IFPRIMaSSP
FISP has had complex economywide effects that are difficult to measure. While some studies found modest direct benefits, general equilibrium analysis shows FISP potentially generated substantial indirect benefits through lower maize prices, higher wages, and GDP growth. These indirect benefits account for around two-fifths of FISP's total impact and increased rural incomes. However, the program's effectiveness depends on fertilizer use efficiency, and some surveys found response rates that would lead to benefit-cost ratios below one. Overall, FISP's economywide impacts are debated but it may have significantly reduced rural poverty in Malawi.
- India has a large agricultural sector with favorable conditions like arable land, diverse climates and soil types.
- Production of major crops like rice, wheat, and horticulture crops has been increasing in recent years. Rice production reached a record 111 million tonnes in 2017-18.
- The agriculture sector is estimated to have a gross value added of Rs. 17.67 trillion (US$ 274 billion) in FY2018, growing at a CAGR of 2.75% between FY2012-2018.
1. The document discusses strategies and policies for doubling Indian farmers' incomes by 2022, as directed by the Prime Minister. It outlines various schemes and initiatives implemented to support this goal.
2. Key challenges in measuring and monitoring farm incomes are discussed, including defining the appropriate income metric (gross vs. net, per cultivator vs. per household). Historical estimates of farm incomes across Indian states are presented.
3. Projections of future farm incomes under different scenarios accounting for inflation, the declining number of cultivators, and potential growth in the agriculture sector are modeled to assess progress towards doubling incomes by 2022.
India has the second largest agricultural land area in the world and is one of the largest producers globally of many agricultural products. Food grain production has been reaching record levels in recent years. The agriculture sector is also supported by various government initiatives and schemes. There are two major seasons for agriculture in India - Kharif and Rabi. Production of key crops like rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables has been increasing over time.
- India has the 10th largest amount of arable land in the world and produces many agricultural goods. It is the largest producer of many crops and second largest for others.
- Agricultural production has been increasing, with record production of food grains in 2017-18. Fruit and vegetable production is also rising steadily.
- There are two major seasons for agriculture in India - Kharif from April to September and Rabi from October to March. Production of staple crops like rice and wheat has been increasing.
- Agricultural exports from India have also been growing with the country among the top 15 exporters globally.
This document provides information on rainfall and crop conditions in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2012-13. Some key points:
- The state received slightly above normal rainfall for the year at 5% above the annual average. The southwest monsoon season from June to September saw near normal rainfall at 1% above average, while the northeast monsoon from October to December had 20% excess rainfall.
- Pre-monsoon rainfall in May was significantly below normal at 51% deficit. The southwest monsoon set in on June 16th and covered the entire state by June 17th. Monthly rainfall amounts during the monsoon season varied from slightly below to above normal.
- Details are given on rainfall received in different districts
Productive disciplinary engagement according to students’ school levels: a co...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research study that compares the productive disciplinary engagement of students at different school levels in gymnastics lessons in Tunisia. The study uses two theoretical frameworks: the theory of didactic joint action and the concept of productive disciplinary engagement. Ethnographic observations and video recordings of lessons were analyzed to describe student task transformations. Results showed how breaks in the didactic contract allowed knowledge progression and student contributions. Patterns of engagement were identified for strong and weak students. Productive disciplinary engagement was characterized by principles of problematizing, authority, accountability, and access to resources. The frameworks were found to be complementary for analyzing student engagement and the conditions created by teachers.
This document compares the Perturb and Observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for photovoltaic (PV) systems. It introduces PV cell modeling and characteristics, and discusses various MPPT techniques including P&O, incremental conductance method, and fuzzy logic control. The document aims to design an FLC-based MPPT controller and compare its performance to P&O control in tracking the maximum power point under changing environmental conditions for improved PV system efficiency.
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India ranks among the largest producers globally for many agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea, and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown significantly over the past decade at a CAGR of 16.45% to reach $38.21 billion in FY2018.
- Major agricultural exports include marine products, basmati rice, buffalo meat which collectively accounted for over $15 billion in exports in FY2018.
- Production of many farm commodities has increased steadily, with rice and wheat production rising over 90%
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India is the largest producer of many agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea, and the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown at a CAGR of 16.45% over the past decade to reach US$38.21 billion in FY2018.
- The food processing industry in India contributes 32% to the food market and 13% to total exports. Major segments include oils and fats, dairy, rice and snacks. Processed food sales have increased significantly between 2013-2017.
- The government has taken initiatives like
The document provides an overview of India's agriculture and allied industries sector. Some key points:
1) India is a major global producer of various agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea, cashew and jute, and is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
2) The sector saw growth of 3.0% in GVA in 2017-18 and production of food grains reached a record 284.83 million tonnes in 2017-18.
3) Agricultural exports from India have grown at a CAGR of 16.45% between FY10-18 to reach US$38.21 billion in FY18, with major exports including marine
Macro-Policy, Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia: Maintai...essp2
This document summarizes an analysis of macro-policy, agricultural growth, and poverty reduction in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia has achieved substantial progress in reducing poverty and increasing food security through agricultural investments and reforms. Agricultural growth averaged over 8% annually from 2004-2016 due to increased yields driven by improved seeds, fertilizer, and total factor productivity. However, macroeconomic imbalances including real exchange rate appreciation and rising public debt pose risks. Future scenarios project that land and water constraints may slow agricultural growth, while urbanization and changing diets will shape demand. Sustaining success will depend on balanced investments and managing macroeconomic stability.
Budget 2016 govt raises agriculture spending to rs36,000 croreAnil Surma
The Indian government raised its agriculture spending for fiscal year 2016-2017 to Rs. 36,000 crore, a 44% increase over the previous year. Major areas that will receive increased funding include crop insurance schemes like Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana which will receive Rs. 5,500 crore, irrigation projects, e-marketplaces for farm goods, and interest subsidies on loans for farmers. The budget aims to boost the agriculture sector and improve farm incomes following two years of drought conditions.
This presentation discusses how agricultural production is the base of Bangladesh's economy and factors that can improve an agro-based economic country into an industrial economy. It notes that 60-80% of the population supports themselves through farming and agriculture contributes significantly to the country's annual budget. Some factors that can drive this change include improved education, implementing hybrid cultivation systems to increase production, greater budget and investment in agriculture, and increasing research and development. The presentation provides examples of how agricultural products can be transformed into industrial products to be distributed farther and consumed year-round.
Indian Agricultural Concerns and Future Prospects of Agriculture in IndiaDevina Seram
Challenges faced in Present Indian Agriculture.
Future Prospects of Agriculture in India (Expected)
"Everything Else Can Wait But Not Agriculture".
- Jawaharlal Nehru
The document provides an overview of India's agriculture and allied industries sector. Some key points:
- India is a major global producer of various agricultural commodities and has the largest livestock population.
- The food processing industry in India contributes significantly to the country's overall food market and exports. There has been rapid growth in production and sales of processed foods.
- Government schemes and policies aim to boost agricultural exports and farm incomes. Infrastructure development including expansion of cold storage capacity also supports the agriculture sector.
1. Agriculture and Ethiopia's agri-food system are extremely important for employment in Ethiopia, accounting for over 80% of total employment. While the share of agriculture in employment is declining slowly, it remains much larger than agriculture's share of GDP.
2. On-farm productivity has been increasing over time but remains low. Larger, more commercial farms are becoming more important but make up only a small percentage of total agricultural area. Labor productivity is significantly higher on larger farms and in more connected areas. Agricultural labor markets differ by remoteness, with more monetized labor in less remote areas.
3. Ethiopia's food processing, trade, and transport sectors have been growing rapidly, providing increasing
Priyanka Parvathi, Rattiya Suddeephong Lippe, and Hermann Waibel, Institute of Development and Agricultural Economics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
The document provides information on agriculture in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Some key details:
1) Agriculture makes up close to 19% of Andhra Pradesh's GDP and provides employment to 65% of the state's population.
2) Major crops grown in the state include rice, oilseeds like groundnuts and sunflowers, and cotton.
3) Irrigation sources include canals, tanks, tube wells, and other wells, with 55% of irrigation being power intensive.
4) Rainfall was well below normal levels during the 2004 monsoon season and other periods.
Acid soil effects on cereal crop productivity in Ethiopia:A prototype for enh...essp2
This document discusses a study on the effects of acid soils on cereal crop productivity in Ethiopia and ways to improve crop management. It presents:
1) The objectives of analyzing soil pH and crop productivity data to estimate gains from adjusting pH levels and developing recommendations for lime application.
2) An overview of the multi-disciplinary research collaboration between soil scientists and economists using agricultural survey and soil data.
3) Preliminary regression results indicating increases in crop yields from raising pH levels from 5.5 to 6.5 and relationships between lower pH, fertilizer use and yields.
Poverty and economywide effects of FISP, by Karl Pauw (IFPRI)IFPRIMaSSP
FISP has had complex economywide effects that are difficult to measure. While some studies found modest direct benefits, general equilibrium analysis shows FISP potentially generated substantial indirect benefits through lower maize prices, higher wages, and GDP growth. These indirect benefits account for around two-fifths of FISP's total impact and increased rural incomes. However, the program's effectiveness depends on fertilizer use efficiency, and some surveys found response rates that would lead to benefit-cost ratios below one. Overall, FISP's economywide impacts are debated but it may have significantly reduced rural poverty in Malawi.
- India has a large agricultural sector with favorable conditions like arable land, diverse climates and soil types.
- Production of major crops like rice, wheat, and horticulture crops has been increasing in recent years. Rice production reached a record 111 million tonnes in 2017-18.
- The agriculture sector is estimated to have a gross value added of Rs. 17.67 trillion (US$ 274 billion) in FY2018, growing at a CAGR of 2.75% between FY2012-2018.
1. The document discusses strategies and policies for doubling Indian farmers' incomes by 2022, as directed by the Prime Minister. It outlines various schemes and initiatives implemented to support this goal.
2. Key challenges in measuring and monitoring farm incomes are discussed, including defining the appropriate income metric (gross vs. net, per cultivator vs. per household). Historical estimates of farm incomes across Indian states are presented.
3. Projections of future farm incomes under different scenarios accounting for inflation, the declining number of cultivators, and potential growth in the agriculture sector are modeled to assess progress towards doubling incomes by 2022.
India has the second largest agricultural land area in the world and is one of the largest producers globally of many agricultural products. Food grain production has been reaching record levels in recent years. The agriculture sector is also supported by various government initiatives and schemes. There are two major seasons for agriculture in India - Kharif and Rabi. Production of key crops like rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables has been increasing over time.
- India has the 10th largest amount of arable land in the world and produces many agricultural goods. It is the largest producer of many crops and second largest for others.
- Agricultural production has been increasing, with record production of food grains in 2017-18. Fruit and vegetable production is also rising steadily.
- There are two major seasons for agriculture in India - Kharif from April to September and Rabi from October to March. Production of staple crops like rice and wheat has been increasing.
- Agricultural exports from India have also been growing with the country among the top 15 exporters globally.
This document provides information on rainfall and crop conditions in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2012-13. Some key points:
- The state received slightly above normal rainfall for the year at 5% above the annual average. The southwest monsoon season from June to September saw near normal rainfall at 1% above average, while the northeast monsoon from October to December had 20% excess rainfall.
- Pre-monsoon rainfall in May was significantly below normal at 51% deficit. The southwest monsoon set in on June 16th and covered the entire state by June 17th. Monthly rainfall amounts during the monsoon season varied from slightly below to above normal.
- Details are given on rainfall received in different districts
Productive disciplinary engagement according to students’ school levels: a co...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research study that compares the productive disciplinary engagement of students at different school levels in gymnastics lessons in Tunisia. The study uses two theoretical frameworks: the theory of didactic joint action and the concept of productive disciplinary engagement. Ethnographic observations and video recordings of lessons were analyzed to describe student task transformations. Results showed how breaks in the didactic contract allowed knowledge progression and student contributions. Patterns of engagement were identified for strong and weak students. Productive disciplinary engagement was characterized by principles of problematizing, authority, accountability, and access to resources. The frameworks were found to be complementary for analyzing student engagement and the conditions created by teachers.
This document compares the Perturb and Observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for photovoltaic (PV) systems. It introduces PV cell modeling and characteristics, and discusses various MPPT techniques including P&O, incremental conductance method, and fuzzy logic control. The document aims to design an FLC-based MPPT controller and compare its performance to P&O control in tracking the maximum power point under changing environmental conditions for improved PV system efficiency.
The document discusses securing biometric templates when transmitted over non-secure channels by selecting partial fingerprint and iris data, encrypting it using AES with an iris hash as the key, and transmitting the encrypted data. It outlines the need to protect biometric data due to risks of identity theft if templates are compromised. Various attacks on biometric systems and methods of template protection including cryptography and cancelable biometrics are also reviewed.
The Analysis of Selected Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water (A Case Study o...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes selected physico-chemical parameters of water from the Isu and Calabar rivers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from various points along the rivers and tested for parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, total solids, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. The results were then compared to World Health Organization drinking water standards. Most parameters met WHO standards, but some exceeded them - turbidity in Isu river, chromium downstream of Isu river, lead and cadmium in Calabar river, and arsenic in both rivers. The study aims to evaluate water quality in these rivers given their importance for drinking,
This document discusses the application of smart energy meters in the Indian energy context. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for electricity in India and issues like energy theft and inaccurate metering. It then discusses how smart meters can address these issues through automated meter reading and two-way communication. The key components and functioning of a smart metering system are explained, including the microcontroller program, real-time clock, communication port, and software. Finally, the document provides a case study where a smart meter is installed in a residential building to monitor parameters like voltage, current and power factor over a period of time.
Link Stability and Energy Aware routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc NetworkIOSR Journals
The document describes a proposed Link-Stability and Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. The protocol aims to jointly optimize link stability and energy consumption. It uses a novel stability metric based on residual link lifetime that is independent of transmission parameters. It also introduces an energy-aware metric that considers residual energy and its variation over time. The protocol is implemented using a greedy forwarding technique to select the next hop, minimizing an energy-stability metric. It is evaluated against other protocols through simulations to test performance on metrics like energy consumption, path duration, and packet delivery ratio.
Designing of a AMBA-AHB Multilayer Bus matrix Self-Motivated Arbitration schemeIOSR Journals
Abstract: The AMBA-AHB Multilayer Bus matrix Self-Motivated Arbitration scheme proposed three methods for data transmiting from master to slave for on chip communication. Multilayer advanced high-performance bus (ML-AHB) busmatrix employs slave-side arbitration. Slave-side arbitration is different from master-side arbitration in terms of request and grant signals since, in the former, the master merely starts a burst transaction and waits for the slave response to proceed to the next transfer. Therefore, in the former, the unit of arbitration can be a transaction or a transfer. However, the ML-AHB busmatrix of ARM offers only transfer-based fixed-pri-ority and round-robin arbitration schemes. In this paper, we propose the design and implementation of a flexible arbiter for the ML-AHB busmatrix to support three priority policies fixed priority, round robin, and dynamic priority and three data multiplexing modes transfer, transaction, and desired transfer length. In total, there are nine possible arbitration schemes. The proposed arbiter, which is self-motivated (SM), selects one of the nine possible arbitration schemes based upon the priority-level notifications and the desired transfer length from the masters so that arbitration leads to the maximum performance. Experimental results show that, although the area overhead of the proposed SM arbitration scheme is 9%–25% larger than those of the other arbitration schemes, our arbiter improves the throughput by 14%–62% compared to other schemes.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance of vertical skirted strip footings on slopes using the finite element software PLAXIS 2D. Various parameters were considered, including the vertical load, depth of footing embedment, distance of footing from crest, ratio of skirt depth to footing width, and configuration of the skirt (one side, both sides, unequal sides). The results showed that skirted foundations significantly improved the bearing capacity compared to unskirted foundations. Bearing capacity increased with deeper skirt depths. Footings at the crest also showed improved bearing capacity. Footing embedment depth did not affect bearing capacity. The study provides insights into using skirted foundations to improve slope stability and bearing capacity
This document summarizes an approach to enhance security in a content-based publish/subscribe system using identity-based encryption. It discusses using identity-based encryption to generate public and private keys for publishers and subscribers. When a publisher encrypts an event using attribute-based encryption, the encrypted event can only be decrypted by a subscriber if their private key matches the credential embedded in the encrypted event. This allows the encrypted event to be routed to the correct subscriber without revealing the event contents. The document evaluates the performance of the proposed approach through simulation studies.
This document provides an analytical review of algorithms that control congestion in vehicular networks (VANETs). It begins with an introduction to VANETs and the issues they face with congestion due to frequent broadcasting of safety and non-safety messages. It then discusses several proposed congestion control algorithms for VANETs, including a utility-based approach that encodes utility information in packets to prioritize them. The document analyzes the characteristics of different hop-by-hop congestion control approaches and highlights their advantages over end-to-end approaches for VANETs. Finally, it provides a comparison of various proposed algorithms for VANET congestion control.
The Effect Service Quality to Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty of A...IOSR Journals
Customer Loyalty is important for cultivated by the company, therefore the aim of this study to prove
how the effect of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in enhancing Customer Loyalty. Samples were
service users Railway Transport Argo Bromo Anggrek Jakarta Surabaya by using purposive side. Sample size of
300 respondents. Data analysis using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results showed that Services
Quality significantly influence to customer satisfaction. Customer Satisfaction significant effect on Customer
Loyalty. Service Quality is not yet significant effect on Customer Loyalty, so that Customer Satisfaction is a
mediator of the relationship Service Quality on Customer Loyalty to PT Argo Bromo Anggrek Train Jakarta-
Surabaya. The implications that Customer Satisfaction is capable of mediating the quality of care in improving
Customer Loyalty.
This document provides a review of sentiment mining and related classifiers. It begins with an introduction to data mining and web mining. It then discusses related work on applying techniques like content, descriptive and network analytics to tweets to gain supply chain insights. The document also covers the basic workflow of opinion mining including preprocessing, feature extraction and selection, and feature weighting. It compares classifiers like Naive Bayes, decision trees, k-nearest neighbor, and support vector machines. Finally, it discusses applications of sentiment analysis in areas like commercial markets, products, maps, software, and voting. It also discusses the importance of opinion mining in governance.
The Performance Analysis of a Fettling Shop Using SimulationIOSR Journals
Fettling shop is the product finishing shop of casting products.After the knockout, the casting is taken
to the fettling shop for doing the fettling work. The fettling process includes cutting, shot blasting, grinding and
painting. In all these process the sand and extra metal on the castings are removed. The project titled „The
performance analysis of a fettling shop using simulation‟ is based on a fettling shop of a casting industry. The
main aim of the project is the performance analysis of the fettling shop. This project is a simulation based
project and is done using a simulation tool called arena. The main concepts related with the performance
analysis are Bottleneck analysis, Productivity analysis and System improvement analysis.
This document describes the development of a mini unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) by students. Key points:
1. Students developed a prototype mini UAV using sensors, a small camera, ZigBee, and a microcontroller. This could be useful for applications like disaster response, weather monitoring, and surveys.
2. The document evaluates parameters like lift, drag, centrifugal force, endurance, and altitude that were achieved with the prototype. Temperature, humidity, and CO2 readings were also obtained using sensors.
3. Potential applications of the mini UAV include aerial photography, surveying, disaster monitoring, carrying small payloads, military, and detecting forest fires. The conclusion is that
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a dual-input single-stage inverter topology for standalone solar photovoltaic systems to provide electricity in rural areas without access to the electric grid. The proposed system uses a maximum power point tracking algorithm and boost converter to increase the low voltage from the solar panels. It then uses a single-stage boost inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation to efficiently convert the solar DC power to high-quality AC power for loads without additional filters or protections. Simulation and experimental results showed the system could boost input voltages and produce 230V AC output for rural electrification with reduced components compared to traditional two-stage inverter designs.
This document describes a proposed approach called Resource Allocation with Connection Admission Control (RA-CAC) and Adaptive Rate Scheduling (ARS) to improve quality of service for real-time traffic in WCDMA networks. The RA-CAC algorithm determines the optimal number of users to admit while minimizing call rejection rates. The ARS then adjusts transmission rates of admitted sessions based on feedback to better utilize network resources. Simulation results showed this approach increased delivery ratio, throughput and reduced delays compared to other resource allocation methods.
The electronic band parameters calculated by the Triangular potential model f...IOSR Journals
This work reports on theoretical investigation of superlattices based on Cd1-xZnxS quantum dots
embedded in an insulating material. This system, assumed to a series of flattened cylindrical quantum dots with
a finite barrier at the boundary, is studied using the triangular potential. The electronic states and the effective
mass of 1 Γ miniband have been computed as a function of inter-quantum dot separation for different zinc
compositions. Calculations have been made for electrons, heavy holes and light holes. Results are discussed and
compared with those of the Kronig-Penney and sinusoidal potentials
The Effects of Industrial Environment, Innovation, and Government Policy on B...IOSR Journals
This research aims to provide information about the effects of industrial environment on business performance, industrial environment on business performance with innovation as moderating variable, innovation on business performance and innovation on business performance with government policy as moderating variable. The population of this research is all small industries especially Tenun Songket Riau in Pekanbaru City, Bengkalis Sub District, and Siak Sub District, as many as 330 business units. Sampling method used is proportional sampling with total sample of 110 business units. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used as data analysis and to be processed with AMOS 16 software. The findings of this study are as follows: (1) the more dynamic industrial environment results better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving; (2) the more dynamic industrial environment supports innovation capability and impacts better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving; (3) the higher innovation capability of the business results better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving, and (4) the higher innovation capability and to be supported by conducive government policy impacts better business performance of small industry of Riau Songket Weaving.
Design And Analysis Of Chain Outer Link By Using Composite MaterialIOSR Journals
This document summarizes the design and analysis of using a composite material for the outer link of a roller conveyor chain. It begins with an introduction to roller conveyor chains and their applications. It then describes the design process for the original outer link made of carbon steel, including hand calculations to determine the link dimensions. Finite element analysis was conducted on both the original design and a modified design using glass fiber-epoxy composite material. The results showed that the composite material link weighed less and experienced lower stresses than the original design, indicating that using a composite material can improve the design of the chain outer link.
The document discusses using Six Sigma methodology to identify the root causes of lining thickness variation defects in brake shoes during production. Six Sigma is a quality improvement process used to reduce defects by minimizing variation and improving manufacturing processes. The company was experiencing high rejection rates due to lining thickness variation defects, resulting in increased rework and scrap costs. The author aims to apply the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control phases of Six Sigma to identify the root causes of the defects and reduce rejection levels. Data on production volumes and defects over the last six months was collected and analyzed. An Ishikawa diagram was created to identify potential causes of the defects related to materials, machines, methods, measurements and personnel.
The agriculture sector is the dominant sector of the Indian economy, providing livelihood for about 65% of the population. Some key points about Indian agriculture:
- It has grown significantly since the Green Revolution but faces challenges of small landholdings, inadequate irrigation, depleted soils, and lack of storage and financing.
- Government policies aim to achieve over 4% annual growth through private sector participation, insurance, market access, and infrastructure development.
- The sector faces population pressure, resulting in small fragmented landholdings, as well as problems of irrigation, soil depletion, storage, and farm equipment.
- Recent developments include increased government expenditure on agriculture and a target of Rs. 575,000 crore
The document discusses India's agriculture sector. It notes that agriculture is important to the Indian economy, employing over half of India's workforce and contributing 15% to GDP, despite a majority of farmers being small-scale or marginal. Key crops include rice, wheat, and fruits/vegetables. Agricultural growth has fluctuated over time periods. New policies are needed to support small farms, rainfed areas, and rural development for sustainable growth in the sector. The government has implemented various schemes to boost agriculture. Food processing and use of technology also present opportunities in Indian agriculture.
Crop diversification involves growing multiple crops rather than relying on a single crop like rice. This document discusses how crop diversification in Bangladesh can utilize resources better and make agriculture more sustainable. It provides statistics showing increases in production for various crops from 1971-2010, though rice production still dominates. Crop diversification offers higher returns through reduced risk, but Bangladesh still has low diversification with 78% of land devoted to rice. The document concludes more efforts are needed to develop markets and infrastructure to better support non-rice crop cultivation.
Agricultural economics combines technical agricultural aspects with business principles of management, marketing, and finance. It originally focused on maximizing crop and livestock yields while maintaining soil health but has expanded significantly. Agricultural economics studies optimal resource allocation for farmers and can be traced back to land economics. It remains an important part of India's economy, accounting for around 18% of GDP and providing livelihoods for many. However, Indian agriculture faces challenges including monsoon dependence, population pressure on land, and structural deficiencies.
Uday salunkhe challenges and opportunties for agri sector in indiaudaysalunkhe
This article talks about the Challenges and opportunities for agriculture sector in India. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research
This article talks about the Union Budget 2009-2010 and gives details whether it fits together with the vision 2020. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research.
India is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Agriculture is the mother of any economy, whether it is rich or poor. Much of its influence is on the other sectors of economy - industry and service. India is the second largest in farm output. Hence, India’s economic security continues to be predicated upon the agriculture sector, and the situation is not likely to change in the near future. Even today, the share of agriculture in employment is about 49% of the population, as against around 75% at the time of independence. In the same period, the contribution of agriculture and allied sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has fallen from 61% to 17% in 2015-16. Around 51% of India’s geographical area is already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the world average. China with lesser cultivable land produces double the food grains, i.e. 607 million tons in 2015 -16 as compared with India’s 252 million tons in 2015-16. The present cropping intensity of 136% has registered an increase of only 25% since independence. Further, rain fed dry lands constitute 65% of the total net sown area. There is also an unprecedented degradation of land (107 million ha) and groundwater resource, and also fall in the rate of growth of total factor productivity. This deceleration needs to be arrested and agricultural productivity has to be doubled to meet growing demands of the population by 2050. Natural resource base of agriculture, which provides for sustainable production, is shrinking and degrading, and is adversely affecting production capacity of the ecosystem. However, demand for agriculture is rising rapidly with increase in population and per capita income and growing demand from industry sector. There is, thus, an urgent need to identify severity of problem confronting agriculture sector to restore its vitality and put it back on higher growth trajectory. The problems, however, are surmountable, particularly when new tools of science and technology have started offering tremendous opportunities for application in agriculture. However, the country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self-sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation, however, started turning adverse for the sector around mid-nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which then resulted in stagnation or even decline in farmers’ income leading to agrarian distress, which is spreading and turning more and more serious. This Paper attempts to focus attention on Issues, Challenges and Government policies of Indian Agriculture in the context of Globalization.
Status and potential of improving crop subChimeg DB
The document discusses the status and potential of improving Mongolia's crop sub-sector. It finds that while crops currently make up a small portion of agricultural output, the crop sub-sector has potential to address food security and poverty reduction. It faces challenges such as land degradation, lack of technology, and poor infrastructure. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths like available agricultural land but also weaknesses such as low productivity and threats such as climatic hazards.
This document summarizes a paper that examines the role and challenges of small-scale agriculture in India. It notes that small and marginal farmers account for over 80% of agricultural land holdings but only 44% of operated area, indicating significant land inequality. Small farms play an important role in agricultural growth, food security, and livelihoods. However, small farmers face challenges in accessing inputs, credit, technology, and markets. Government intervention and support are still needed to level the playing field for small farms and achieve sustainable agricultural growth and food security in India.
Agriculture has historically played a large role in India's economy and workforce, but its contribution has been declining over decades as other sectors like industry and services have grown. Some key factors contributing to the agricultural crisis in India include growing economic disparities between rural and urban areas, low and unstable agricultural incomes, dependence on rainfall and climate effects, liberal import policies, reduced subsidies and government investment, and lack of access to cheap and easy loans. Addressing these issues through increased subsidies, import restrictions, credit availability, and public investment in agriculture could help support the rural economy and farming communities.
1) Agriculture is an important sector for the Indian economy, contributing approximately 17.2% to national GDP and employing 58% of the population. However, agricultural growth has often fallen short of targets.
2) The paper analyzes issues in agricultural financing in India, finding that credit delivery to the agriculture sector remains inadequate. Commercial banks remain hesitant to lend to small and marginal farmers.
3) An efficient agro-infrastructure can optimize resource use, increase farm incomes, widen markets, and create employment. Agriculture is financed through commercial banks, regional rural banks, and cooperatives.
Cereals are synonyms of Indian food production, obviously due to its lion share (~ 90 %) in total
Indian food basket. Since time immemorial, fate of Indian agriculture heavily depends upon the
success of cereals production. Agriculture glory of India must be strengthened all the way through
achieving self sufficiency in food production first; secondly by improving our agriculture image at
global arena, by get redden off from net importer to net exporter, obviously through strong
presence in global agriculture market. We are marching in the right direction; cereals are the leaders
in the food commodity export especially rice “The Basmati Rice”. Since, as of now, Indian share in
the world trade is meagre (~1.0%), there are needs to scale up to the tune of 6% in very quick
succession. No doubt, Cereals and coarse cereals should be a front leader in this endeavourer. Since
a lot more has to be done; we have to have adhered on do more policy. This article discuss at length
on past glory, present status and future prospect of the great Indian food basket famously known as
“The Cereals”.
1) The document discusses the impact of economic reforms on the growth of agriculture in India. It notes that while agriculture's share of GDP has declined since the 1950s, it still accounts for around 14% of GDP and provides over 50% of employment.
2) It summarizes the 12th Five Year Plan's goal of 4% annual agricultural growth. It also outlines various strategies proposed to boost agricultural output, such as improving water management, promoting animal husbandry and fisheries, and increasing access to credit.
3) The document analyzes factors that have both positively and negatively impacted agricultural growth. Higher GDP growth and globalization helped increase public investment and credit to agriculture. However, structural issues around land and water
The Historical Lack of Capital Accumulation in Iran's Agricultural PartIOSR Journals
The increasing amount of income due to the discovery of oil in Iran has caused a gap between the production and need of agricultural products, causing the increase in the import of agricultural products in Iran's economy. The existing gap caused a drastic increase in the prices, and since the growth of agricultural products needed Infrastructure investment, it has been tried to control the increase in the prices with an increase in the import rate. So capital accumulation has not been done to the required rate and the production in agriculture has not increased to the expected rate. The share of workers in the agricultural sector of Iran has faced a decrease since 1980. This is while in the international level, agriculture for the growth of economy, decrease of poverty, food security, and the stability of environment is of high importance. A general investment can reduce risks in the agriculture and increase efficiency in private sectors, so the motives of farmers for investment will be increased.
The document discusses the growth of India's economy, with a focus on the agricultural and services sectors. It notes that agriculture currently contributes around 18% to India's GDP but employs over half the population. The services sector now accounts for over half of GDP and has grown rapidly, especially in IT and IT-enabled services. Key challenges for agriculture include low productivity, resource degradation, and wide disparities across regions. Rapid growth in services has not been evenly distributed or matched by equivalent job growth.
Agricultural Development In India Since IndependenceJim Jimenez
This document summarizes a journal article about agricultural development in India since independence. It provides context that agriculture was the main source of India's economy at independence, contributing 50% of national income. Since then, agriculture's contribution has declined to 18% today. The document reviews India's agricultural policies since independence, divided into four phases, and discusses steps taken including land reforms, price supports, and the "Green Revolution" strategy of the 1960s. It evaluates changes in Indian agriculture over time and will analyze sources of agricultural growth and determine factors influencing agricultural production.
This document discusses strategies for boosting agricultural productivity in India. It analyzes current agricultural productivity in India compared to global levels and identifies reasons for slow growth. Some key points made include:
- Agricultural productivity in India is among the lowest in the world for most major crops.
- Slow growth is due to factors like degradation of land from erosion and salinization, inefficient water usage, and slow adoption of new technologies.
- Immediate action is needed to uplift productivity through using advanced technologies, organic farming practices, improving water management policies, and providing more support to farmers.
Abstract: Punjabi society is most globalised, while its economy is least globalised. It has a relatively developed agriculture without much direct linkages with the industrial development. During sixties, India agriculture experienced a spectacular increase in production, especially, in that of wheat and rice. It was mainly through an increase in productivity per hectares of these crops. The jump in the rate of increase in productivity of these crops was so sudden and conspicuous that some economists termed the new change as 'Green Revolution’ The main benefits of green revolution were: Increase in food grain output, increase in market surplus, generation of more employment opportunities in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, having such great benefits green revolution was not a blessing for the farmers in Punjab. It added lots of problems in the lives of the farmers and made their life full of misery. Punjab has produced a number of paradoxes. The thrust of the paper is to suggest agricultural reforms for future course of growth and development for agriculture sector and ways and means to improve sustainability of agriculture production.
Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.
https://ijaast.com/index.html
Our journal has open-access nature of IJAAST fosters global collaboration. Researchers from diverse geographical locations can engage with and build upon each other's work, transcending borders to collectively address the challenges and opportunities in agricultural science and technology.
Similar to ‘Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0’ (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
The Evolution and Impact of OTT Platforms: A Deep Dive into the Future of Ent...ABHILASH DUTTA
This presentation provides a thorough examination of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, focusing on their development and substantial influence on the entertainment industry, with a particular emphasis on the Indian market.We begin with an introduction to OTT platforms, defining them as streaming services that deliver content directly over the internet, bypassing traditional broadcast channels. These platforms offer a variety of content, including movies, TV shows, and original productions, allowing users to access content on-demand across multiple devices.The historical context covers the early days of streaming, starting with Netflix's inception in 1997 as a DVD rental service and its transition to streaming in 2007. The presentation also highlights India's television journey, from the launch of Doordarshan in 1959 to the introduction of Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite television in 2000, which expanded viewing choices and set the stage for the rise of OTT platforms like Big Flix, Ditto TV, Sony LIV, Hotstar, and Netflix. The business models of OTT platforms are explored in detail. Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD) models, exemplified by Netflix and Amazon Prime Video, offer unlimited content access for a monthly fee. Transactional Video on Demand (TVOD) models, like iTunes and Sky Box Office, allow users to pay for individual pieces of content. Advertising-Based Video on Demand (AVOD) models, such as YouTube and Facebook Watch, provide free content supported by advertisements. Hybrid models combine elements of SVOD and AVOD, offering flexibility to cater to diverse audience preferences.
Content acquisition strategies are also discussed, highlighting the dual approach of purchasing broadcasting rights for existing films and TV shows and investing in original content production. This section underscores the importance of a robust content library in attracting and retaining subscribers.The presentation addresses the challenges faced by OTT platforms, including the unpredictability of content acquisition and audience preferences. It emphasizes the difficulty of balancing content investment with returns in a competitive market, the high costs associated with marketing, and the need for continuous innovation and adaptation to stay relevant.
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‘Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0’
1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 10, Issue 1 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 50-57
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
‘Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green
Revolution 2.0’
* Amar Kumar Chaudhary
Registrar Ranchi University, Ranchi – 834001 Jharkhand, India
Abstract: The agriculture sector which employs more than 55% of the country workforce whereas share of
agriculture and allied sector to total GDP is 14.1% (2011-12). The farm sector achieved 3.6% growth during
the 11th
Five Year Plan (2007-12), falling short of the 4% growth target, although it was much higher than
growth of 2.5 and 2.4% during 9th
and 10th
plan respectively. Thus, the sector needs urgent reforms to boost
crop yields and private investment in infrastructure so as to motivate farmers and feed the growing population.
At the latest Economic Survey (2012-13) points out that “India is at a juncture where further reforms are
urgently required to achieve greater efficiency and productivity in agriculture for sustaining growth. There is a
need to have stable and consistent policies where markets play a deserving role and private investment in
infrastructure is stepped up. An efficient supply chaim that firmly establishes the linkage between retail demand
and the farmer will be important”
Keywords: Green Revolution, efficiency, productivity, sustainable grwoth
I. Introduction :
Indian agriculture is presently facing an unprecedented crisis. Today’s crisis is reminiscent of those
inglorious days of 1960s, when persistent drought had compelled India to go out with a begging bowl and seek
food from rich countries to prevent poor Indians and farmers from starving to death. The generation next of 21st
century, India is largely ignorant of the fact that the drought and famine of 1965-67 had resulted about 1,00,000
starvation death.
Every unprecedented crisis begins also an unprecedented opportunity. Back in 1960s, the specter of
famine, begging and starvation and prompted policy maker in India to embark upon a journey that later become
immortal as India’s Green Revolution. Aided by modern seeds, techniques, fertilizers and equipments, many
states in India saw such massive rise in productivity that India has never again had to seek food aid from the
world. Green Revolution was simultaneously accompanied by the White Revolution and even the Chicken
Revolution.
But looking at the changing food habits, what we have is not enough to satisfy this ever changing need.
We have to double our food grain output and agricultural output resource to be able to do that, but we are not
geared for that right now and agricultural needs structural change.
But just like in the 1960s, the latest crisis confronting Indian agriculture is also an opportunity. It is
time for policy makers to take steps that will lead to green revolution, part-2 in the country.
Why Green Revolution 2.0 ?
There is hard evidence to indicate that the initial gains of the Green Revolution are now petering out.
Food grain production is slackening. Its rate of growth is much slower than that of population. Pulses and edible
oils have been regularly imported, while wheat and sugar too are at times sourced from abroad. So, even the
self-sufficiency in food production seems to be in jeopardy. Natural resources base of agriculture is crumbling.
Use of land urbanization and industrialization is constricting the availability of cultivable land, which was 0.36
hectare per capita at the time of independence, but has come down to around 0.12 currently and is likely to
shrink to 0.09 by 2025. Soils are experiencing serious fatigue. Yields have started showing decline trends in
terms of input output response, as several soil nutrients and organic matter have depleted drastically. Area under
irrigation, instead of expanding is contracting.
Approximately, 60% of our agriculture still remains rain dependent. Ground water is depleting at an
alarming rate. The frequency and severity of natural disaster is increasing on account of climatic changes. Costs
of cultivation have been rising at a faster pace than the prices of agricultural produce. The law of diminishing
returns has already set in squeezing farmer’s profits progressively. Fragmentation of land holding has rendered
about 80% of them as economically unviable. Mono cropping patterns are causing severe imbalances in the soils
and endangering bio-diversity.
India although became the world’s largest milk producer, but the live stock economy is in distress. The
process of economic liberalization and globalization, instead of benefiting the farmer, is compounding their
apprehensions and insecurity. Rural unemployment is increasing making the rural youth desperate.
2. „Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0‟
www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Agricultural Growth and Productivity :
Indian agriculture sector supports more than half a billion people by providing employment to 52% of
he country’s work force. Still its share in GDP is just 18.5% (in 2006-07), down from 36.4% in 1982-83, owing
a lot to the sluggish growth. However, a glimpse of hope was seen during the 10th
5-year plan when the sector
posted a stronger growth of 4.8% as compared to 2.5% during the 9th
plan.
Figure-1
Growth in GDP and agriculture during various 5-year plans
Source: Original data from CSO’s National Accounts Statistics Based on 1999-2000 prices.
Agricultural Statistics 2010 of Ministry of Agriculture indicates that out of 328.73 million hectares of
the country’s total geographical area, the gross cropped area and the net sown areas have been 195.83 and
140.86 million hectares respectively. The net area under irrigation is 62.29 million hectares with a cropping
intensity of 139 per cent. Between 1950-51 and 2007-08, even though the gross cropped area increased by 48.5
per cent, the net shown area rose by only 18.6 per cent (Table-1).
Table-1
Indian Agriculture by Category of Land Use
(Area: Million Hectares; Growth: per cent)
Year Gross Cropped
Area
Net Area Sown Cropping
Intensity
Gross Irrigated
Area
Net Irrigated
Area
Area Growth Area Growth Area Growth Area Growth Area Growth
1950-51 131.9 -- 118.7 -- 111.1 -- 22.6 -- 20.9 --
1960-61 152.8 15.8 133.2 12.2 114.7 3.2 28.0 23.9 24.7 18.2
1970-71 165.8 8.5 140.9 5.8 117.7 2.6 38.2 36.4 31.1 25.9
1980-81 172.6 4.1 140.3 -0.4 123.1 4.6 49.8 30.4 38.7 24.4
1990-91 185.7 7.6 143.0 1.9 129.9 5.5 63.2 26.9 48.0 24.0
2000-01 185.3 -0.2 141.4 -1.1 131.1 0.9 76.2 20.6 55.1 14.8
2007-08 195.8 5.7 140.9 -0.4 139.0 6.0 87.3 14.6 62.3 13.1
Source : Ministry of Agriculture, 2010.
Table-1 indicates that the growth rate of net sown area has declined from 12.2 per cent during 1950-51
to 1960-61 to -0.4 per cent during 2000-01 to 2007-08. The growth rates of gross and net irrigated areas between
1960-61 and 1990-91 witnessed increase of 3 and 5.8 percentage points, respectively where as between 1990-91
and 2007-08, the growth rates reduced by 12.3 and 10.9 percentage points.
There has been no specific correlation observed between the overall GDP growth rate and growth rate
in the Agriculture and Allied Sector (Table-2) during 7th
Five Year Plan (1985-90) to 11th
Five Year Plan (2007-
12). The maximum growth in agriculture and allied sector was experienced during the 8th
Five Year Plan (1992-
Economy Agriculture
10 9.5
8
6.6
6 5.4 5.7 4.8
4 3.5 3.7
2.5
2
0
6th
and 7th
8th
9th
10th
3. „Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0‟
www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
97). As against the target of annual growth rate of 4 per cent during the 10th
Plan (2002-07), average annual
agricultural growth rate was 2.5 per cent.
Table-2 indicates that during the first three years of the 11th
Five Year Plan (2007-2012), the
agriculture and allied sector recorded an average growth of 2.03 per cent against the Plan target of 4 per cent per
annum. In the first year of the plan (2007-08), the growth of agriculture and allied sector was 5.8 per cent which
became negative (-0.1 per cent) in 2008-09 even though this year witnessed a record 234.4 million tones food
production. The decline in the growth was due to reduced production of crops viz. oilseeds, cotton, jute, mesta
and sugarcane. The deficient south-west monsoon in 2009-10 restricted the agricultural growth rate to only 0.4
per cent. Relatively good monsoonal rainfall during 2010-11 has prompted the Government to project the
agricultural growth rate at 5.4 per cent.
Table-2
Annual Average Growth Rate from 7th
Five Year Plan to 11th
Five Year Plan (in per cent)
Five Year Plans Overall GDP Growth
Rate
Agriculture and Allied
Sectors
Share of agrivulture
and allied sector in
total GDP
7th
Plan (1985-90) 6.0 3.2
Annual Plan (1990-92) 3.4 1.3
8th
Plan (1992-97) 6.7 4.7
9th
Plan (1997-2002) 5.5 2.1
10th
Plan (2002-07) 7.78 2.56
11th
Plan (2007-12) [GDP factor costs 2004-05 prices]
2007-08 9.3 5.8 16.8%
2008-09 6.7 0.1 15.8%
2009-10 8.6 0.8 14.6%
2010-11 9.3 7.9 14.5%
2011-12 6.2 3.6 14.1%
Note : Growth rates up to 2004-05 are at 1999-2000 prices and thereafter at 2004-05 prices.
Advance Estimate of CSO.
Source: Compiled from Economic Survey, 2011-12, Ministry of Agriculture, 2011.
The analysis of growth in food-grains production during 1960-61, 1990-91 and 2009-10 indicated that
the food-grain production grew at a higher rate during 1990-91 as against 2009-10 for almost all crops under
reference. (Table-3).
The food grain production in 2009-10 was 218.1 million tonnes. This indicates that on an average 1.11
tonnes of food grains are produced in one hectare of gross cropped area.
Table-3
Food grains Production
(Million Tonnes)
Sl.No. Crop 1960-61 1990-91 2009-10 Per cent growth
1990-91
over
1960-61
2009-10
over
1990-91
1. Rice 35.0 75.0 89.0 114.3 18.7
2. Wheat 11.0 55.0 80.8 398.2 46.9
3. Coarse Cereals 23.0 32.0 33.6 39.13 5.0
4. Total Cereals
(1+2+3)
69.0 162.0 203.4 134.8 25.5
5. Pulses 13.0 14.0 14.7 7.7 5.0
6. Total Food grains
(4+5)
82.0 176.0 218.1 114.6 23.9
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, 2010 and Economic Survey, 2010-11.
While the situation of agriculture as a sector goes from bad to worse in the country, its contribution to
trade also shows a similar trend. From 19.18% of total exports in 1995-96, it has declined to 9.3% in 2007-08.
4. „Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0‟
www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
Interesting, however, is the fact that agricultural imports too have gone down as a share of total imports. Well, to
make you happy it may indicate our self-dependency, but try to think is it really so?
Figure-2
Contribution of agriculture to exports and imports
Source: DGCI&S, Ministry of Commerce, Kolkata. * For April-Sept. period
To give the necessary impetus huge agricultural subsidies have been given. And with every successive
five-year plan the corpus just gets bigger. From Rs.140.69 billion subsidy in 1993-94, it increased to Rs.291.17
billion in 2004-05. The balloon keeps getting bigger. Sadly, the needy farmers don’t get what is rightly the4re
and the suicide cases keep coming every now and then.
Figure-3
Agriculture subsidies in India (in Rs. billion)
Source: CSO. * Figures for fertilizer subsidies only.
20 19.18
16 14.23
12 10.95
9.3
8 4.80 5.29
4 3.33
2.20
0
1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2007-08*
% of agriculture imports to total national imports
% of agriculture exports to total national exports
291.17
300 282.24
250
225.32
200
150 140.69
100
50
0
1993-94 1998-99 2004-05 2007-08*
5. „Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0‟
www.iosrjournals.org 54 | Page
India, with nearly two thirds of its population dependent on agriculture, stands out as the only country
among the world’s twenty largest economies where nearly 45% of farm families still knock the doors of local
moneylenders. Out of the remaining 55% going for institutional credit, nearly 80% live at subsistence levels
owing to a crumbling irrigation infrastructure, corrupt middlemen system of markets and a stagnant public
investment in agriculture as a percentage of GDP for the last 15 years. Ever since the development of co-
operatives in the 1950s to help the farmers get access to credit for short and long term needs, there have been
vast improvement in terms of the number of districts and total number of farmers covered through institutional
credit and the adverse effects of informal credit through moneylenders has been mitigated. The development of
institutions like NABARD, innovative models like Kisan Credit Cards and microfinance accompanied by RBI
policy of stipulating a fixed percentage (currently at 18%) of net bank credit to be directed towards agriculture
under priority sector lending has increased the institutional credit flow. At a glance, it appears Indian farming is
moving towards realizing a utopian dream.
But the more we delve into farm numbers, the most gruesome of the score card becomes. Due to a
massive number of marginal farmers holding extremely small farm holding of the order of 1-2 acres, they have
absolutely no collateral to offer for attaining institutional credit from commercial banks or co-operatives. The
debt relief scheme declared early this year by the UPA government covered farmers owning farms of 4-6 acres
while a majority of farmers in the drought hit regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Vidarbha have average
farm areas of 1-2 acres. Another variable largely missed in the equation is the mode of water availability on a
particular farmland. Since most of the farmers are currently borrowing from financial institutions are located in
irrigated areas, the challenge before the institutional credit is to increase its outreach in the rain fed and dry
regions.
Table-4
Report card of investment status in agriculture
Year Gross Capital
Formation (GCF) in
Agriculture & Allied
Sector
Gross Capital
Formation in the
economy
% share of
agriculture to total
GCF
2003-04 614.67 7129.00 8.6
2004-05 716.93 9548.89 7.5
2005-06 839.55 11,954.08 7
2006-07 966.08 14,426.04 6.7
Year Investment in
Agriculture*
GDP at 1999-2000
prices*
% share of
agriculture
2003-04 535.41 24,027.27 2.1
2004-05 577.59 26,016.30 2.2
2005-06 645.11 28,419.67 2.3
2006-07 712.08 31,173.71 2.3
Tenth Plan
(’02-03 to
’06-07)
3026.87 131,808.29 2.3
Source : C.S.O. * Rs. Billion.
Agriculture Marketing :
Agriculture marketing is very near to what can be called homogeneous. Whether it is production of
cash crops or food grains, average Indian farmers invariably face trouble in marketing their products. Most of
the times they even fail to sell crops at the market price. But the real vices are more deeply rooted.
From the very beginning of a crop’s journey towards the market, a farmer starts struggling because of
the loopholes in the existing system. Storage as such costs the most. Even if the farmer is ready to pay, there is
lack of sufficient storage facilities. And if the farmer needs a customized storage facility like a cold storage, then
the situation turns out to be even worse. Not that there is no government service. There are FCI godowns, but
there maintenance and availability can put the most complacent person in the world to shame. Although, private
companies have now started to come up with their services, they are still going through their own troubles.
Besides lack of proper means to reach the market, the farmers are also looted by the middlemen who
buy crops at a price much lesser than the price at which they sell it in the markets. The Minimum Selling Price
mechanism is not of much help since the farmers are either unaware of it or it has a very low control over
market forces that determine the prices in Indian market. This kind of corrupt and inefficient mechanism makes
agriculture marketing nothing more than a nightmare. The situation is aptly described by The Rural Credit
6. „Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0‟
www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
Survey Committee. As per it, ―While standards of marketing have improved in most of the relatively few
regulated markets which have been established, a number of malpractices still exist even in them since
personnel and enforcement are two great problems, not always sufficiently attended to, much less solved.‖
These malpractices get new life when private parties are involved and the producers i.e. the farmers are
in no case in the position to get any kind of protection from these practitioners. The report also says, ―there is a
great lacuna that no control at all is exercised over village sales, in which the primary producer is literally,
legally and in practice at the mercy of the village trader.‖
Agricultural Credit :
Currently, farm credit is being delivered, besides informal moneylenders, by institutional agencies viz.,
commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks and Co-operatives. The moneylenders supply a little less than half of
the total borrowings of farmers mostly for consumption purposes including conspicuous consumption. The share
of private local area banks is yet to assume significant proportion in farm credit. There are also recently entered
micro-finance institutions (MFIs) and their numbers have been proliferating. The high rate of interest ranging
from 15-50% charged by the MFIs generally make them unsuitable for farm credit as the average rate of return
on investment in agriculture may be around 15-20%. More re4cently, the emergence of corporate finance,
primarily in financing agri-machinery has been observed. Of all sources, institutional credit is still the
predominant source of credit.
By virtue of a central government mandate, the credit flow to agriculture more than doubled from
Rs.869.8 thousand crore in 2003-04 to Rs.2.29 lakh crore in 2006-07. This reflected the view that farm credit is
indeed productive. But in 2008, the same government announced a Debt Waiver and Debt Relief Scheme
writing off loans worth Rs. 73 thousand crore. This implied ex-post sterility of farm credit.
The biggest challenge before farm credit from institutional sources has always been the increase in
outreach, i.e. timely availability of farm credit in adequate amount to a large section of disadvantaged farmers.
Right from the time of independence, institutionalization of farm credit has been the prime objective and yet in
practice there is a tardy process lingering on the exclusion of a large number of small, marginal and sub-
marginal farmers. Credit also has a strong tendency to perch on where it is relatively safe and shy away from the
risky rain fed regions that constitute around 60% of the total cultivated area. Since most of the farmers currently
borrowing from financial institutions are located in irrigated areas, the challenge before institutional credit is to
increase its outreach in the rain fed and dry regions in keeping with the technological leverage in these areas.
The flow of agricultural and rural credit witnessed rapid increase after the firsr round of bank
nationalization in 1969. Between 1971-72 and 2007-08, agricultural credit witnessed a jump of around 220
times from merely Rs. 883 crore to Rs.1,94,953 crore. (Table-5)
Table-5
Direct Institutional Credit to Agriculture and Allied Activities
(Short and Long Term: 1971-72 to 2007-08)
Year Share in Total Credit (Per cent) Total
(Rs. Crore)Cooperatives State
Governments
SCBs RRBs
1971-72 87.1 11.2 1.7 -- 883
1981-82 57.7 3.6 34.8 3.9 4296
1991-92 50.2 2.9 41.7 5.2 11,538
2001-02 56.4 0.8 34.4 8.4 54,195
2002-03 52.2 -- 38.8 9.0 65,175
2003-04 48.0 -- 43.4 8.6 83,427
2004-05 42.7 -- 45.9 11.3 105,303
2005-06 33.4 -- 56.0 10.6 144,021
2006-07 28.5 -- 60.8 10.7 189,513
2007-08 29.6 -- 58.2 12.2 194,953
Notes : SCBs: Scheduled Commercial Banks, RRBs: Regional Rural Banks.
Source: Reserve Bank of India, 2010.
The overall higher-order credit growth in the banking system has not supported the desired expansion
of agricultural credit and credit to small-scale industries. The sectoral orientation of bank credit under priority
sector lending ensures guaranteed flow of credit to the priority areas, namely agriculture and allied sectors,
small-scale and cottage industries, and socially and economically weaker sections of society. Table-6 indicates
that the share of priority sector advances in total credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) went up from
14 per cent in 1969 to 42.9 per cent in 1987 and thereafter fell below the prescribed 40 per cent limit. In the
7. „Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0‟
www.iosrjournals.org 56 | Page
post-bank reform period (post 1992), the share of priority sector lending in total credit of SCBs has ranged
between 32.8 percent in 1996 and 36.7 per cent in 2005.
Table-6
Share of Priority Sector Advances in Total Credit of SCBs 1969-2010
Year Share (in per cent)
1969 14.0
1972 21.0
1975 25.0
1978 28.6
1981 35.6
1984 38.1
1987 42.9
1990 40.7
1993 34.4
1996 32.8
1999 35.3
2002 34.8
2005 36.7
2008 34.9
2010 35.1*
* Provisional Source: Shah et al., 2007; RBI, 2011.
Transformation in banking policies and practices and the resultant improvement in the outreach of and
access to total bank credit during the post-bank nationalization period have not satisfactorily addressed equitable
and efficient delivery of agricultural and rural credit. Due to declining public capital formation in the rural and
agricultural sector and the persistent lukewarm attitude of rural bankers towards formal financing, the planners
and policymakers are relying on microfinance to suitably supplement formal banking in rural India.
Suggestions for Green Revolution :
There is hard evidence to indicate that the initial gains of the Green Revolution are now petering out.
Food grain production is slackening. Its rate of growth is much slower than that of population. Pulses and edible
oils have been regularly imported, while wheat and sugar too are at times sourced from abroad. So, even the self
sufficiency in food production seems to be in jeopardy. Natural resource base of agriculture is crumbling. Use of
land for urbanization and industrialization is constricting the availability of cultivable land, which was 0.36
hectare per capita at the time of independence, but has come down to around 0.12 currently, and is likely to
shrink to 0.09 by 2025. Soils are experiencing serious fatigue. Yields have started showing declining trends in
terms of input output response, as several soil nutrients and organic matter have depleted drastically. Area under
irrigation, instead of expanding, is contracting.
Approximately, 60% of our agriculture still remains rain dependent. Ground water is depleting at an
alarming rate. The frequency and severity of natural disasters is increasing on account of climatic changes.
Costs of cultivation have been rising at a faster pace than the prices of agricultural produce. The law of
diminishing returns has already set in squeezing farmers’ profits progressively. Fragmentation of land holdings
has rendered about 80% of them as economically unviable. Mono cropping patterns are causing severe
imbalances in the soils and endangering biodiversity.
India although has become the world’s largest milk producer, but the live stock economy is in distress.
The process of economic liberalization and globalization, instead of benefiting the farmers, is compounding
their apprehensions and insecurity. Rural unemployment is increasing making the rural youth desperate.
The situation obviously calls for inventing a new approach and strategy. The broad contours of such a
strategy could be the following:
First of all, investment in agriculture, which sustains 62% of India’s population, has remained stuck up
at around 1.3% of GDP since the Fifth Five Year Plan. Irrigation though the most critical input for agriculture is
the most neglected sector. Different Agricultural Scientists have repeatedly suggested that we should
immediately formulate a Ten Year Water Plan to harness the total irrigational potential through major, medium
and minor modes which includes rain water harvesting and water shed management, The investment required
for this is estimated to be around Rs.400,000 crores. States alone, however, are not in a position to mobilize
such resources. The central government should share it equally with them. Secondly, there has to be a land use
policy strictly prohibiting conversion of fertile land for non-agricultural purposes, except in rare cases.
8. „Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0‟
www.iosrjournals.org 57 | Page
Thirdly, thoroughly researched models of integrated nutrient and pest management based on use of
organic matter and biological controls have to be promoted through out the country.
Fourthly, a comprehensive livestock and biodiversity policy aiming at conservation and improvement
of native breeds and varieties through selective breeding must be put in place and form part of the integrated
farming systems.
Fifthly, the price policy, which has so far been favouring only a few crops such as wheat, rice,
sugarcane and cotton, and neglected the coarse grains, that are more nutritious and can be grown with lesser
water, needs to be redesigned to make their cultivation equally profitable, if not more. Terms of trade for
agriculture too warrant a correction.
Sixthly, all restrictions on trading, stocking, financing, movement and processing of agricultural
products must be removed forth with to make India as one integrated market. Seventhly, the numbers dependent
on agriculture have to be reduced by creating alternative job opportunities in rural areas and establishing
facilities for technical and vocational education for enhancing skills and employability of rural youth.
And lastly, the multiplicity of Indian agriculture must be protected at all costs. We must be self
sufficient in almost every item. Food security has to be an integral component of national security. Use of food
as a weapon in international politics is not an unknown phenomenon. Our own experience tells that whenever
we have deficit, prices in international markets go up.
Suggestions Other than Agricultural :
1. The Indian government has to provide the access to education to children living in rural India and also
create enough job opportunities in urban India so that a large percentage of rural India effectively becomes
urban. All India has to do is follow the example set by China where massive investments in primary education
have been accompanied by massive investments in infrastructure and industrialization. Most children living
today in villages will not get a job at Infosys; but they will surely earn a decent livelihood if Reebok, Nike, Wal
Mart and others make India a supply hub. This will once and for all remove the Indian curse whereby more than
60% of the nation depends on agriculture for a livelihood even though it contributes just about 20% to GDP.
2. The other steps that need to be taken are already visible through numerous successful experiments that
have been implemented by activists, NGOs, private sector companies and even many state agencies. The Indian
farmer badly needs access to the market; and it is critical for the state to harness the power of internet and
telecom technology to provide that access.
3. Similarly, dozens of micro credit organizations have managed to reach rural India in a cost effective
manner that public sector banks with their baggage of manpower and overheads have not been able to. All the
state needs to do is to duplicate these entrepreneurial efforts by proving credit and guarantees.
But really, the most important step that needs to be taken to implement Green Revolution 2.0 is also the
simplest and the most challenging. Just like India unshackled the animal spirits of entrepreneurial India in 19912
by lifting the heavy weight of the state, the Indian farmer too needs to be liberated from the heavy hand of a
corrupt and patronage doling state.
Green Revolution 2.0 will come when the Indian farmer has the freedom to grow what he wants and
sell wherever he wants at the best price that he can get.
References
[1]. Amrit Patel (June 2012) : ―Empowering Women in Agriculture‖ — Yojna p.19-22.
[2]. Dr. Anita Modi (March 2012) : Challenges to provide food for all — Kurukshetra, Vol. 60, No. 5 p. 26-28.
[3]. Dr. Arvind Singh (2012): Green Revolution in India: Its Environmental & Health Effects — World of Science – www.world of
science.in
[4]. Dr. David Malone (Feb 7, 2009) : ―India Challenges in Agriculture‖ The Hindu. Editorial Page.
[5]. Dr. K. K. Tripathi (Dec 2012) : India’s Agricultural Growth and stagnation A Review : Kurukshetra Vol. 60 No. 2, p. 3-10.
[6]. Kamal Pandey (Nov 1998) : Agriculture An Era of self Sufficiency – Yojana Vol. 42 No. 11, p. 25-26.
[7]. Dr. R.S. Paroda (July 1998): Towards sustainable Growth of Agriculture Yojana Vol. 42, No. 7, p. 40–41.
[8]. S. Chandrasekhar, S. Manickam and D. Solomon Raj (Feb 2011) : Role of Agriculture in Employment Generation – Southern
Economist – Vol. 49 No. 19 p. 21-24.
[9]. Faizan Ahmad (March 22, 2012) : Agriculture revolution takes shape silently, Times of India.