This document summarizes a study on sustainable resource productivity among small-scale farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. It conducted interviews with 110 farmers across three local government areas. The study found that on average, farmers obtained a gross margin of 18,975.92 Naira per hectare. Regression analysis determined that the Cobb-Douglas production function provided the best fit for the data. Comparing marginal value product to unit factor cost showed that land and capital resources were overutilized. Linear programming identified maize and cassava as the most profitable and sustainable crop combination, yielding a gross margin of 108,920.80 Naira per hectare.
Technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency of 200 cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria using a
stochastic production frontier function.
- The results found the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, indicating room for improvement.
- Age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education
increased inefficiency.
- The findings suggest cowpea farmers could increase output with existing inputs and technology by improving
their technical efficiency.
11.technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. It finds that the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, meaning on average farmers were producing 66% of potential output. Factors like age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education increased inefficiency. The study concludes there is room for improving efficiency to boost cowpea output through better use of available resources.
1 ijhaf aug-2017-3-long run analysis of the carryingAI Publications
This study examines the long run response of Agricultural land use indices to population growth in Nigeria. The study made use of 35 year time series data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual reports, FAOSTAT and World Bank Statistical reports (1980-2015). Collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result shows that agricultural land productivity in terms of cereal (rice, sorghum, millet & maize) yield exhibited a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Agricultural land use intensity showed a positive and significant response to population growth ratein Nigeria. Agricultural value added to GDP demonstrated a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Population growth and cereal yield yearly forecasts were 8.9% and 7.5% respectively.The study provided sufficient empirical evidence on relatively weak capacity of agricultural land to cereal productivity under population pressure and the need for policy on land enhancement technologies in Nigeria.
Analysis of savings determinants among agro based firm workers in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. The study analyzed factors that influence savings among workers at agro-based firms in Nigeria using survey data from 250 workers across 5 firms.
2. The results found that income, taxes, job experience, education, family size, and social group membership influence workers' saving habits.
3. To promote savings, the study recommends policies that increase salaries, lower taxes over time, promote birth control, increase awareness of family planning programs, and encourage social groups among workers.
Impact of economic factors changes on paddy farmersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of economic factors on paddy farmer household income in Lebak swamplands in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The study found that increases in input prices of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and labor decreased farmer income, while increases in output prices increased income if prices rose proportionately. Seed subsidies also increased income. However, expanding farming area through extensification decreased household income. Therefore, extensification is not a priority for increasing income in Lebak swamplands. The study used agricultural economic household models to analyze how price changes, subsidies and extensification impact farmer income.
Relationship between Profile and Food Consumption Pattern of Tribal Families ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document examines the relationship between profile characteristics and food consumption patterns of tribal families in Palghar district, India. A study was conducted with 120 tribal family respondents. Statistical analysis found that family education status, family size, annual income, cropping pattern, and resource availability had a positive and significant relationship with food consumption patterns. Major occupation, land holding, farming experience, and social participation did not have a significant relationship with food consumption patterns. The results indicate extension workers should consider these profile characteristics when planning programs to develop tribal families in Palghar district.
Analysis of Rural Households Food Security Status in Dibatie District, Wester...Premier Publishers
This study examines the rural household’s food security status and its determinants in the Dibatie district of Bebishangul Gumuz region. The simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents with proportionate sample size based on the number of households that exists in sampled kebele administrations. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informants interviews. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (binary logit model) were used to analyze this data at household levels. Food Security Index is used to measure the food security status of sample households based on average kcal/day/adult equivalent. The results of this study revealed that households of 59.4% were found food secure and 46.6% food insecure. The mean calorie intake of all sampled households was 2431.68kcal/day/equivalent. Furthermore, estimated a binary logit model results show that the variables such as education level of household head, utilization of formal credit, cultivated land size, access to training, farm experience, household size and distance to nearest market were found significant influence on households’ food security status in the study area. However, the remaining variables were not found significant effect on households’ food security status. Finally, the study suggests that any interventions designed to promote farmers to increase food security status at household level in the study area are welcome.
Technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency of 200 cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria using a
stochastic production frontier function.
- The results found the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, indicating room for improvement.
- Age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education
increased inefficiency.
- The findings suggest cowpea farmers could increase output with existing inputs and technology by improving
their technical efficiency.
11.technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. It finds that the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, meaning on average farmers were producing 66% of potential output. Factors like age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education increased inefficiency. The study concludes there is room for improving efficiency to boost cowpea output through better use of available resources.
1 ijhaf aug-2017-3-long run analysis of the carryingAI Publications
This study examines the long run response of Agricultural land use indices to population growth in Nigeria. The study made use of 35 year time series data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual reports, FAOSTAT and World Bank Statistical reports (1980-2015). Collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result shows that agricultural land productivity in terms of cereal (rice, sorghum, millet & maize) yield exhibited a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Agricultural land use intensity showed a positive and significant response to population growth ratein Nigeria. Agricultural value added to GDP demonstrated a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Population growth and cereal yield yearly forecasts were 8.9% and 7.5% respectively.The study provided sufficient empirical evidence on relatively weak capacity of agricultural land to cereal productivity under population pressure and the need for policy on land enhancement technologies in Nigeria.
Analysis of savings determinants among agro based firm workers in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. The study analyzed factors that influence savings among workers at agro-based firms in Nigeria using survey data from 250 workers across 5 firms.
2. The results found that income, taxes, job experience, education, family size, and social group membership influence workers' saving habits.
3. To promote savings, the study recommends policies that increase salaries, lower taxes over time, promote birth control, increase awareness of family planning programs, and encourage social groups among workers.
Impact of economic factors changes on paddy farmersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of economic factors on paddy farmer household income in Lebak swamplands in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The study found that increases in input prices of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and labor decreased farmer income, while increases in output prices increased income if prices rose proportionately. Seed subsidies also increased income. However, expanding farming area through extensification decreased household income. Therefore, extensification is not a priority for increasing income in Lebak swamplands. The study used agricultural economic household models to analyze how price changes, subsidies and extensification impact farmer income.
Relationship between Profile and Food Consumption Pattern of Tribal Families ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document examines the relationship between profile characteristics and food consumption patterns of tribal families in Palghar district, India. A study was conducted with 120 tribal family respondents. Statistical analysis found that family education status, family size, annual income, cropping pattern, and resource availability had a positive and significant relationship with food consumption patterns. Major occupation, land holding, farming experience, and social participation did not have a significant relationship with food consumption patterns. The results indicate extension workers should consider these profile characteristics when planning programs to develop tribal families in Palghar district.
Analysis of Rural Households Food Security Status in Dibatie District, Wester...Premier Publishers
This study examines the rural household’s food security status and its determinants in the Dibatie district of Bebishangul Gumuz region. The simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents with proportionate sample size based on the number of households that exists in sampled kebele administrations. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informants interviews. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (binary logit model) were used to analyze this data at household levels. Food Security Index is used to measure the food security status of sample households based on average kcal/day/adult equivalent. The results of this study revealed that households of 59.4% were found food secure and 46.6% food insecure. The mean calorie intake of all sampled households was 2431.68kcal/day/equivalent. Furthermore, estimated a binary logit model results show that the variables such as education level of household head, utilization of formal credit, cultivated land size, access to training, farm experience, household size and distance to nearest market were found significant influence on households’ food security status in the study area. However, the remaining variables were not found significant effect on households’ food security status. Finally, the study suggests that any interventions designed to promote farmers to increase food security status at household level in the study area are welcome.
Towards Theoretically and Empirically Grounded Design of Behavior Change Tec...Evan Karapanos
Behavior Change Technologies can address key societal problems – from global warming, to the rising cost of healthcare worldwide, and emerging concerns of the technological age, such as online privacy and the propagation of misinformation online. But are the technologies we develop grounded on theories of behavior change? And, if not, why? In this talk we will argue for the need for theoretically and empirically grounded design, and will present our recent work on making behavioral theory accessible to design teams, along with empirical studies of the adoption, engagement with, and impact of behavior change technologies in the context of health.
** Presentation given at the "Considering Health Behavior Change" Symposium, on Feb 11, 2020, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Family income among small scale farmers a panacea for household food security...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of family income on household food security among small-scale farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that over half (53.3%) of the 105 respondents surveyed were food insecure. Most respondents were middle-aged (31-50 years old), married, and had received some education. Significant relationships existed between sources of income and respondents' age, years of schooling, farming experience, and income level. The study concluded more than half of households in the area were food insecure and recommended the government subsidize agricultural inputs and encourage farmer cooperatives to improve access to credit and income.
The document provides an introduction to agricultural economics and rural development. It discusses three main topics: 1) farming as part of the rural system and how agriculture influences and is influenced by its surroundings, 2) the role of agricultural policy, and 3) the role of agriculture in economic development. It also defines key concepts in economics like systems, marginal analysis, and opportunity cost. Graphs are presented as a way to understand economic relationships between variables like price and quantity.
Women's empowerment as an effective way to increase resilience to climate changeCGIAR
Women's empowerment may increase household resilience to climate change by promoting crop diversification. A study in Bangladesh examined the relationship between women's empowerment, crop diversity, and nutrition outcomes. Econometric models showed that higher women's empowerment scores were associated with less land allocated to cereals and more to fruits and vegetables. Additionally, women's decision-making power over economic activities and asset ownership had opposing effects on crop allocations. Overall, empowering women may shift agricultural production away from climate-vulnerable cereals and towards more nutritious and diverse crops.
The document examines the impact of Agricultural Development Programs (ADP) on rural poverty in Nigeria using Bayelsa State as a case study. It analyzes data from a survey of 3,000 rural dwellers to determine how ADP components influence income, agricultural output/prices, and quality of life. The results show ADP significantly increased farmers' and fishermen's income, moved them out of poverty, and improved food crop quality/quantity in Bayelsa. The study recommends increasing funding and coordination of ADP to maximize results.
  The impact of a large rice price increase on welfare and poverty in Bangl...anucrawfordphd
This document summarizes a study that improves the methodology for estimating welfare loss from rice price increases in Bangladesh. The study finds that accounting for indirect effects, using household expenditure instead of income, and considering nonlinear relationships provides more accurate results. Specifically, the study finds that a 50% rice price increase would result in a 9-17% indirect welfare loss on top of direct losses. It also finds a quadratic relationship between welfare loss and household income and that the impact on poverty measures depends on the poverty line used.
The law of demand expresses the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Assumption of ‘ Ceteris Paribus’. A hypothetical assumption
If price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise and vice versa.
Inverse relationship between price and quantity
Other factors also play an important role.
Real world variables.
The indifference curve analysis has also been used to explain producer’s equilibrium, the problems of exchange, rationing, taxation, supply of labour, welfare economics and a host of other problems. Some of the important problems are explained below with the help of this technique.
(1) The Problem of Exchange:
With the help of indifference curve technique the problem of exchange between two individuals can be discussed. We take two consumers A and В who possess two goods X and Y in fixed quantities respectively. The problem is how can they exchange the goods possessed by each other. This can be solved by constructing an Edgeworth-Bowley box diagram on the basis of their preference maps and the given supplies of goods.
Coping Strategies of Diabetic Yam Farming Households in Benue State, NigeriaIJEAB
This study engaged the Multinomial Logistic Model (MLN) to determine factors influencing te choice of coping strategies of diabetic yam farming households in Benue State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 340 yam farming households with emphasis on 2015 farming season. Primary data were obtained using a well structured and pretested questionnaire. The results of analysis shows that the most frequently used coping strategies were special diets such as millet, cocoyam, locust bean, groundnut, fruits and vegetables accounting for 39%, constant intake of drugs like metformin, biguarnide, sulphorylureas and insulin 25%, hired labour, 23.2%, routine exercise, 12.6%, while hawking was 0.3%. The choice of constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and negatively affected by education as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of education on constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and positively affected by the age as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of age on hawking was 0.04. It is recommended that government at Federal, State and Local levels with partners in progress should consider critical ways of managing diabetes by emphasizing healthy lifestyles such as ceasation of smoking, moderate alcohol intake, regular medical check-up and improvement of the socio-economic status of the diabetic farm households through good road network, steady supply of electricity which will better the quality of life of the farm households.
The effects of food price increases on urban household food commodities expen...nanaeghan
The document analyzes the effects of food price increases on urban household food expenditures in Ghana using data from the Ghana Living Standard Survey. It estimates price and income elasticities of demand for 11 food groups using the Linear Almost Ideal Demand System model, controlling for expenditure endogeneity and sample selection bias. The results show that household demographic characteristics like household size, education level, sex, and age of the household head significantly influence urban households' food expenditures. Cereals, roots and tubers, fish, and vegetables collectively account for about 78% of future urban food expenditures based on marginal expenditure shares. The study finds that rising urbanization presents market opportunities for Ghana's economy if appropriate agricultural policies focus on increasing food production.
11. nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. The study uses survey data from 151 households. A probit model is used to analyze factors influencing participation in nonfarm employment. The study finds that land size, age, family size, special skills, electricity access, credit access, distance to market, and irrigation access are key determinants. A Heckman selection model is then used to examine the impact of nonfarm employment on food security. The results indicate that nonfarm income enables households to spend more on basic needs like food, education, clothing, and healthcare, and thus nonfarm employment plays a significant role in maintaining household food security.
Nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the study's objectives and methods.
The introduction provides context on Ethiopia's dependence on agriculture and food insecurity problems. It describes Eastern Tigrai zone as particularly food insecure due to environmental and agricultural challenges. The study aims to investigate if nonfarm employment can help address this issue.
The literature review discusses research showing nonfarm income contributes substantially to rural livelihoods and can reduce poverty and improve food security. However, participation is often constrained by lack of assets. The study will examine nonfarm income's role in household food security in Eastern T
This document summarizes a study that examines the distributional impacts of forest income on household welfare in rural Nigeria. Specifically, it:
1) Uses statistical techniques like the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty index and Gini coefficient to analyze the effects of forest income on poverty and income inequality in rural Cross River State, Nigeria.
2) Employs Heckman's two-step selection model to identify determinants of forest extraction income, such as household characteristics and access to forest resources.
3) Finds that forest income reduces both income inequality and poverty in rural Nigeria, and identifies factors like household size and composition, education level, and community forest membership that influence decisions to engage in and benefit
Building SI on a Rock: Is a systems perspective essential for integrated crop...africa-rising
Presented by Peter Thorne (ILRI) and Sieg Snapp (Michigan State University) at the 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, San Antonio, USA, 12 November 2019.
This document summarizes the drought coping strategies used by dairy farmers in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Major findings include:
1) Most farmers could not grow fodder crops during drought and instead relied on stored crop residues like wheat straw, paddy straw, and tree leaves to feed their livestock.
2) Common feeding strategies included providing feed and water twice a day and using available crop residues and weeds.
3) To prepare for feed shortages during drought, many farmers stored wheat straw and other crop residues in advance.
Impact of government school to-land agricultural project on rural development...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that assesses the impact of a Nigerian government program called the school-to-land agricultural project on rural development in Rivers State. The program aims to promote rural employment, livestock and food crop production, and rural income generation. Survey results from 300 farmer participants and community members reveal that the program has contributed to rural development by increasing livestock and food production. However, the adoption of modern farming techniques and constant review of agricultural policies is recommended to avoid duplication of projects.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Farm Diversification for Strengthening Small Farms in KentuckyBijesh Mishra
This document summarizes a survey of 1000 farmers in Kentucky regarding farm sustainability, diversification, and succession. The average age of farmers was 62.85 years old, with a majority having a high school education or some college. Most farmers owned small plots of land and earned less than $50,000 annually from farming. While some sustainable practices had been adopted, a lack of knowledge was a barrier to adopting more. Farmers were highly concerned about input costs and keeping farms in the family. Only about half of farmers expected future generations to be interested in farming. The survey findings can help support small farmers in Kentucky through strategies like education, diversification, and succession planning.
Determinant of income from pineapple production in imo state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of income from pineapple production in Imo State, Nigeria. 120 pineapple farmers were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Key findings include:
- The average age of farmers was 47 years, most had secondary education, and the average household size was 5.68 people.
- The average farm income was 81,810 Naira ($545) per year. The average farm size was 1.41 hectares.
- Regression analysis found that household size, farm income, extension services, education, farm size, and cooperative membership significantly influenced income levels.
- Farmers cited inadequate capital, storage, and processing facilities as key challenges to pineapple production. The
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Towards Theoretically and Empirically Grounded Design of Behavior Change Tec...Evan Karapanos
Behavior Change Technologies can address key societal problems – from global warming, to the rising cost of healthcare worldwide, and emerging concerns of the technological age, such as online privacy and the propagation of misinformation online. But are the technologies we develop grounded on theories of behavior change? And, if not, why? In this talk we will argue for the need for theoretically and empirically grounded design, and will present our recent work on making behavioral theory accessible to design teams, along with empirical studies of the adoption, engagement with, and impact of behavior change technologies in the context of health.
** Presentation given at the "Considering Health Behavior Change" Symposium, on Feb 11, 2020, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Family income among small scale farmers a panacea for household food security...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of family income on household food security among small-scale farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that over half (53.3%) of the 105 respondents surveyed were food insecure. Most respondents were middle-aged (31-50 years old), married, and had received some education. Significant relationships existed between sources of income and respondents' age, years of schooling, farming experience, and income level. The study concluded more than half of households in the area were food insecure and recommended the government subsidize agricultural inputs and encourage farmer cooperatives to improve access to credit and income.
The document provides an introduction to agricultural economics and rural development. It discusses three main topics: 1) farming as part of the rural system and how agriculture influences and is influenced by its surroundings, 2) the role of agricultural policy, and 3) the role of agriculture in economic development. It also defines key concepts in economics like systems, marginal analysis, and opportunity cost. Graphs are presented as a way to understand economic relationships between variables like price and quantity.
Women's empowerment as an effective way to increase resilience to climate changeCGIAR
Women's empowerment may increase household resilience to climate change by promoting crop diversification. A study in Bangladesh examined the relationship between women's empowerment, crop diversity, and nutrition outcomes. Econometric models showed that higher women's empowerment scores were associated with less land allocated to cereals and more to fruits and vegetables. Additionally, women's decision-making power over economic activities and asset ownership had opposing effects on crop allocations. Overall, empowering women may shift agricultural production away from climate-vulnerable cereals and towards more nutritious and diverse crops.
The document examines the impact of Agricultural Development Programs (ADP) on rural poverty in Nigeria using Bayelsa State as a case study. It analyzes data from a survey of 3,000 rural dwellers to determine how ADP components influence income, agricultural output/prices, and quality of life. The results show ADP significantly increased farmers' and fishermen's income, moved them out of poverty, and improved food crop quality/quantity in Bayelsa. The study recommends increasing funding and coordination of ADP to maximize results.
  The impact of a large rice price increase on welfare and poverty in Bangl...anucrawfordphd
This document summarizes a study that improves the methodology for estimating welfare loss from rice price increases in Bangladesh. The study finds that accounting for indirect effects, using household expenditure instead of income, and considering nonlinear relationships provides more accurate results. Specifically, the study finds that a 50% rice price increase would result in a 9-17% indirect welfare loss on top of direct losses. It also finds a quadratic relationship between welfare loss and household income and that the impact on poverty measures depends on the poverty line used.
The law of demand expresses the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Assumption of ‘ Ceteris Paribus’. A hypothetical assumption
If price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise and vice versa.
Inverse relationship between price and quantity
Other factors also play an important role.
Real world variables.
The indifference curve analysis has also been used to explain producer’s equilibrium, the problems of exchange, rationing, taxation, supply of labour, welfare economics and a host of other problems. Some of the important problems are explained below with the help of this technique.
(1) The Problem of Exchange:
With the help of indifference curve technique the problem of exchange between two individuals can be discussed. We take two consumers A and В who possess two goods X and Y in fixed quantities respectively. The problem is how can they exchange the goods possessed by each other. This can be solved by constructing an Edgeworth-Bowley box diagram on the basis of their preference maps and the given supplies of goods.
Coping Strategies of Diabetic Yam Farming Households in Benue State, NigeriaIJEAB
This study engaged the Multinomial Logistic Model (MLN) to determine factors influencing te choice of coping strategies of diabetic yam farming households in Benue State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 340 yam farming households with emphasis on 2015 farming season. Primary data were obtained using a well structured and pretested questionnaire. The results of analysis shows that the most frequently used coping strategies were special diets such as millet, cocoyam, locust bean, groundnut, fruits and vegetables accounting for 39%, constant intake of drugs like metformin, biguarnide, sulphorylureas and insulin 25%, hired labour, 23.2%, routine exercise, 12.6%, while hawking was 0.3%. The choice of constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and negatively affected by education as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of education on constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and positively affected by the age as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of age on hawking was 0.04. It is recommended that government at Federal, State and Local levels with partners in progress should consider critical ways of managing diabetes by emphasizing healthy lifestyles such as ceasation of smoking, moderate alcohol intake, regular medical check-up and improvement of the socio-economic status of the diabetic farm households through good road network, steady supply of electricity which will better the quality of life of the farm households.
The effects of food price increases on urban household food commodities expen...nanaeghan
The document analyzes the effects of food price increases on urban household food expenditures in Ghana using data from the Ghana Living Standard Survey. It estimates price and income elasticities of demand for 11 food groups using the Linear Almost Ideal Demand System model, controlling for expenditure endogeneity and sample selection bias. The results show that household demographic characteristics like household size, education level, sex, and age of the household head significantly influence urban households' food expenditures. Cereals, roots and tubers, fish, and vegetables collectively account for about 78% of future urban food expenditures based on marginal expenditure shares. The study finds that rising urbanization presents market opportunities for Ghana's economy if appropriate agricultural policies focus on increasing food production.
11. nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. The study uses survey data from 151 households. A probit model is used to analyze factors influencing participation in nonfarm employment. The study finds that land size, age, family size, special skills, electricity access, credit access, distance to market, and irrigation access are key determinants. A Heckman selection model is then used to examine the impact of nonfarm employment on food security. The results indicate that nonfarm income enables households to spend more on basic needs like food, education, clothing, and healthcare, and thus nonfarm employment plays a significant role in maintaining household food security.
Nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the study's objectives and methods.
The introduction provides context on Ethiopia's dependence on agriculture and food insecurity problems. It describes Eastern Tigrai zone as particularly food insecure due to environmental and agricultural challenges. The study aims to investigate if nonfarm employment can help address this issue.
The literature review discusses research showing nonfarm income contributes substantially to rural livelihoods and can reduce poverty and improve food security. However, participation is often constrained by lack of assets. The study will examine nonfarm income's role in household food security in Eastern T
This document summarizes a study that examines the distributional impacts of forest income on household welfare in rural Nigeria. Specifically, it:
1) Uses statistical techniques like the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty index and Gini coefficient to analyze the effects of forest income on poverty and income inequality in rural Cross River State, Nigeria.
2) Employs Heckman's two-step selection model to identify determinants of forest extraction income, such as household characteristics and access to forest resources.
3) Finds that forest income reduces both income inequality and poverty in rural Nigeria, and identifies factors like household size and composition, education level, and community forest membership that influence decisions to engage in and benefit
Building SI on a Rock: Is a systems perspective essential for integrated crop...africa-rising
Presented by Peter Thorne (ILRI) and Sieg Snapp (Michigan State University) at the 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, San Antonio, USA, 12 November 2019.
This document summarizes the drought coping strategies used by dairy farmers in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Major findings include:
1) Most farmers could not grow fodder crops during drought and instead relied on stored crop residues like wheat straw, paddy straw, and tree leaves to feed their livestock.
2) Common feeding strategies included providing feed and water twice a day and using available crop residues and weeds.
3) To prepare for feed shortages during drought, many farmers stored wheat straw and other crop residues in advance.
Impact of government school to-land agricultural project on rural development...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that assesses the impact of a Nigerian government program called the school-to-land agricultural project on rural development in Rivers State. The program aims to promote rural employment, livestock and food crop production, and rural income generation. Survey results from 300 farmer participants and community members reveal that the program has contributed to rural development by increasing livestock and food production. However, the adoption of modern farming techniques and constant review of agricultural policies is recommended to avoid duplication of projects.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Farm Diversification for Strengthening Small Farms in KentuckyBijesh Mishra
This document summarizes a survey of 1000 farmers in Kentucky regarding farm sustainability, diversification, and succession. The average age of farmers was 62.85 years old, with a majority having a high school education or some college. Most farmers owned small plots of land and earned less than $50,000 annually from farming. While some sustainable practices had been adopted, a lack of knowledge was a barrier to adopting more. Farmers were highly concerned about input costs and keeping farms in the family. Only about half of farmers expected future generations to be interested in farming. The survey findings can help support small farmers in Kentucky through strategies like education, diversification, and succession planning.
Determinant of income from pineapple production in imo state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of income from pineapple production in Imo State, Nigeria. 120 pineapple farmers were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Key findings include:
- The average age of farmers was 47 years, most had secondary education, and the average household size was 5.68 people.
- The average farm income was 81,810 Naira ($545) per year. The average farm size was 1.41 hectares.
- Regression analysis found that household size, farm income, extension services, education, farm size, and cooperative membership significantly influenced income levels.
- Farmers cited inadequate capital, storage, and processing facilities as key challenges to pineapple production. The
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
11.productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This study examines productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The value of output for watermelon farms was higher than for tomato farms, due to differences in output prices and input costs. It cost more to produce a hectare of tomato (GH¢704.59) than watermelon (GH¢509.03), but tomato yields per hectare were lower (GH¢480.37 vs GH¢1738.68 for watermelon). Factors like land, labor, and experience influenced tomato output value, while land, non-farm activity, and training impacted watermelon output. Marginal values for land and labor exceeded market prices, indicating inefficient resource use for both crops
Productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The study found that the value of output for watermelon was higher than for tomato, due to differences in output prices and input costs. Analysis of factors affecting output value found that for tomato, land, labor and experience were significant, while for watermelon, land, non-agricultural activity and training were significant. Marginal values for land and labor were higher than market prices, indicating inefficient use of those resources for both crops. Fertilizer use for tomato and capital use for watermelon did not significantly impact output values, showing underutilization of those inputs. The results have implications for
Effects Of Khat Production On Rural Household’s Income In.pdfNadhi2
This document summarizes a study on the effects of khat production on rural household incomes in Kenya. Khat is a cash crop grown and exported from parts of Kenya. The study used surveys of 125 households, both khat producers and non-producers, to analyze factors influencing participation in khat through logistic regression and to assess the contribution of khat to incomes through propensity score matching. The analysis found that access to extension services, land size, income, and occupation of household head promoted participation, while age, distance to market, and credit access hindered it. The study also found that khat production positively contributed to rural household incomes.
Status of Agricultural Food Sector: Basis for A Proposed Continuity PlanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
Analyzing Farm Productivity of Kentucky using Regression ModelBijesh Mishra
Kentucky is facing decline in farms numbers and farmland
with increasing average size. It suggest that small farmers
are moving away from the farming business and large
farmers are increasing. Kentucky agriculture is based on
small and family farmers as about 90% of farm are owned
by family. The research was done using secondary data to
identify factors responsibilities for agriculture productivity
in Kentucky in changing farming condition. Average farm
size, total irrigated area and farmers average age has
significant effect in farm productivity in Kentucky. Average
years in farming has negative relation with farm
productivity. All other variables have positive relation
though some are not significant.
This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers who benefit from rural credit in Pakistan. The study collected primary data through surveys of 320 farmers using stratified sampling. Statistical analyses including descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and linear regression were used to analyze the data. The results found that younger, more educated farmers who visited agricultural information centers benefited more and were better able to improve their standard of living through the use of rural credit. Education level and visits to information centers were the most significant factors determining benefit from rural credit.
Analysis of resource use efficiency in smallholder mixed crop livestock agric...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the resource use efficiency of smallholder mixed crop-livestock farmers in central Ethiopia. It finds that on average, farmers are 26% technically inefficient, 32% allocatively inefficient, and 50% economically inefficient in their production of major crops like teff, wheat, and chickpeas. A regression analysis finds that livestock ownership and off-farm work reduce inefficiency, while large family size and association membership increase inefficiency. The study suggests improving integrated livestock and crop systems, promoting off-farm activities, and reforming farmers' associations to boost efficiency.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Livelihood and income of dairy farmers in Ibadan/ Ibarapa East area of Oyo st...AI Publications
Dairy production and industry is still at its lowest ebb in sub Saharan Africa. Government and farmers are yet to invest into the dynamic and viable (dairy) industry. The study tries to investigate the livelihood and income of dairy farmers in Ibarapa East area, Oyo state of Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used to elicit information from 225 dairy farmers purposively selected with the assistance of extension agents. Parameters measured included livelihood enterprises, % income on household livelihood, record of sales, and seasonality. Qualitative and quantitative data collected were transcribed into Microsoft Excel the Feed Assessment Tool (FEAST) Excel macro program and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The % income from livelihood enterprises identified were 11.10, 40.20, 34.00, 8.10, 4.00 and 2.60 for remittance, livestock, crop, labour, business and others, respectively. The average number and live weight (Kg) of bull sold over the past 3 years were 300.67±10.89 and 180.23±17.72, respectively while cows were 50.56 ± 6.34 and 200.85 ±19.89, respectively. The total average milk yield (liters/day) ranged 180.67±7.23 to 240.26±9.34 at February and July, respectively. The average price received for milk (₦/liters) ranged 150.63±3.67 to 170.82±3.67, at January and September, respectively. The average amount of milk retained for household use (liters/day) ranged 5.28±1.78 to 8.78 ±2.86 at December and September, respectively. Seasons affects price and quantity of milk and farmers rarely sell cows. Dairy animals can sustain household income and livelihood if there is organized dairy value chain at the system level.
Effects of non wood forest products on rural household inAlexander Decker
This study examined the effects of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) on rural households in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Majority of respondents were between 30-59 years old, married, had 6-15 years experience collecting NWFPs, and low levels of education. Household sizes were typically 1-5 people.
- The most common NWFPs available were bush meat, herbs, snails, and wild honey.
- NWFPs had favorable effects on households including eating quality food, having cash income, joining organizations, and discovering new marketing channels.
- Most common NWFP-based economic activities were collecting and marketing NW
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices among Farmers in Ohaukwu Local...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted with the broad objective of determining the level of adoption of sustainable
agricultural practices (SAPs) among farmers in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Multistage, random, and systematic sampling procedures were employed to select 160 respondents for
the study. The collected data were analyzed using relevant descriptive and inferential statistics suitable
for each objective. The result showed that majority of the respondents were females who were married,
having a mean age of 43 years and mean number of years of experience of 17. Majority of them acquired
secondary school education while practicing Christianity and were engaged in the production of both crops
and animals (mixed farming), having mean farm size of 0.8 ha in scattered plots and mean annual income
of N71,400 which was regarded as low income. Most of the farmers were not members to any farmers’
cooperative society. The predominant SAPs adopted included crop rotation, compost manure, and use of
tolerant varieties. Furthermore, socioeconomic characteristics of the rural farmers were observed to have
strong influence on adoption of SAPs by the farmers. The constraints to the adoption of SAPs among farmers
were socioeconomic, political, and institutional. The null hypothesis tested using F-test was rejected at 5%
level of significance. Consequently, it was concluded that socioeconomic characteristics of farmers actually
influenced adoption of SAPs, though there were identified constraints that limited the level of adoption
of such SAPs which if mitigated will improve adoption of the SAPs. Based on the study findings, the
policy recommendations were that relevant agencies should ensure vigorous dissemination of information
to farmers on available windows to low interest rate agricultural credit facilities by the government; reform
in land tenure system should be facilitated to support adoption of SAPs; Nigerian agricultural extension
program should be restructured to reflect sustainable agricultural context and emphasis; and farmers should
be encouraged to seek meteorological information to minimize risks from adverse weather conditions. This
will encourage adoption of SAPs and ensure that maximum result is achieved.
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Sustainable resource productivity in small scale farming in kwara state, nigeria
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.10, 2011
Sustainable Resource Productivity in Small Scale Farming in
Kwara State, Nigeria
Olatundun, Bukola Ezekiel (Corresponding Author)
Department of Agricultural Education,
Osun State College of Education,
PMB 5089, Ilesa, Nigeria.
Tel: +2348038304455 Email: olatbukk2002@yahoo.com
Ajiboye, Akinyele John
Department of Agricultural Education,
Osun State College of Education,
PMB 5089, Ilesa, Nigeria.
Tel: +2348034885815 Email: ajiboyeakinyele09@gmail.com.
Akinsulu Alaba Augustine
Department of Agricultural Education ,
Tai Solarin University of Education,
PMB 2118, Ijebu Ode, Nigeria.
Tel: +2348058878128 Email: akinsulula@yahoo.com
Abstract
Rising resource prices in recent years, combined with increasing global demand for resources due to a
growing population and increasing wealth, have brought the issue of resource scarcity to the forefront of the
political agenda. Low level of agricultural production in Nigeria is partly due to poor resource use by small
scale farmers. Efficient and sustainable use of limited agricultural production resources is therefore
necessary for sustained food security. This study has been able to produce some useful results based on
responses from one hundred and ten farmers interviewed in three local government areas of Kwara state.
The cost and returns analysis revealed that the average gross margin of N18,975.92/ha is obtained by the
farmer. The production function that gave the best fit to the specified production model was Cobb-Douglas
function. By comparing the Marginal Value Product (MVP) to the Unit Factor Cost (UFC) of the resources
employed, it was established that land and capital resources were over utilized. The linear programming
analysis also showed that the most profitable and sustainable crop combination in the area was maize
and cassava, which had a gross margin of N108,920.80/ha.
Key words: Sustainable, Resource Productivity, Small Scale.
Introduction
The increasing population of African countries has necessitated increase in food production if food
availability is to be ensured. However, increased food production cannot satisfy the increasing food demand
(Booth and Coursey, 1992). The projected population of Nigeria in 2025 according to 2007 estimate is
about 200 million. The agricultural sector is confronted with the major challenge of increasing production
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to feed a growing and increasingly prosperous population in a situation of decreasing availability of natural
resources. On the supply side there is a shortage of arable land, degradation of land, loss of agricultural land
due to urbanization, irrigation problems, water shortages, disappearing genetic diversity, and climate
change (Stienen et al, 2007). Today's conventional or industrial agriculture is considered unsustainable
because it erodes natural resources faster than the environment can regenerate them (Tai, 2002). Therefore,
it appears we are left with the only choice of substantially increasing sustainable agricultural productivity
especially among small scale farmers who dominate the agricultural sector in developing countries
(Dipeolu et al, 1999). Sustainable agricultural productivity therefore is referred to as the system of farming
which involves making the most efficient use of existing farming resources while ensuring that the
resources are preserved. It is a farming system that is both ecologically and economically viable. This paper
examines sustainable resource use efficiency by small scale farmers in Nigeria.
Methodology
The area of study consists of three randomly selected local government areas of Kwara state, Nigeria. Three
towns were selected from each of the local government areas based on their geographical location. The data
were collected using structured questionnaire which was designed in such a manner as to achieve the
objectives of the research. One hundred and ten farmers in Ekiti, Oke Ero and Irepodun local government
areas of Kwara state were interviewed. The information sought includes demographic and socio-economic
characteristics, quantity and source of input, cropping systems and corresponding outputs as well as
resource conservation measures. Other secondary sources of data include journals, previous studies on
resource management and other relevant texts.
The data collected were subjected to frequency and percentage analysis so that the socio-economic
characteristics of the farmers could be clearly presented. Also subjected were cropping pattern, resource use,
sources of inputs and other related data. Regression analysis was used to assess the resource-use efficiency.
Production functions were also fitted to the data obtained and marginal value production of resources
computed. The model employed in this study is stated below in its implicit form:
Y = f ( X1, X2, X3, U )
Where:
Y = the aggregate value of product (grain equivalent)
X1 = Land (ha)
X2 = Labour (man days)
X3 = Operating capital (N)
U = Error term
The land variable was measured in hectares. This variable may not be adjusted for the differences in soil
fertility because there exist no acceptable criterion for standardizing it. Labour variable includes family,
communal and hired labour, all measured in man-days. Operating expenses consist of expenses on fertilizer,
chemical and seeds. Criteria for selecting the best fit for the regression include the coefficient of multiple
determination R2, the F- ratio, t- statistics and theoretical expectations based on the nature of the function
being considered. The R2 will show the level of variation of dependent variable that can be explained by the
explanatory variables. A low R2 therefore confirms a poor relationship between the explanatory variables
and the dependent variable, while a high R2 shows a significant relationship. The higher the R2 the better.
The F- ratio shows the overall significance of the equation and the significance of each explanatory
variable is examined by the t- statistic given by:
b1
Standard Error
Where b1 = coefficient
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The t- statistic is used to determine the significance of each variable and hence to see whether or not it
could have been dropped from the equation. The appropriateness of signs with reference to a priori
expectation also guides in the selection of lead equation.
The principle of linear programming is also employed in order to derive feasible and/or profitable
combination of crop production in the study area based on the assumption that the production objective of
farmers is to maximize the gross margin. Thus the general objective function can be represented as follows:
Max. Z = CjXj
Subject to: aijXj < βI and
Xj > 0 for all j Where:
Z = objective function (profit)
Cj = the contribution per unit of activity
Xj = the level of activity in the optimal plan
aij = technical coefficients
βI = the available resource constraints
i = number of constraints
j = number of activities.
Results and Discussions
The socio-economic characteristics of the farmers are presented in table 1. Most of the farmers (about 93 %)
were men and they had been farming for an average of 28 years. Their ages range between 21 and 60 with
the mean age of 47 years. About 30 % of them has no formal education while about one-third (40 %) of the
farmers had primary education. More than three-quarters (54.94 %) of the respondents obtained operating
capital through their personal savings while about 40 % obtained theirs from cooperatives. Also about 90 %
of them obtained their chemicals from Kwara State Agricultural Development Programme (KWADP) office,
while 60 % obtained their planting materials from KWADP. About 27 % got their planting materials from
both KWADP and Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (M.A.N.R). About 85 % of the farmers
inherited their farmlands while only about 14 % borrowed theirs. 30 % of the farmers used their family as
source of labour while about 38 % used both family and hired labour. The average family size for all the
respondents is 12 and about 70 % practiced intercropping. About 94 % of the farmers practiced farming on
a full time basis while about 6 % took to trading as alternative occupation.
Regression results
Multiple regression analysis was used so as to obtain as estimate of the coefficient and to determine the
signs of factors that determine gross farm income. Cobb-Douglas production function was chosen based on
its highest value of R2, significance of regression coefficient and the signs of the coefficients.
The result of the best fit functional form is presented in the equation below:
Y = 3.229 + 0.221X1* - 0.346X2 + 0.180X3*
(2.597) (4.178) (0.270)
2
R = 0.62, F = 161.71
* Significant at 5 %
The values in parenthesis are t- statistics of the respective coefficients.
The regression results show that about 60 percent of the total variation in the output is explained by the
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Vol.2, No.10, 2011
included independent variables in the model. The variable X 1 (land in hectare) has a positive coefficient
meaning that it contributes positively to gross farm income. It is a significant independent variable; hence, a
change in the number of hectares of land used for cultivation will lead to a change in the income of the
farmer.
The coefficient of labour in man-days is negative and this implies that the amount of labour utilized is
indirectly related to the gross farm income. The operating capital (X3) in naira is also significant and its
positive coefficient indicates that increase in the variable might lead to an increase in farmers’ gross
income.
Three enterprises prevail most in the study area. Enterprise X1 consists of maize intercropped with cassava.
The average labour utilized on maize/cassava enterprise is 142.66 man-days/ha. This value accounts for
about 56 percent of the average total labour available per respondent. The average land area utilized for
enterprise X1 is about 0.5 ha (about 8.7 % of the total land that is available for cultivation). Operating
capital utilized on enterprise X1 is N31,932.94/ha. Enterprise X2 consists of guinea corn and yam. This
combination required average labour of 99.33 man-days/ha (about 80 percent of the total labour available to
each farmer). It also required an average land area of 0.43 ha, accounting for about 7.47 % of the average
land area available for cultivation. Operating capital requirement of enterprise X2 is about N21,862.52/ha.
Enterprise X3 is made up of guinea corn and cassava. This requires an average of 125.10 man-days/ha of
labour, about 70.14 percent of the total average labour available. Average land used fir enterprise X3 is 0.43
ha, about 7.47 % of the average land available for cultivation. The amount of operating capital required on
enterprise X3 is N 18,947.88/ha.
The contribution per unit of activity (Cj) was N 108,920.80/ha for maize and cassava enterprise, N
93,938.81/ha for guinea corn and yam, and N 32,182.20 /ha for guinea corn and cassava. The resource
constraints were land, labour and operating capital. The final tableau in the linear programming result
revealed that the most profitable crop combination in the study area was maize and cassava, which had a
gross margin of N 108,920.80/ha.
Summary and Conclusion
The study examined the socio-economic characteristics, resource use efficiency and the most profitable
crop enterprises of small-scale farmers. It revealed that the small-scale farmer were earning average gross
margin of N18,975.92/ hectare. The adjusted R2 of 0.62 was obtained showing that about 62 % of the
variability in the net income of the respondents is explained by the independent variables, which are land,
operating capital and labour. It also revealed that inputs like land and operating capital were over utilized
and that the total output might increase using less of labour input. The most profitable crop enterprise was
maize and cassava which had a gross margin of N108,920.80/ha. The farmers also engage in soil
conservation practices like drainage, crop rotation, manure application, incorporating organic matter back
into the field and so on.
References
Booth W and Coursey R (1992). Preventing Post Harvest Losses in Vegetable Research in the SADCC
Region. AVRDC Publication 205-20
Dipeolu, A.O. And Akintola J.O. (1998). Production under Differing Technology States and Labour
Requirements in Small Scale Cassava Based Farming in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Rural Economics
and Development, 13, 29-30
Stienen, J., Bruinsma, W and Neuman, F. (2007). How ICT can make a difference in agricultural
livelihoods. International Institute for Communication and Development (IICD)
Tai, M (2002). Reports support sustainable food production. retrieved 24 April, 2011 from
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/
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Vol.2, No.10, 2011
Table 1: Socio-economic Characteristics of the Farmers
N0 Socio-economic characteristics Responses
1. Average age 47
2. Usual educational level Primary education
3. Major occupation in addition to farming Trading
4. Usual source of credits Personal savings and
Cooperatives
5. Usual source of planting materials *KWADP
6. Usual source of chemicals KWADP and **MANR
7. Usual mode of land acquisition Inheritance
8. Usual type of labour Family and hired
9. Proportion of farmers that are men 92.73 %
10. Proportion of farmers that are women 7.27 %
11. Average family size 12
12. Average farm size 5.6 ha
13. Average monthly income N 3,854.88
14. Major farming system Inter-cropping
Source: Field Survey, 2008
*Kwara State Agricultural Development Programme
** Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resource
Table 2: Cost and Returns Analysis
N0 Item Mean amount (N/hectare)
1. Average variable cost 9,188.54
2. Gross revenue 28,164.46
3. Gross revenue/respondent 256.04
4. Gross margin 18,975.92
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Vol.2, No.10, 2011
5. Gross margin/respondent 152.66
Source: Field Survey, 2008
Table 3: Estimate of MVP and UFC of Resources
FACTOR MVP UFC EFFICIENCY RATIO
Land (N/ha) 85.554 *1000 0.0855
Labour (N/man/day) -4.325 300 -0.014
Operating capital (N) 0.0050 1.28 0.0039
Source: Field Survey, 2008
*1000: Opportunity cost of land; MVP = Marginal Value Product; UFC= Unit Factor Cost.
Table 4: Linear Programming Results
CONSTRAINTS
Crop Enterprises Land / ha Labour (man- Operating capital Gross margin
days / ha) (N) (N/ha)
X1 1 142.66 31,932.94 108,920.80
X2 1 99.33 21,862.52 93,938.81
X3 1 125.10 18,947.88 32,182.20
Source: Field Survey, 2008
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Table 5: Resource Utilization by Respondents
A. Land use by Number of Percentage
respondents respondents
Farm size (Ha)
Less than 1 2 1.82
1–2 8 7.27
2.1 – 3 8 7.27
3.1 – 4 13 11.82
4.1 – 5 11 10.00
Above 5 68 61.82
B. Type of Labour Available
Family 43 39.09
Hired 16 14.55
Communal 2 1.82
Family and hired 42 38.18
Family and communal 7 6.36
C. Sources of Planting Materials
*KWADP 66 60.00
**MANR 3 2.73
MANR/KWADP 29 26.36
Private Stock 1 0.91
Local Markets 11 10.00
D. Sources of Credit
Personal Savings 89 54.94
Relatives/friends 1 0.62
Cooperative Society 65 40.12
Money Lenders 1 0.62
***NACRDB 6 3.70
Source: field survey, 2008
*Kwara State Agricultural Development Programme
** Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
***Nigeria Agricultural Credit and Rural Development Bank
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