7th Grade Chapter 1 Lesson 5
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Plants need air, water, and nutrients from the soil to survive. Water enters the soil through rainfall but some runs off, while the rest is absorbed by plants or percolates deeper underground. This water travels through pores and cracks in the soil and rock until it reaches an impermeable layer, where it collects to form the water table or groundwater. Groundwater is stored in aquifers and supplies wells, with artesian wells tapping high-pressure underground sources. Capillary action helps draw water up from the groundwater and transport it through plant roots and stems.
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types of ground water
There are four main types of groundwater: 1) Meteoric water which comes from rainfall seeping into rocks and forms the water table, 2) Connate water which is water trapped in sedimentary rocks during deposition containing dissolved minerals, 3) Magmatic water which was chemically bound in minerals and released during volcanic processes, and 4) Surface or run-off water which flows over the earth's surface when rain or melt exceeds the soil's capacity.
Soil 160830191554
Soil is a natural medium composed of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms that supports plant growth. It performs key functions like nutrient provision, water storage and purification, atmospheric modification, and habitat for decomposers. Soil consists of distinct horizontal layers called horizons that vary from rich organic layers on top to underlying rocky layers. Different types of soils exist based on their composition, including clay, silt, sand, loam, chalk, and peat soils, each with defining characteristics and suitable crops.
Lh1 water
Water is essential for plant growth and moves through plants via osmosis from areas of high water potential in the soil to areas of low water potential in leaves. It travels upward through the xylem via cohesion and adhesion. Transpiration pulls water through the plant and increases with temperature, sunlight and low humidity. Plants have adapted mechanisms like waxy coatings to reduce water loss. In soil, water exists in gravitational, capillary and hydroscopic forms. Clay soils retain more water but drain less well than sandy soils. Proper irrigation requires determining plant water needs based on evapotranspiration and soil type, and regularly checking penetration depth and application rates. Watering in the morning is best to reduce evaporation.
B Sc Agri II Wmmi U 2 Soil Plant Water Relationship
This document discusses soil physical properties that influence irrigation. It describes soil as having solid, liquid, and gas phases, with pore spaces that hold water and air. The three main types of soil water are hygroscopic, capillary, and gravitational water. Infiltration is the movement of water into soil from rain or irrigation, while percolation, interflow, and seepage describe the downward and lateral movement of water through saturated soil. Key soil moisture concepts discussed include field capacity, permanent wilting percentage, and available water holding capacity, which varies by soil type. Common methods to measure soil moisture are also summarized.
143 ch7 06
The document discusses various aspects of soil water, including:
1) Soil water serves important functions for plants like maintaining turgor pressure and enabling photosynthesis and nutrient transport.
2) As soil dries out, plant water stress increases from decreased photosynthesis to temporary wilting and eventually permanent wilting.
3) Water in soil is held in place through forces of gravity, adhesion, and cohesion related to the polarity of water molecules.
Soil water energy concept
Water moves from areas of high water potential to low water potential through soils due to gravity and concentration gradients. Wet soil has high water potential due to large pore spaces, while dry soil has low water potential with small pore spaces. Water movement is driven by gravimetric, pressure, osmotic, and capillary potentials, with capillary movement occurring through small pores via adhesion and cohesion of water molecules.
Classification of soil water
The document classifies and describes the three main classes of soil water:
1) Capillary water, which exists in pore spaces by molecular attraction and surface tension, held at tensions from 1/3 to 15 atmospheres.
2) Gravitational water, which will drain out of soil pores due to gravity if drainage is provided, and is not available for plant growth.
3) Hygroscopic water, which is absorbed by oven-dried soil exposed to moist air and is held very tightly by adsorption forces at tensions from 10,000 to 31 atmospheres, making it unavailable to plants.
Hydrosphere notes
The document summarizes the structure and distribution of Earth's hydrosphere. It notes that oceans contain 97% of the planet's water, with the remaining 3% consisting of fresh water found primarily as ice (2.3%), groundwater (0.4%), and surface fresh water (0.05%). It describes the locations and characteristics of oceans, ice, fresh water in rivers, lakes, groundwater aquifers, and wetlands.
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types of ground water
There are four main types of groundwater: 1) Meteoric water which comes from rainfall seeping into rocks and forms the water table, 2) Connate water which is water trapped in sedimentary rocks during deposition containing dissolved minerals, 3) Magmatic water which was chemically bound in minerals and released during volcanic processes, and 4) Surface or run-off water which flows over the earth's surface when rain or melt exceeds the soil's capacity.
Soil 160830191554
Soil is a natural medium composed of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms that supports plant growth. It performs key functions like nutrient provision, water storage and purification, atmospheric modification, and habitat for decomposers. Soil consists of distinct horizontal layers called horizons that vary from rich organic layers on top to underlying rocky layers. Different types of soils exist based on their composition, including clay, silt, sand, loam, chalk, and peat soils, each with defining characteristics and suitable crops.
Lh1 water
Water is essential for plant growth and moves through plants via osmosis from areas of high water potential in the soil to areas of low water potential in leaves. It travels upward through the xylem via cohesion and adhesion. Transpiration pulls water through the plant and increases with temperature, sunlight and low humidity. Plants have adapted mechanisms like waxy coatings to reduce water loss. In soil, water exists in gravitational, capillary and hydroscopic forms. Clay soils retain more water but drain less well than sandy soils. Proper irrigation requires determining plant water needs based on evapotranspiration and soil type, and regularly checking penetration depth and application rates. Watering in the morning is best to reduce evaporation.
B Sc Agri II Wmmi U 2 Soil Plant Water Relationship
This document discusses soil physical properties that influence irrigation. It describes soil as having solid, liquid, and gas phases, with pore spaces that hold water and air. The three main types of soil water are hygroscopic, capillary, and gravitational water. Infiltration is the movement of water into soil from rain or irrigation, while percolation, interflow, and seepage describe the downward and lateral movement of water through saturated soil. Key soil moisture concepts discussed include field capacity, permanent wilting percentage, and available water holding capacity, which varies by soil type. Common methods to measure soil moisture are also summarized.
143 ch7 06
The document discusses various aspects of soil water, including:
1) Soil water serves important functions for plants like maintaining turgor pressure and enabling photosynthesis and nutrient transport.
2) As soil dries out, plant water stress increases from decreased photosynthesis to temporary wilting and eventually permanent wilting.
3) Water in soil is held in place through forces of gravity, adhesion, and cohesion related to the polarity of water molecules.
Soil water energy concept
Water moves from areas of high water potential to low water potential through soils due to gravity and concentration gradients. Wet soil has high water potential due to large pore spaces, while dry soil has low water potential with small pore spaces. Water movement is driven by gravimetric, pressure, osmotic, and capillary potentials, with capillary movement occurring through small pores via adhesion and cohesion of water molecules.
Classification of soil water
The document classifies and describes the three main classes of soil water:
1) Capillary water, which exists in pore spaces by molecular attraction and surface tension, held at tensions from 1/3 to 15 atmospheres.
2) Gravitational water, which will drain out of soil pores due to gravity if drainage is provided, and is not available for plant growth.
3) Hygroscopic water, which is absorbed by oven-dried soil exposed to moist air and is held very tightly by adsorption forces at tensions from 10,000 to 31 atmospheres, making it unavailable to plants.
Hydrosphere notes
The document summarizes the structure and distribution of Earth's hydrosphere. It notes that oceans contain 97% of the planet's water, with the remaining 3% consisting of fresh water found primarily as ice (2.3%), groundwater (0.4%), and surface fresh water (0.05%). It describes the locations and characteristics of oceans, ice, fresh water in rivers, lakes, groundwater aquifers, and wetlands.
Report; factors affecting water uptake by plants
Water plays many essential roles in plant growth and development, including transporting minerals and photosynthates. There are three forms of water in soil: gravitational water that leaches down, hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles, and capillary water available to plants. Capillary water fills micro pores in soil at field capacity after rain. Three forces - gravity, cohesion, and adhesion - are responsible for water movement in soil. Water is most available to plants at field capacity, with sufficient water and air in the soil. Cohesion, adhesion, salts, soil texture, and water potential all impact a soil's water availability to plants. Soils should be studied to effectively irrigate and make best use of water
Aquatic movements & Water Movement between Soil and Plant
Water moves down concentration gradient by diffusion. Water is more concentrated in freshwater environments than in the oceans.
Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curve
Water in soil can be classified into three types based on how tightly it is held:
1) Capillary water held by surface tension in small pores.
2) Gravitational water that drains freely under gravity.
3) Hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles.
Soil water content is measured using concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and moisture tension. Water moves through soil via saturated, unsaturated, or vapor flow depending on soil moisture levels. Infiltration rate depends on soil properties and moisture conditions.
Soil water plant relationship
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
- The importance of water for plant growth and physiological processes like germination, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Water is necessary for these processes and makes up a large percentage of fresh plant tissues.
- The movement and storage of water in soil, including gravitational, field capacity, and hygroscopic water. Plants can only access water within a certain soil water potential range.
- The mechanisms by which plants absorb water from soil, including passive absorption via transpirational pull and active absorption using energy. Absorption is influenced by root properties and environmental factors.
- How nutrients move from soil to plant
Groundwater Notes - Earth's Environment
This document provides an overview of groundwater, including:
- Groundwater is found underground in the spaces between sediment and cracks within rock. It is recharged through precipitation and snowmelt infiltrating the ground or, in some cases, streams.
- Aquifers are underground layers that can store and transmit water. They can be confined, with impermeable layers above and below, or unconfined with no upper boundary.
- Groundwater is discharged through pumping wells, which cause drawdown, or into surface water features like streams, wetlands, and lakes.
Water store in soil an its factor
Soil stores water in different forms, including evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff, infiltration into the subsurface, and groundwater. Water is stored in soil based on factors like soil texture, structure, and the type of bonding between water and soil particles. Sandy soils store less water than clay soils due to differences in texture affecting water transmission and retention.
Soil water plant relationship
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
1. Water plays a vital role in soil functioning, plant growth processes like photosynthesis and transpiration, and is essential for plant cell structure.
2. Water moves through the soil to plant roots through both capillary action and root growth into moist soil areas.
3. Plants absorb water through both passive uptake driven by transpiration pull and active uptake requiring energy when salt concentrations are high.
4. Nutrient movement from soil to roots occurs through mass flow, diffusion, and root interception, and is influenced by soil, plant and nutrient properties.
Movement of soil water
1. The document discusses the movement of soil water under saturated and unsaturated conditions.
2. Under saturated conditions, the rate of flow is highest in sand and lowest in clay, following the sequence of sand > loam > clay. Pore size significantly impacts flow rate.
3. Under unsaturated conditions, the range of conductivity is sand < loam < clay in the "moist range" but similar to the saturated conditions in the "wet range".
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movement
Classes and availability of soil water | Soil water Relationship
Classes and Availability of Soil Water (Soil Moisture Relationship)
Gravitational water is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water which will move out of the soil if favourable drainage is provided.
Capillary water is that part in excess of hygroscopic water which exists in the pore space of the soil by molecular attraction.
When an oven-dried sample is kept open in the atmosphere, it absorbs some amount of water from the atmosphere. This is known as hygroscopic water, and is not capable of movement by the gravity or capillary forces.
Soil Moisture tension
The force per unit area that must be exerted in order to extract water from the soil is known as soil moisture tension and is expressed in terms of atmosphere (atm).
also known as Capillary potential, Capillary tension or force of suction.
Soil moisture tension is inversely proportional to moisture content of a soil of given texture and structure.
measured in the laboratory with the Help of various instruments such as centrifuge, tensiometer etc.
Soil moisture stress
Soil moisture stress is defined as the sum of the soil moisture tension and osmotic pressure of soil solution.
Osmotic pressure is the increase in the force (or tension) caused by the salts present in the soil solution.
The growth of plants is a function of both soil moisture tension as well as the osmotic pressure, and hence is a function of soil moisture stress.
Soil moisture constants
Saturation Capacity: amount of water required to fill all the pore spaces between soil particles by replacing all air held in pore spaces
Field capacity: moisture content of the soil after free drainage has removed most of the gravity water
Permeant wilting point: the soil water content at or below which plant roots cannot absorb water any more
Available moisture: difference in water content of the soil between field capacity and permanent wilting point
Readily available moisture: portion of the available moisture that is most easily extracted by plants.
It is approximately 75% of the available moisture.
Moisture equivalent: percentage of moisture retained in a small sample of wet soil 1 cm deep when subjected to centrifugal force 1000 times as greater as gravity, usually for a period of 30 min.
Moisture equivalent = Field capacity
= 1.8 to 2 permanent wilting point = 2.7 Hygroscopic coefficient
Soil-Moisture deficiency (Field moisture deficiency): water required to bring the soil moisture content to its field capacity.
Groundwater Hydrology
This document discusses groundwater hydrology and various aspects of wells. It defines groundwater and factors that influence its occurrence. There are four main types of geological formations - aquifers, aquitards, aquicludes, and aquifuges. The document describes properties of aquifers like porosity, permeability, and transmissibility. It also discusses Darcy's law, methods to measure soil permeability, and types of wells, well construction, and well development techniques.
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch05 soil
This document discusses soil and mass movements. It defines soil as the layer of regolith that supports plant growth, noting its components of mineral matter, humus, water, and air. Soil texture and structure are described. The key factors of soil formation - parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope - are outlined. The horizons of the soil profile and agents of soil erosion such as water, wind, gravity, and ice are identified. Mass movements are defined as the downslope transfer of rock and soil due to gravity, with triggers like saturation and earthquakes. Main types of mass movements - rockfalls, slides, slumps, flows, and creep - are characterized based on material, movement, and speed
Soil water relation
The document discusses various topics related to basic soil-water relations, including permeability, soil water intake, depth of soil, plant food compounds, excess soluble salts, and surface tension. It defines key terms such as permeability, soil water intake, depth of soil, plant food compounds, excess soluble salts, and explains how they impact soil and plant growth. The document also notes that irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil to support optimal plant growth based on an understanding of soil-water relations.
Water Erosion by Sarah C
The document summarizes the cycle of erosion and deposition that forms and shapes mountains and land over time. It explains that erosion constantly wears down newly formed mountains, carrying sediment downstream to fill valleys, and that over time erosion and deposition can flatten the land again before new mountains are formed and the cycle repeats. It provides examples of landforms created by water erosion like meanders, oxbow lakes, and V-shaped valleys.
soil,water & plant relationships
The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships, including:
1) The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) which defines the movement of water from soil through plants to the atmosphere.
2) Soil water holding capacity is determined by soil texture, porosity, and the forces that hold water in place.
3) Effective irrigation requires understanding concepts like evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, irrigation requirements, and management-allowed deficit which indicates how much available soil water can be depleted before irrigating.
Fresh water
The document discusses the water cycle and its key processes. It describes how water evaporates from surfaces due to heat from the sun, condenses to form clouds, precipitates as rain, snow or hail, and either runs off on the surface or infiltrates into the ground to replenish groundwater stores or be absorbed by plant roots through transpiration. It then focuses on groundwater, describing it as water residing in saturated underground areas, and how it is stored in aquifers. It identifies sewage as a major cause of groundwater pollution.
Chapter 3 soil water and irrigation practice1
This document summarizes key concepts about soil water and irrigation practices. It discusses how soil serves as a storehouse for water and nutrients that are essential for plant growth. The document then describes the three-phase system of soil consisting of solids, liquids, and gases. It explains how soil texture, structure, and physical properties influence the soil's water holding capacity and retention. Different types of soils like sandy soil, loamy soil, and clay soil are characterized. The concept of bulk density, porosity, and soil moisture content on a mass and volume basis are introduced to quantify the water in soil. Maintaining proper soil water levels through irrigation is important for optimal plant growth and yield.
Soil Water
This document discusses soil water, including its different forms and how it is held in soil. There are three main forms of soil water:
1. Gravitational water occupies large pores and moves downward readily via gravity. It is not available to plants.
2. Capillary water is held in small pores by surface forces and is available to plants. It is held at tensions between 1/3 and 31 atmospheres.
3. Hygroscopic water is tightly bound to soil particles and is not readily available to plants.
Soil texture, structure, organic matter and other factors influence the amounts of each water form. Water potential measures the energy status of soil water compared to pure water, and is important for understanding
Soil Water Energy Concept
soil water energy concept is all about potential energy,gravitational potential,osmotic potential,pressure potential and total potential energies including units
Soil water movement
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
Cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT FACTS.
SOIL WATER PLANTS RELATIONSHIP.
Unit 7 ch 11 s1 water resources
The water cycle recycles the Earth's water supply, with water evaporating from oceans, lakes and vegetation before condensing into clouds and falling as precipitation. Most of the Earth's water is saltwater, while just over 1% is fresh surface and groundwater. Groundwater is stored in aquifers underground, where it is recharged through infiltration and flows through porous rock, being pumped up by wells. However, overuse and pollution threaten this important freshwater resource.
F10 Soil water.ppt
1. There are three types of water in soil: adhesion water, cohesion water, and gravitational water. Adhesion and cohesion water are available to plants, while gravitational water drains through the soil.
2. Critical levels of soil water include field capacity, wilting point, and hygroscopic coefficient. Field capacity is the maximum amount of water available to plants, while the wilting point is when plants begin to wilt due to lack of water.
3. Water moves through the soil via capillary action from areas of higher water potential to lower. The various forces that determine water potential in soil are: matric, gravitational, osmotic, and hydrostatic potentials.
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Report; factors affecting water uptake by plants
Water plays many essential roles in plant growth and development, including transporting minerals and photosynthates. There are three forms of water in soil: gravitational water that leaches down, hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles, and capillary water available to plants. Capillary water fills micro pores in soil at field capacity after rain. Three forces - gravity, cohesion, and adhesion - are responsible for water movement in soil. Water is most available to plants at field capacity, with sufficient water and air in the soil. Cohesion, adhesion, salts, soil texture, and water potential all impact a soil's water availability to plants. Soils should be studied to effectively irrigate and make best use of water
Aquatic movements & Water Movement between Soil and Plant
Water moves down concentration gradient by diffusion. Water is more concentrated in freshwater environments than in the oceans.
Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curve
Water in soil can be classified into three types based on how tightly it is held:
1) Capillary water held by surface tension in small pores.
2) Gravitational water that drains freely under gravity.
3) Hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles.
Soil water content is measured using concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and moisture tension. Water moves through soil via saturated, unsaturated, or vapor flow depending on soil moisture levels. Infiltration rate depends on soil properties and moisture conditions.
Soil water plant relationship
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
- The importance of water for plant growth and physiological processes like germination, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Water is necessary for these processes and makes up a large percentage of fresh plant tissues.
- The movement and storage of water in soil, including gravitational, field capacity, and hygroscopic water. Plants can only access water within a certain soil water potential range.
- The mechanisms by which plants absorb water from soil, including passive absorption via transpirational pull and active absorption using energy. Absorption is influenced by root properties and environmental factors.
- How nutrients move from soil to plant
Groundwater Notes - Earth's Environment
This document provides an overview of groundwater, including:
- Groundwater is found underground in the spaces between sediment and cracks within rock. It is recharged through precipitation and snowmelt infiltrating the ground or, in some cases, streams.
- Aquifers are underground layers that can store and transmit water. They can be confined, with impermeable layers above and below, or unconfined with no upper boundary.
- Groundwater is discharged through pumping wells, which cause drawdown, or into surface water features like streams, wetlands, and lakes.
Water store in soil an its factor
Soil stores water in different forms, including evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff, infiltration into the subsurface, and groundwater. Water is stored in soil based on factors like soil texture, structure, and the type of bonding between water and soil particles. Sandy soils store less water than clay soils due to differences in texture affecting water transmission and retention.
Soil water plant relationship
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
1. Water plays a vital role in soil functioning, plant growth processes like photosynthesis and transpiration, and is essential for plant cell structure.
2. Water moves through the soil to plant roots through both capillary action and root growth into moist soil areas.
3. Plants absorb water through both passive uptake driven by transpiration pull and active uptake requiring energy when salt concentrations are high.
4. Nutrient movement from soil to roots occurs through mass flow, diffusion, and root interception, and is influenced by soil, plant and nutrient properties.
Movement of soil water
1. The document discusses the movement of soil water under saturated and unsaturated conditions.
2. Under saturated conditions, the rate of flow is highest in sand and lowest in clay, following the sequence of sand > loam > clay. Pore size significantly impacts flow rate.
3. Under unsaturated conditions, the range of conductivity is sand < loam < clay in the "moist range" but similar to the saturated conditions in the "wet range".
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movement
Classes and availability of soil water | Soil water Relationship
Classes and Availability of Soil Water (Soil Moisture Relationship)
Gravitational water is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water which will move out of the soil if favourable drainage is provided.
Capillary water is that part in excess of hygroscopic water which exists in the pore space of the soil by molecular attraction.
When an oven-dried sample is kept open in the atmosphere, it absorbs some amount of water from the atmosphere. This is known as hygroscopic water, and is not capable of movement by the gravity or capillary forces.
Soil Moisture tension
The force per unit area that must be exerted in order to extract water from the soil is known as soil moisture tension and is expressed in terms of atmosphere (atm).
also known as Capillary potential, Capillary tension or force of suction.
Soil moisture tension is inversely proportional to moisture content of a soil of given texture and structure.
measured in the laboratory with the Help of various instruments such as centrifuge, tensiometer etc.
Soil moisture stress
Soil moisture stress is defined as the sum of the soil moisture tension and osmotic pressure of soil solution.
Osmotic pressure is the increase in the force (or tension) caused by the salts present in the soil solution.
The growth of plants is a function of both soil moisture tension as well as the osmotic pressure, and hence is a function of soil moisture stress.
Soil moisture constants
Saturation Capacity: amount of water required to fill all the pore spaces between soil particles by replacing all air held in pore spaces
Field capacity: moisture content of the soil after free drainage has removed most of the gravity water
Permeant wilting point: the soil water content at or below which plant roots cannot absorb water any more
Available moisture: difference in water content of the soil between field capacity and permanent wilting point
Readily available moisture: portion of the available moisture that is most easily extracted by plants.
It is approximately 75% of the available moisture.
Moisture equivalent: percentage of moisture retained in a small sample of wet soil 1 cm deep when subjected to centrifugal force 1000 times as greater as gravity, usually for a period of 30 min.
Moisture equivalent = Field capacity
= 1.8 to 2 permanent wilting point = 2.7 Hygroscopic coefficient
Soil-Moisture deficiency (Field moisture deficiency): water required to bring the soil moisture content to its field capacity.
Groundwater Hydrology
This document discusses groundwater hydrology and various aspects of wells. It defines groundwater and factors that influence its occurrence. There are four main types of geological formations - aquifers, aquitards, aquicludes, and aquifuges. The document describes properties of aquifers like porosity, permeability, and transmissibility. It also discusses Darcy's law, methods to measure soil permeability, and types of wells, well construction, and well development techniques.
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch05 soil
This document discusses soil and mass movements. It defines soil as the layer of regolith that supports plant growth, noting its components of mineral matter, humus, water, and air. Soil texture and structure are described. The key factors of soil formation - parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope - are outlined. The horizons of the soil profile and agents of soil erosion such as water, wind, gravity, and ice are identified. Mass movements are defined as the downslope transfer of rock and soil due to gravity, with triggers like saturation and earthquakes. Main types of mass movements - rockfalls, slides, slumps, flows, and creep - are characterized based on material, movement, and speed
Soil water relation
The document discusses various topics related to basic soil-water relations, including permeability, soil water intake, depth of soil, plant food compounds, excess soluble salts, and surface tension. It defines key terms such as permeability, soil water intake, depth of soil, plant food compounds, excess soluble salts, and explains how they impact soil and plant growth. The document also notes that irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil to support optimal plant growth based on an understanding of soil-water relations.
Water Erosion by Sarah C
The document summarizes the cycle of erosion and deposition that forms and shapes mountains and land over time. It explains that erosion constantly wears down newly formed mountains, carrying sediment downstream to fill valleys, and that over time erosion and deposition can flatten the land again before new mountains are formed and the cycle repeats. It provides examples of landforms created by water erosion like meanders, oxbow lakes, and V-shaped valleys.
soil,water & plant relationships
The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships, including:
1) The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) which defines the movement of water from soil through plants to the atmosphere.
2) Soil water holding capacity is determined by soil texture, porosity, and the forces that hold water in place.
3) Effective irrigation requires understanding concepts like evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, irrigation requirements, and management-allowed deficit which indicates how much available soil water can be depleted before irrigating.
Fresh water
The document discusses the water cycle and its key processes. It describes how water evaporates from surfaces due to heat from the sun, condenses to form clouds, precipitates as rain, snow or hail, and either runs off on the surface or infiltrates into the ground to replenish groundwater stores or be absorbed by plant roots through transpiration. It then focuses on groundwater, describing it as water residing in saturated underground areas, and how it is stored in aquifers. It identifies sewage as a major cause of groundwater pollution.
Chapter 3 soil water and irrigation practice1
This document summarizes key concepts about soil water and irrigation practices. It discusses how soil serves as a storehouse for water and nutrients that are essential for plant growth. The document then describes the three-phase system of soil consisting of solids, liquids, and gases. It explains how soil texture, structure, and physical properties influence the soil's water holding capacity and retention. Different types of soils like sandy soil, loamy soil, and clay soil are characterized. The concept of bulk density, porosity, and soil moisture content on a mass and volume basis are introduced to quantify the water in soil. Maintaining proper soil water levels through irrigation is important for optimal plant growth and yield.
Soil Water
This document discusses soil water, including its different forms and how it is held in soil. There are three main forms of soil water:
1. Gravitational water occupies large pores and moves downward readily via gravity. It is not available to plants.
2. Capillary water is held in small pores by surface forces and is available to plants. It is held at tensions between 1/3 and 31 atmospheres.
3. Hygroscopic water is tightly bound to soil particles and is not readily available to plants.
Soil texture, structure, organic matter and other factors influence the amounts of each water form. Water potential measures the energy status of soil water compared to pure water, and is important for understanding
Soil Water Energy Concept
soil water energy concept is all about potential energy,gravitational potential,osmotic potential,pressure potential and total potential energies including units
Soil water movement
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
Cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT FACTS.
SOIL WATER PLANTS RELATIONSHIP.
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Aquatic movements & Water Movement between Soil and Plant
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Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curve
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Classes and availability of soil water | Soil water Relationship
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Similar to 7th Grade Chapter 1 Lesson 5
Unit 7 ch 11 s1 water resources
The water cycle recycles the Earth's water supply, with water evaporating from oceans, lakes and vegetation before condensing into clouds and falling as precipitation. Most of the Earth's water is saltwater, while just over 1% is fresh surface and groundwater. Groundwater is stored in aquifers underground, where it is recharged through infiltration and flows through porous rock, being pumped up by wells. However, overuse and pollution threaten this important freshwater resource.
F10 Soil water.ppt
1. There are three types of water in soil: adhesion water, cohesion water, and gravitational water. Adhesion and cohesion water are available to plants, while gravitational water drains through the soil.
2. Critical levels of soil water include field capacity, wilting point, and hygroscopic coefficient. Field capacity is the maximum amount of water available to plants, while the wilting point is when plants begin to wilt due to lack of water.
3. Water moves through the soil via capillary action from areas of higher water potential to lower. The various forces that determine water potential in soil are: matric, gravitational, osmotic, and hydrostatic potentials.
Groundwater and infiltration
When rain reaches the ground, it can infiltrate into the soil and become groundwater, evaporate, or run off as surface water. The infiltration rate depends on factors like slope, soil saturation, porosity, permeability, and vegetation. Around 50% of rain typically evaporates, 18% infiltrates into the groundwater, and 32% runs off. Groundwater resides in aquifers below the water table. Pumping groundwater can lower the water table and dry up wells, springs, streams, and wetlands over time.
introduction of irrigation
This document provides an overview of irrigation engineering. It discusses the definition and necessity of irrigation due to insufficient rainfall. The benefits of irrigation include increased crop yields and economic development, while ill effects can include rising water tables and loss of land. It then covers the history and development of irrigation in India, including the construction of canals and reservoirs. It also classifies irrigation projects and systems, such as major, medium and minor projects, as well as lift and flow irrigation systems. The document concludes by explaining soil water relationships, including water holding capacities, moisture content, and soil water constants like field capacity and wilting point.
The Flow of Fresh Water
This document provides an overview of key concepts about rivers and water systems from an Earth Science textbook. It begins by describing how moving water causes erosion and shapes the landscape. It explains the water cycle and defines important river features like tributaries, watersheds, and gradients. Later sections discuss how rivers deposit sediment to form features like deltas and floodplains. It also explains groundwater systems, describing aquifers, springs, wells, and how erosion can form caves and sinkholes. The document concludes by discussing water pollution, water treatment, and conservation strategies.
Week-2: Basics of Groundwater,
The document provides information on groundwater including:
1. Groundwater is water found underground in soil and rock cracks and spaces called aquifers. It is stored and moves slowly through these geologic formations.
2. Groundwater exists below the land surface in saturated zones called aquifers. The upper boundary is the water table. Wells tap into groundwater by drawing water up from aquifers.
3. Groundwater is an important natural resource and water source where surface water is scarce. Proper treatment is needed for both groundwater and surface water to provide safe drinking water.
Soil- Plant- Water Relationships
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
Hydrology 9.pdf
This document discusses groundwater and aquifers. It defines groundwater as water located below the earth's surface in spaces between rock particles and fractures. Precipitation infiltrates through the unsaturated zone and collects in the saturated zone below. The saturated zone contains groundwater, which can be extracted via wells. Groundwater flow is described by Darcy's Law, with velocity proportional to hydraulic gradient. Groundwater generally flows from areas of high elevation to low elevation, following the slope of the water table. The document also defines different types of aquifers and their characteristics, including unconfined, confined, perched, and artesian aquifers. Wells can tap unconfined or confined groundwater sources.
The Hydrologic Cycle
The document discusses the water cycle and distribution of water on Earth. It begins by asking several questions about water on Earth. It then explains that the majority of Earth's water is contained in oceans as saltwater, while the majority of freshwater is stored as icebergs and glaciers. It provides an overview of the water cycle, including evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, saturation, groundwater, and surface runoff. It concludes by discussing the residence time of water in different sources like the atmosphere, soil, groundwater, glaciers, and oceans.
Vertical distribution of groundwater
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
Absorption of water.pptx
The document summarizes water absorption by plant roots. It discusses that roots, specifically the younger portions near the tips, absorb water and minerals. More developed root systems with many tips favor higher absorption. Most water is absorbed by the younger parts of roots, including root hairs. Water moves through plants via apoplastic and symplastic pathways, entering roots through both active absorption requiring energy and passive absorption through transpiration pull. A variety of external factors like soil water availability, temperature, oxygen, and salt concentration can influence the rate of water absorption.
origin, type and composition of ground water
Groundwater originates from water that infiltrates through soil and rock below the earth's surface. It is found in aquifers, which are saturated geological formations that are capable of providing usable quantities of water. The main sources of groundwater are meteoric water from rainfall and snowmelt, connate water trapped in sediments when they were deposited, and magmatic water from volcanic activity. Groundwater composition varies depending on the geology, but common dissolved ions include bicarbonates, carbonates, chlorides, sulfates, fluorides, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and manganese.
Ground Water (Unit-V)
The document discusses groundwater sources, zones, and types of aquifers. It describes the saturated and unsaturated zones, including the soil water, intermediate vadose, and capillary fringe zones. The main types of aquifers are defined as aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude, and aquifuge based on their water transmission properties. Methods of artificial groundwater recharge include direct surface techniques like flooding basins and percolation tanks, and direct subsurface techniques like injection wells.
Groundwater
Groundwater is water found underground in soil and rock formations. It is stored and moves slowly through aquifers, which are geologic formations containing porous rock or sediment. Less than 1% of the total water on Earth is groundwater, yet it amounts to 40 times more water than all freshwater lakes and streams combined. Groundwater is replenished by rainfall and flows very slowly through the subsurface, influenced by surface topography. The water table marks the upper boundary of saturated groundwater and determines the depth at which wells can access this resource. Groundwater is a crucial source of fresh water for drinking and agriculture.
ground water
Groundwater is water found below the Earth's surface. It occupies pore spaces in rocks and soil. There are three main types of aquifers - confined, unconfined, and semi-confined. Confined aquifers are bounded above and below by layers of rock that do not allow water to move through them easily. Unconfined aquifers have a layer of permeable rock or soil at the top that allows water to recharge. Semi-confined aquifers have a layer of low permeability at the top. Important properties of aquifers include porosity, specific yield, hydraulic conductivity, and the type and permeability of the rock material.
Water.ppt.pptx
Groundwater originates as rainfall or snowmelt that seeps into the ground and fills pore spaces and fractures in rocks and sediments below the Earth's surface. It makes up about 1% of the water on Earth but over 35 times as much water as is contained in all lakes and streams. Groundwater occurs nearly everywhere and generally to depths less than around 750 meters. The global volume of groundwater is equivalent to a 55-meter thick layer spread over the entire planet. The occurrence and flow of groundwater is influenced by factors such as topography, climate, geology, and the properties of underground materials. There are four main sources of groundwater: connate water trapped during rock formation, rainfall, irrigation water, and tidal
Underground water
paper about the underground water and its geotechnical problems and how to control it
This is a large and complex topic and I have to focus on some key points that you need it to finish the project of the tunneling subject that you're working on it
Freshwater
Earth has a unique combination of water in its atmosphere, oceans, and land. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface through different states of matter and includes precipitation, infiltration, storage, and evaporation. Below the surface, groundwater flows through zones of saturation and aeration within permeable rocks and soils called aquifers, eventually emerging in springs, streams or being used by humans.
Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global Warming
Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global WarmingSchool Vegetable Gardening - Victory Gardens
The document describes wicking bed technology, which is a simple but effective system for growing plants with reduced water usage and increased carbon capture. Wicking beds work by storing water in an underground reservoir that wicks up to the soil through capillary action. There are two main types - open beds where the reservoir directly contacts the soil, and closed beds where a barrier separates the reservoir from the soil. Wicking beds provide several advantages over conventional agriculture like using water more efficiently and improving soil quality while capturing significant carbon from the atmosphere, offering potential for climate change mitigation if implemented on a large scale.Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global Warming
Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global WarmingSchool Vegetable Gardening - Victory Gardens
1. Wicking beds are a simple irrigation technology that uses capillary action to transport water from an underground reservoir to the plant roots above. This reduces water usage by up to 50% compared to conventional irrigation.
2. Wicking beds exist in open and closed forms. Open beds allow water to wick directly into the surrounding soil, suitable for deep-rooted plants. Closed beds isolate the soil inside from the surrounding soil, better for shallow-rooted plants.
3. The key feature of wicking beds is a saturated underground water reservoir that provides a constant water supply to the plant roots through capillary action. This contrasts with traditional irrigation where water is only intermittently available in the shallow soilSimilar to 7th Grade Chapter 1 Lesson 5 (20)
Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global Warming
Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global Warming
Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global Warming
Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global Warming
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9th Grade Chapter 9 Lesson 1
Minerals are inorganic crystalline substances that are found naturally in the Earth. Mineralogy is the study of minerals, which are the building blocks of soil and vital to industry. Minerals are not mixtures but rather elements or compounds with a definite chemical structure. The most common elements in minerals are oxygen, silicon, and aluminum. There are different types of minerals including native elements, halides, sulfides, oxides, carbonates, and silicates. Minerals form crystals with geometric patterns that can be used to identify different minerals based on properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and acid testing. Valuable minerals can be mined for uses like metals, concrete, jewelry, and works of
8th Grade Chapter 6 Lesson 4
This document summarizes different types of bird behaviors including:
- Bird singing which is produced by the syrinx and causes air and walls to vibrate, creating short characteristic calls.
- Visual communication through displays like head bobbing, tail flicking, crest raising, wing positioning.
- Avian actions like bathing, anting, mobbing predators, faking injuries to distract predators, and different types of migration along flyways using senses of direction and landmarks.
7th Grade Chapter 6 Lesson 5
The document discusses the formation of clouds and weather patterns. It explains that the sun causes temperature differences and evaporation of water which leads to winds, humidity, and cloud formation. Clouds form when water vapor condenses on tiny particles in the air. The type of clouds that form depends on whether the rising air cools more slowly or rapidly than the surrounding air. Certain cloud patterns in the morning can help predict the weather for the day.
7th Grade Chapter 6 Lesson 3
Local winds are caused by differences in air pressure due to uneven heating of land and water surfaces. During the day, sea breezes and valley breezes blow in from cooler waters or valleys to replace rising warm air above heated land or mountain surfaces. At night, land and mountains cool faster than water or valleys, so mountain breezes and katabatic winds blow down from elevated areas. Foehn and chinook winds are gusty winds caused by warm, dry air descending on the leeward side of mountains after being cooled and dried on the windward side.
7th Grade Chapter 6 Lesson 4
Global winds are caused by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the sun. This causes air to move from areas of high pressure to low pressure. There are three main wind zones: the tropical zone near the equator dominated by trade winds, the temperate zone between 30-60 degrees dominated by westerlies, and the polar zone above 60 degrees dominated by easterlies. Within these zones, the Coriolis effect causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to curve right and winds in the Southern Hemisphere to curve left.
8th Grade Chapter 6 Lesson 3
To identify birds, an ornithologist must observe their behaviors, physical features, habitats, and nests. The document outlines 5 steps for bird identification: 1) Determine if the bird lives on land or water, 2) Study the bird's habitat, 3) Examine characteristics of its nest, 4) Consider its size and shape, and 5) Analyze details of its bill such as length, width, and structure to determine if it eats plants or other animals. Close observation of many physical attributes is needed to properly identify each type of bird.
7th Grade Chapter 6 Lesson 2
The document discusses the causes of seasons and differences between weather and climate. It explains that the Earth's axis is tilted at 23.5 degrees and this tilt causes the seasons as the northern and southern hemispheres lean towards the sun at different times of the year. It also describes how the length of daylight varies throughout the year depending on proximity to the equator and poles.
7th Grade Chapter 6 Lesson 1
Weather is defined as the atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place, and is created through the interaction of heat, air, and water vapor. Climate refers to the year-round weather patterns of a region. Meteorology is the study of weather, and meteorologists predict weather by analyzing patterns and understanding how heat, air, and water vapor interact in the atmosphere.
7th Grade Chapter 6 Lesson 3
Local winds are caused by differences in air pressure due to uneven heating of land and water surfaces. During the day, sea breezes and valley breezes blow in from cooler water or valley areas to replace rising warm air over land or mountains. At night, land and mountains cool faster than water or valleys, so mountain breezes and katabatic winds blow from elevated areas down to warmer lower elevations. Foehn and chinook winds are gusty winds caused by warm air rising over one side of mountains and warm, dry air descending on the other side.
8th Grade Chapter 6 Lesson 1
Birds have lightweight skeletons with strong, hollow bones that allow for powerful wing muscles to attach. Their bills are toothless and made of keratin, and their heads are thin and flat. Their powerful pectoral muscles in their chest compose 33% of their weight and are used to raise and lower their wings. This low center of gravity gives birds stability in flight. Birds have strong, four-chambered hearts and efficient respiratory and digestive systems adapted for flight. Their senses, such as sharp eyesight and hearing, help birds navigate and find food.
9th Grade Chapter 8 Lesson 2
The document summarizes key information about earthquakes, including their causes, types of waves produced, how they are measured, typical locations, and damage potential. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates and release elastic energy that was built up in the Earth's crust. They produce different types of waves - P, S, and surface waves - that can be measured by seismographs to determine the earthquake's epicenter and focus. While occurring globally, most earthquakes are concentrated in narrow zones surrounding the Pacific Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Their intensity is rated using scales like Mercalli and Richter, with more powerful quakes causing greater damage to structures.
9th Grade Chapter 8 Lesson 3
This document provides an overview of volcanoes including their structure, types, activity levels, locations, eruptions, ejecta, and other features. It defines key volcanic terms like vent, magma, cone, and crater. It describes the three main types of volcanoes as cinder cones, shield volcanoes, and composite volcanoes. It also outlines the three main volcanic belts around the world and notes some other locations of volcanoes. The document explains the signs of an impending eruption and describes how eruptions can range from violent to gentle depending on lava viscosity and gas content.
9th Grade Chapter 8 Lesson 1
This document provides a summary of key concepts in geology:
1) Geology is the study of the Earth, including its structure, features, earthquakes, volcanoes, erosion, and fossils.
2) The Earth is composed of three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outer layer and exists in both continental and oceanic forms.
3) The mantle lies below the crust and is composed mostly of oxygen, silicon, iron, and magnesium. It can be divided into upper, transition, and lower zones.
9th Grade Chapter 7 Lesson 3
The document provides an overview of biochemistry and the key components of cells. It discusses the four main compounds that make up cells - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates like glucose are used for energy, lipids include fats and oils, proteins perform important functions and are made of amino acids, and nucleic acids DNA and RNA control cell activities and inheritance. The document also describes important cell structures like mitochondria and the nucleus, as well as metabolic processes like cellular respiration.
9th Grade Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds, especially those found in living things. Carbon is uniquely suited to form many different compounds due to its ability to form multiple bonds, including single, double, and triple bonds. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of carbon and hydrogen, and can be classified based on their bonding as alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes. Substituted hydrocarbons have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by other functional groups such as alcohols, carboxylic acids, or esters.
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 4
The document discusses the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and the changes between them due to heat. It explains phase changes like melting, freezing, evaporation, boiling, and condensation. Melting and freezing occur at specific temperatures called melting and freezing points. Evaporation turns liquid to gas, while condensation turns gas back to liquid. Boiling is evaporation from within the liquid. Pressure affects boiling point by controlling evaporation. Refrigeration uses evaporation and condensation of gases to transfer heat.
7th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 5
The document discusses the water cycle and the transportation of water around the world. It explains that water makes up 60-70% of the human body and is essential for life. It also describes how water moves from the sky to the ground, collecting in rivers, lakes, and underground sources, before evaporating again into the atmosphere to repeat the cycle. Fresh water sources include glaciers, groundwater aquifers, and surface water features like lakes and rivers.
7th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 4
Wind is caused by differences in air temperature across the Earth's surface. Heat from the sun is absorbed differently by various surfaces, with darker surfaces absorbing more. This causes uneven heating of land and water. There are three key differences in how land and water heat up: 1) Water is transparent while land is solid, 2) Land is solid while water can flow and circulate, 3) Water has a higher heat capacity than land and absorbs heat more slowly. These differences impact wind patterns and weather.
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 3
The document summarizes the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, and heat can be converted to work and vice versa. The second law states that heat flows spontaneously from hot to cold bodies, and entropy, or disorder, increases over time as energy is dissipated.
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 2
Heat can be transferred between objects in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct contact between objects, convection involves the transfer of heat by a fluid like air or water, and radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves without a medium. Materials expand when heated as the molecules move farther apart, requiring expansion joints in bridges to allow for expansion and contraction with changes in temperature. Thermostats also use bimetallic strips that expand at different rates to sense temperature changes and regulate heating and cooling systems.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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