SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
Cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT FACTS.
SOIL WATER PLANTS RELATIONSHIP.
B Sc Agri II Wmmi U 2 Soil Plant Water RelationshipRai University
This document discusses soil physical properties that influence irrigation. It describes soil as having solid, liquid, and gas phases, with pore spaces that hold water and air. The three main types of soil water are hygroscopic, capillary, and gravitational water. Infiltration is the movement of water into soil from rain or irrigation, while percolation, interflow, and seepage describe the downward and lateral movement of water through saturated soil. Key soil moisture concepts discussed include field capacity, permanent wilting percentage, and available water holding capacity, which varies by soil type. Common methods to measure soil moisture are also summarized.
soil water energy concept is all about potential energy,gravitational potential,osmotic potential,pressure potential and total potential energies including units
The document classifies and describes the three main classes of soil water:
1) Capillary water, which exists in pore spaces by molecular attraction and surface tension, held at tensions from 1/3 to 15 atmospheres.
2) Gravitational water, which will drain out of soil pores due to gravity if drainage is provided, and is not available for plant growth.
3) Hygroscopic water, which is absorbed by oven-dried soil exposed to moist air and is held very tightly by adsorption forces at tensions from 10,000 to 31 atmospheres, making it unavailable to plants.
This document discusses soil water, including its different forms and how it is held in soil. There are three main forms of soil water:
1. Gravitational water occupies large pores and moves downward readily via gravity. It is not available to plants.
2. Capillary water is held in small pores by surface forces and is available to plants. It is held at tensions between 1/3 and 31 atmospheres.
3. Hygroscopic water is tightly bound to soil particles and is not readily available to plants.
Soil texture, structure, organic matter and other factors influence the amounts of each water form. Water potential measures the energy status of soil water compared to pure water, and is important for understanding
Soil stores water in different forms, including evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff, infiltration into the subsurface, and groundwater. Water is stored in soil based on factors like soil texture, structure, and the type of bonding between water and soil particles. Sandy soils store less water than clay soils due to differences in texture affecting water transmission and retention.
1) Lianas are vines that are commonly depicted in adventure stories as being used by characters to swing through jungles. While the swinging scenes may be fictional, lianas can realistically be used as a source of drinking water by cutting into their hollow stems.
2) A single maple tree 15 meters tall transports over 220 liters of water per hour through its xylem from its roots to its leaves to prevent wilting. This demonstrates the large quantity of water transported by plants.
3) The tallest trees, coast redwoods and eucalyptus, can grow over 110 meters tall, posing a challenge to explain how water is transported such great heights against gravity.
Properties and functions of water in plants and soilkiran Dasanal
Water plays critical roles in plants and soils. It has unique molecular properties like its dipole character and high dielectric constant. In plants, water maintains turgor pressure, acts as a solvent for photosynthesis, and transports minerals. It also cools plants and soils. In soils, water is essential for nutrient solubility and transport, tilth, and acts as a buffer against temperature fluctuations. Lack of water especially during reproductive stages can cause major yield reductions in important pulse crops like chickpeas, pigeon peas, and common beans.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
Cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT FACTS.
SOIL WATER PLANTS RELATIONSHIP.
B Sc Agri II Wmmi U 2 Soil Plant Water RelationshipRai University
This document discusses soil physical properties that influence irrigation. It describes soil as having solid, liquid, and gas phases, with pore spaces that hold water and air. The three main types of soil water are hygroscopic, capillary, and gravitational water. Infiltration is the movement of water into soil from rain or irrigation, while percolation, interflow, and seepage describe the downward and lateral movement of water through saturated soil. Key soil moisture concepts discussed include field capacity, permanent wilting percentage, and available water holding capacity, which varies by soil type. Common methods to measure soil moisture are also summarized.
soil water energy concept is all about potential energy,gravitational potential,osmotic potential,pressure potential and total potential energies including units
The document classifies and describes the three main classes of soil water:
1) Capillary water, which exists in pore spaces by molecular attraction and surface tension, held at tensions from 1/3 to 15 atmospheres.
2) Gravitational water, which will drain out of soil pores due to gravity if drainage is provided, and is not available for plant growth.
3) Hygroscopic water, which is absorbed by oven-dried soil exposed to moist air and is held very tightly by adsorption forces at tensions from 10,000 to 31 atmospheres, making it unavailable to plants.
This document discusses soil water, including its different forms and how it is held in soil. There are three main forms of soil water:
1. Gravitational water occupies large pores and moves downward readily via gravity. It is not available to plants.
2. Capillary water is held in small pores by surface forces and is available to plants. It is held at tensions between 1/3 and 31 atmospheres.
3. Hygroscopic water is tightly bound to soil particles and is not readily available to plants.
Soil texture, structure, organic matter and other factors influence the amounts of each water form. Water potential measures the energy status of soil water compared to pure water, and is important for understanding
Soil stores water in different forms, including evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff, infiltration into the subsurface, and groundwater. Water is stored in soil based on factors like soil texture, structure, and the type of bonding between water and soil particles. Sandy soils store less water than clay soils due to differences in texture affecting water transmission and retention.
1) Lianas are vines that are commonly depicted in adventure stories as being used by characters to swing through jungles. While the swinging scenes may be fictional, lianas can realistically be used as a source of drinking water by cutting into their hollow stems.
2) A single maple tree 15 meters tall transports over 220 liters of water per hour through its xylem from its roots to its leaves to prevent wilting. This demonstrates the large quantity of water transported by plants.
3) The tallest trees, coast redwoods and eucalyptus, can grow over 110 meters tall, posing a challenge to explain how water is transported such great heights against gravity.
Properties and functions of water in plants and soilkiran Dasanal
Water plays critical roles in plants and soils. It has unique molecular properties like its dipole character and high dielectric constant. In plants, water maintains turgor pressure, acts as a solvent for photosynthesis, and transports minerals. It also cools plants and soils. In soils, water is essential for nutrient solubility and transport, tilth, and acts as a buffer against temperature fluctuations. Lack of water especially during reproductive stages can cause major yield reductions in important pulse crops like chickpeas, pigeon peas, and common beans.
This document provides an overview of groundwater, including:
- Groundwater is found underground in the spaces between sediment and cracks within rock. It is recharged through precipitation and snowmelt infiltrating the ground or, in some cases, streams.
- Aquifers are underground layers that can store and transmit water. They can be confined, with impermeable layers above and below, or unconfined with no upper boundary.
- Groundwater is discharged through pumping wells, which cause drawdown, or into surface water features like streams, wetlands, and lakes.
Soil is a natural medium composed of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms that supports plant growth. It performs key functions like nutrient provision, water storage and purification, atmospheric modification, and habitat for decomposers. Soil consists of distinct horizontal layers called horizons that vary from rich organic layers on top to underlying rocky layers. Different types of soils exist based on their composition, including clay, silt, sand, loam, chalk, and peat soils, each with defining characteristics and suitable crops.
1. The document discusses the movement of soil water under saturated and unsaturated conditions.
2. Under saturated conditions, the rate of flow is highest in sand and lowest in clay, following the sequence of sand > loam > clay. Pore size significantly impacts flow rate.
3. Under unsaturated conditions, the range of conductivity is sand < loam < clay in the "moist range" but similar to the saturated conditions in the "wet range".
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movement
Water in soil plant atmospheric continuum(spac)FarhanaShiekh
This document defines the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum (SPAC) as the pathway for moving water from soil through plants to the atmosphere. It describes the three pathways - symplast, apoplast, and cellular - by which water travels from the soil into the root and then through the xylem up into the leaves. The document also lists factors like soil water holding capacity, diffusion pressure, and humidity that affect the SPAC and provides a flow chart illustrating how water moves through the different parts of a plant from the soil into the atmosphere.
The document discusses various aspects of soil water, including:
1) Soil water serves important functions for plants like maintaining turgor pressure and enabling photosynthesis and nutrient transport.
2) As soil dries out, plant water stress increases from decreased photosynthesis to temporary wilting and eventually permanent wilting.
3) Water in soil is held in place through forces of gravity, adhesion, and cohesion related to the polarity of water molecules.
This document provides information about plant water relations and the absorption of water by plant roots. It discusses that water is essential for plant life and is absorbed by root hairs from the soil. Root hairs enter the spaces between soil particles and absorb water through a process of osmosis, facilitated by their selectively permeable cell membranes. Water then moves through the plant, powering processes like photosynthesis and supporting plant structure through turgor pressure in cells.
1. The document discusses concepts related to soil water potential including transport mechanisms, water properties, definitions of soil water potential, and methods of measuring soil water potential.
2. Key concepts include the soil water retention curve, components of total soil water potential such as pressure, gravitational, solute, and air pressure potentials, and methods of measuring pressure potential using instruments like tensiometers.
3. Tensiometers measure soil water pressure potential by using a force balance between the soil, a mercury reservoir, and the weight of water in the tube to calculate the pressure head at the porous cup.
Water plays many essential roles in plant growth and development, including transporting minerals and photosynthates. There are three forms of water in soil: gravitational water that leaches down, hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles, and capillary water available to plants. Capillary water fills micro pores in soil at field capacity after rain. Three forces - gravity, cohesion, and adhesion - are responsible for water movement in soil. Water is most available to plants at field capacity, with sufficient water and air in the soil. Cohesion, adhesion, salts, soil texture, and water potential all impact a soil's water availability to plants. Soils should be studied to effectively irrigate and make best use of water
Water moves through plants via osmosis, diffusion, and pressure-driven bulk flow. Water first enters root cells through osmosis driven by solute concentration differences across cell membranes. It then moves cell-to-cell through the root via diffusion down concentration gradients. For long-distance transport, water moves through the xylem via pressure-driven bulk flow. Specialized proteins called aquaporins facilitate water movement across membranes.
Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curveSHIVAJI SURYAVANSHI
Water in soil can be classified into three types based on how tightly it is held:
1) Capillary water held by surface tension in small pores.
2) Gravitational water that drains freely under gravity.
3) Hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles.
Soil water content is measured using concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and moisture tension. Water moves through soil via saturated, unsaturated, or vapor flow depending on soil moisture levels. Infiltration rate depends on soil properties and moisture conditions.
The document discusses the hydrological cycle and its components. The hydrological cycle describes the storage and movement of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. Water evaporates from oceans and transpiration from plants, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates as rain or snow. Precipitation runs off and infiltrates the ground, becoming groundwater that eventually discharges into water bodies, completing the cycle as water evaporates again from oceans. The main components are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and groundwater flow.
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
The document summarizes the structure and distribution of Earth's hydrosphere. It notes that oceans contain 97% of the planet's water, with the remaining 3% consisting of fresh water found primarily as ice (2.3%), groundwater (0.4%), and surface fresh water (0.05%). It describes the locations and characteristics of oceans, ice, fresh water in rivers, lakes, groundwater aquifers, and wetlands.
Plants need air, water, and nutrients from the soil to survive. Water enters the soil through rainfall but some runs off, while the rest is absorbed by plants or percolates deeper underground. This water travels through pores and cracks in the soil and rock until it reaches an impermeable layer, where it collects to form the water table or groundwater. Groundwater is stored in aquifers and supplies wells, with artesian wells tapping high-pressure underground sources. Capillary action helps draw water up from the groundwater and transport it through plant roots and stems.
Water potential is the difference in free energy between water in a plant cell and pure water. It is determined by solute potential, pressure potential, matrix potential, and gravitational potential. Solute potential decreases water potential due to dissolved solutes, while pressure potential increases it due to turgor pressure. Water always moves from areas of high water potential to low. In plant cells, matrix and gravitational potentials are usually negligible, so water potential equals solute plus pressure potentials.
Water moves from areas of high water potential to low water potential through soils due to gravity and concentration gradients. Wet soil has high water potential due to large pore spaces, while dry soil has low water potential with small pore spaces. Water movement is driven by gravimetric, pressure, osmotic, and capillary potentials, with capillary movement occurring through small pores via adhesion and cohesion of water molecules.
Factors affecting water availability in soil include soil type, porosity, and water holding capacity. Water moves through the soil via gravity, adhesion to soil particles, and cohesion to other water molecules. The amount of available water in the soil depends on the field capacity and permanent wilting point of the soil. Plant water stress can be indicated by measuring soil water potential, leaf conductance, and leaf water potential. Overexploitation of water resources and deforestation are reducing water availability in Pakistan.
Hydrologic cycle and field water balance dathan cs
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and field water balance. It provides details on:
1) The hydrologic cycle, which describes the circulation of water between the atmosphere, land, oceans and biosphere through processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
2) Components of the hydrologic cycle like green water, blue water, infiltration, recharge, and groundwater flow.
3) The field water balance accounts for all water inputs, outputs, and storage within a soil area over a period of time based on the law of conservation of mass. It considers precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and changes in water storage.
5. water -importance and significance-2014 M.Sc -E.pptxvineetha43
Water plays a vital role in plants and their growth. It makes up 80-95% of growing plant tissues and is essential for many metabolic processes. The polarity of the water molecule allows it to act as an excellent solvent and form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. This gives water important properties like high heat capacity and ability to regulate temperature. Water moves into and out of plant cells through osmosis, maintaining turgor pressure and allowing processes like photosynthesis and transpiration.
This document defines osmosis and water potential. It explains that osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher to lower concentration. Water potential is a measure of a solution's tendency to lose water and is decreased by adding solutes. The water potential of a plant cell equals the sum of its solute and pressure potentials. Animal and plant cells behave differently when placed in solutions of different tonicities - hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic.
This document provides an overview of groundwater, including:
- Groundwater is found underground in the spaces between sediment and cracks within rock. It is recharged through precipitation and snowmelt infiltrating the ground or, in some cases, streams.
- Aquifers are underground layers that can store and transmit water. They can be confined, with impermeable layers above and below, or unconfined with no upper boundary.
- Groundwater is discharged through pumping wells, which cause drawdown, or into surface water features like streams, wetlands, and lakes.
Soil is a natural medium composed of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms that supports plant growth. It performs key functions like nutrient provision, water storage and purification, atmospheric modification, and habitat for decomposers. Soil consists of distinct horizontal layers called horizons that vary from rich organic layers on top to underlying rocky layers. Different types of soils exist based on their composition, including clay, silt, sand, loam, chalk, and peat soils, each with defining characteristics and suitable crops.
1. The document discusses the movement of soil water under saturated and unsaturated conditions.
2. Under saturated conditions, the rate of flow is highest in sand and lowest in clay, following the sequence of sand > loam > clay. Pore size significantly impacts flow rate.
3. Under unsaturated conditions, the range of conductivity is sand < loam < clay in the "moist range" but similar to the saturated conditions in the "wet range".
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movement
Water in soil plant atmospheric continuum(spac)FarhanaShiekh
This document defines the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum (SPAC) as the pathway for moving water from soil through plants to the atmosphere. It describes the three pathways - symplast, apoplast, and cellular - by which water travels from the soil into the root and then through the xylem up into the leaves. The document also lists factors like soil water holding capacity, diffusion pressure, and humidity that affect the SPAC and provides a flow chart illustrating how water moves through the different parts of a plant from the soil into the atmosphere.
The document discusses various aspects of soil water, including:
1) Soil water serves important functions for plants like maintaining turgor pressure and enabling photosynthesis and nutrient transport.
2) As soil dries out, plant water stress increases from decreased photosynthesis to temporary wilting and eventually permanent wilting.
3) Water in soil is held in place through forces of gravity, adhesion, and cohesion related to the polarity of water molecules.
This document provides information about plant water relations and the absorption of water by plant roots. It discusses that water is essential for plant life and is absorbed by root hairs from the soil. Root hairs enter the spaces between soil particles and absorb water through a process of osmosis, facilitated by their selectively permeable cell membranes. Water then moves through the plant, powering processes like photosynthesis and supporting plant structure through turgor pressure in cells.
1. The document discusses concepts related to soil water potential including transport mechanisms, water properties, definitions of soil water potential, and methods of measuring soil water potential.
2. Key concepts include the soil water retention curve, components of total soil water potential such as pressure, gravitational, solute, and air pressure potentials, and methods of measuring pressure potential using instruments like tensiometers.
3. Tensiometers measure soil water pressure potential by using a force balance between the soil, a mercury reservoir, and the weight of water in the tube to calculate the pressure head at the porous cup.
Water plays many essential roles in plant growth and development, including transporting minerals and photosynthates. There are three forms of water in soil: gravitational water that leaches down, hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles, and capillary water available to plants. Capillary water fills micro pores in soil at field capacity after rain. Three forces - gravity, cohesion, and adhesion - are responsible for water movement in soil. Water is most available to plants at field capacity, with sufficient water and air in the soil. Cohesion, adhesion, salts, soil texture, and water potential all impact a soil's water availability to plants. Soils should be studied to effectively irrigate and make best use of water
Water moves through plants via osmosis, diffusion, and pressure-driven bulk flow. Water first enters root cells through osmosis driven by solute concentration differences across cell membranes. It then moves cell-to-cell through the root via diffusion down concentration gradients. For long-distance transport, water moves through the xylem via pressure-driven bulk flow. Specialized proteins called aquaporins facilitate water movement across membranes.
Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curveSHIVAJI SURYAVANSHI
Water in soil can be classified into three types based on how tightly it is held:
1) Capillary water held by surface tension in small pores.
2) Gravitational water that drains freely under gravity.
3) Hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles.
Soil water content is measured using concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and moisture tension. Water moves through soil via saturated, unsaturated, or vapor flow depending on soil moisture levels. Infiltration rate depends on soil properties and moisture conditions.
The document discusses the hydrological cycle and its components. The hydrological cycle describes the storage and movement of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. Water evaporates from oceans and transpiration from plants, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates as rain or snow. Precipitation runs off and infiltrates the ground, becoming groundwater that eventually discharges into water bodies, completing the cycle as water evaporates again from oceans. The main components are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and groundwater flow.
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
The document summarizes the structure and distribution of Earth's hydrosphere. It notes that oceans contain 97% of the planet's water, with the remaining 3% consisting of fresh water found primarily as ice (2.3%), groundwater (0.4%), and surface fresh water (0.05%). It describes the locations and characteristics of oceans, ice, fresh water in rivers, lakes, groundwater aquifers, and wetlands.
Plants need air, water, and nutrients from the soil to survive. Water enters the soil through rainfall but some runs off, while the rest is absorbed by plants or percolates deeper underground. This water travels through pores and cracks in the soil and rock until it reaches an impermeable layer, where it collects to form the water table or groundwater. Groundwater is stored in aquifers and supplies wells, with artesian wells tapping high-pressure underground sources. Capillary action helps draw water up from the groundwater and transport it through plant roots and stems.
Water potential is the difference in free energy between water in a plant cell and pure water. It is determined by solute potential, pressure potential, matrix potential, and gravitational potential. Solute potential decreases water potential due to dissolved solutes, while pressure potential increases it due to turgor pressure. Water always moves from areas of high water potential to low. In plant cells, matrix and gravitational potentials are usually negligible, so water potential equals solute plus pressure potentials.
Water moves from areas of high water potential to low water potential through soils due to gravity and concentration gradients. Wet soil has high water potential due to large pore spaces, while dry soil has low water potential with small pore spaces. Water movement is driven by gravimetric, pressure, osmotic, and capillary potentials, with capillary movement occurring through small pores via adhesion and cohesion of water molecules.
Factors affecting water availability in soil include soil type, porosity, and water holding capacity. Water moves through the soil via gravity, adhesion to soil particles, and cohesion to other water molecules. The amount of available water in the soil depends on the field capacity and permanent wilting point of the soil. Plant water stress can be indicated by measuring soil water potential, leaf conductance, and leaf water potential. Overexploitation of water resources and deforestation are reducing water availability in Pakistan.
Hydrologic cycle and field water balance dathan cs
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and field water balance. It provides details on:
1) The hydrologic cycle, which describes the circulation of water between the atmosphere, land, oceans and biosphere through processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
2) Components of the hydrologic cycle like green water, blue water, infiltration, recharge, and groundwater flow.
3) The field water balance accounts for all water inputs, outputs, and storage within a soil area over a period of time based on the law of conservation of mass. It considers precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and changes in water storage.
5. water -importance and significance-2014 M.Sc -E.pptxvineetha43
Water plays a vital role in plants and their growth. It makes up 80-95% of growing plant tissues and is essential for many metabolic processes. The polarity of the water molecule allows it to act as an excellent solvent and form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. This gives water important properties like high heat capacity and ability to regulate temperature. Water moves into and out of plant cells through osmosis, maintaining turgor pressure and allowing processes like photosynthesis and transpiration.
This document defines osmosis and water potential. It explains that osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher to lower concentration. Water potential is a measure of a solution's tendency to lose water and is decreased by adding solutes. The water potential of a plant cell equals the sum of its solute and pressure potentials. Animal and plant cells behave differently when placed in solutions of different tonicities - hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic.
This document provides an overview of diffusion and osmosis in plants. It defines diffusion as the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, which can occur actively through external energy or passively without energy. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher. The document outlines the factors that affect diffusion and osmosis rates, the different types of osmosis, and the importance of these processes for water and mineral absorption and transport in plants. Measurement techniques for water potential and status are also discussed.
This is an up to date study material for UG & PG students. It describes about Crop-water relationship; absorption; transpiration; stomatal physiology; theories of water uptake; diffusion; osmosis; nutrient uptake mechanism
Plants absorb water through their roots and transport it throughout the plant. There are two main mechanisms of water absorption: active absorption which requires metabolic energy and occurs in slowly transpiring plants, and passive absorption driven by transpiration from the leaves. Most water is absorbed in the root hairs and younger root regions through osmosis as water moves from higher to lower water potential down a gradient. The water then travels upward through the xylem vessels via bulk flow and diffusion processes to reach the leaves where it is lost to transpiration.
This document discusses various properties of water and its importance for plants. It provides information on water potential, absorption of water by plants, transpiration and mechanisms of stomatal opening and closing. Water is essential for plant growth and metabolic processes. Plants absorb water through their roots, which is then transported throughout the plant through xylem vessels. Transpiration helps pull water up from the roots and cool the leaves. Stomata open and close to regulate gas exchange and transpiration.
This document discusses plant water relations and transport. It covers how water is absorbed by roots, transported through the xylem, and moves upwards through the plant. It describes several theories for water transport, including root pressure theory, capillary theory, and cohesion theory. It also discusses transpiration, opening and closing of stomata, mineral nutrition, and classification of essential nutrients. The key points covered are the role of water in plants, absorption and transport pathways, factors affecting absorption, and mechanisms regulating transpiration and water movement.
This document provides an overview of surface tension, surface energy, excess pressure, contact angles, capillary rise, and detergents. It explains that surface tension is caused by unbalanced intermolecular forces between liquid molecules. These forces minimize the liquid's surface area and lead to phenomena like water droplets forming spheres. The document also describes how temperature affects surface tension and energy. It discusses excess pressure inside liquid drops and bubbles due to surface tension. Contact angles, cohesive and adhesive forces, and capillary rise are also summarized. Finally, the role of detergents in reducing water's surface tension to help clean greasy dirt is explained.
The document discusses several key aspects of plant-water relations:
1. Water transport within plants, including absorption by root hairs, movement through vascular tissues, and evaporation from leaves.
2. The importance of water for many plant functions like photosynthesis and growth, as well as the role of turgor pressure in supporting plant structures.
3. Properties of water that facilitate its transport within plants and allow plants to remain hydrated, such as hydrogen bonding, a liquid state at normal temperatures, and a high heat of vaporization.
The document summarizes transportation in plants. The apoplast pathway is most important for transporting water and solutes, while the symplast pathway is less important except for salt transport near the endodermis. Water potential is determined by solute concentration (osmotic potential) and pressure. Water moves from areas of high water potential to low. The cohesion-tension theory explains how water is transported in xylem through adhesion, cohesion between water molecules, and tension. The pressure flow theory describes how photosynthates are passively transported from sources to sinks in the phloem through osmosis and pressure gradients.
Your assignment is to discuss what is going on in this graph. Describ.pdfrufohudsonak74125
Your assignment is to discuss what is going on in this graph. Describe the relationship between
the soil, the roots, and leaves as they pertain to water movement. I expect you to discuss these
changes in terms of changes in water potential, diurnal fluctuations in activity, the nature of
water integral the soil, and what is driving the changes in water potential.
Solution
The graph represents water pontential of soil, root (xylem) and leaf (mesophyll cells). Initially,
the soil is wet which dries out with time and the soil water potential becomes more negative; at
this point it is called as soil water tension also. The value -15 bar represents the wilting point
which is the soil water content at which wilting of leaf can not be recovered upon watering.
Roots also serve to remove the water from theirt adjacent surrounding soil particles and thereby
lower down the water content (soil water potential) in that zone. The larger surface area of root
hairs changes the osmotic pressure in the roots and allows the water to enter the roots down the
potential gradiant. The water moves up in the xylem down the potential gradiant. For the
purpose, capillary action moves the water droplet up in the xylem. Mesophyll water potential is
reduced by transpiration. The resultant transpiration pull creates the negative mesophyll water
potential and the water enters the leaves..
The document discusses various processes involved in the absorption and transport of water and minerals in plants. It explains that roots have root hairs and branched structures that help absorb water and minerals from the soil through processes like imbibition, diffusion, and osmosis. The absorbed water and minerals are then transported long distances through vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards through a process called ascent of sap driven by root pressure, capillary action, adhesion and transpirational pull. Phloem transports organic compounds like food downwards, with descent of sap aided by gravity.
Freshwater Ecosystems include standing water or lentic such as lakes, ponds, marshes and wet lands, and the flowing water or lotic such as spring, streams and rivers. This ecosystem is normally of very low salinity usually between 15 to 30 ppt. They are highly variable and their characteristics depend upon the surrounding geology, land use and pollution levels.
Water potential is a measure of the free energy of water that takes into account solutes, pressure, and gravity. It is quantified using psychrometers or microcapillaries and causes water to flow from areas of higher to lower potential. Water moves into and out of plant cells through membranes in response to water potential gradients. Plants regulate their water potential through solutes to absorb water from saline soils or withstand drought conditions. Water is transported through xylem by bulk flow due to pressure gradients from root pressure and transpiration pull.
Water potential is a measure of water's ability to do work. It is represented by the Greek letter psi and measured in pascals. Water potential is equal to the sum of solute potential and pressure potential. Solute potential decreases as solute concentration increases, making water potential more negative. Pressure potential increases with pressure, making water potential less negative. Water will always move from areas of higher water potential to lower water potential through semipermeable membranes.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. Water molecules move randomly based on their kinetic energy. For osmosis, the potential of water to move is measured by osmotic potential, which is negative when other substances are dissolved in water. Water always moves from areas of lower to higher water potential. Osmosis plays a key role in transporting water and nutrients in the body and growth in plants. It can also be used to purify water in reverse osmosis desalination processes.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration until equilibrium is reached. Water potential is a measure of the kinetic energy of water molecules - pure water has a potential of 0 kPa while solutions have negative potentials as water molecules are less free to move. The concentration of solutes and number of solute particles restricts water movement by attracting and binding water molecules. Osmosis will occur if two solutions separated by a membrane have different water potentials.
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2. • Water moves down concentration gradient by
diffusion. Water is more concentrated in freshwater
environments than in the oceans.
• Aquatic organisms can be viewed as an aqueous
solution bounded by a selectively permeable membrane
floating in an another aqueous solution
Diffusion
Osmosis
-Special case of diffusion -water movement across a
membrane.
3. • Salinity: concentration of dissolved salts
-salt water solution contains relatively less water than
fresh water
That means?
Water moves from area of less dissolved salts to more
dissolved salts
Water Concentration in Solutions
5. Organisms with body
fluids containing the same
concentration of water as
the external environment
are isosmotic.
• Isosmotic
6. Salts Water
Isosmotic
In an isosmotic aquatic organism, internal concentration of
water and salt equal their concentration in environment.
Salts and water diffuse at appropriately equal rates into
and out an isosmotic organism.
7. • Hypoosmotic
Organisms with body fluids
with a higher concentration of
water (lower solute
concentration) than the external
medium are hypoosmotic and
tend to lose water to the
environment.
8. Salts Water
Hypoosmotic
Compared to the environment, a Hypoosmotic aquatic organism
has a higher internal concentration of water and lower internal
concentration of salts.
Marine bony fish are strongly Hypoosmotic, thus need
to drink seawater for salt influx.
9. Those with body fluids with a
lower concentration of water
(higher solute concentration) than
the external medium are
hyperosmotic and are subject to
water flooding inward from the
environment.
10. Hyperosmotic
Compared to the environment, a hyperosmotic aquatic organism has a lower
internal concentration of water and a higher internal concentration of salts.
Salts Water
Hyperosmotic organisms that excrete excess internal water via
large amounts of dilute urine. Replace salts by absorbing sodium
and chloride at base of gill filaments and by ingesting food.
11.
12. On land, water flows from the organism to the atmosphere at a
rate influenced by the vapor pressure deficit of the air surrounding
the organism. In the aquatic environment, water may flow either to
or from the organism, depending on the relative concentrations of
water and solutes in body fluids and the surrounding medium. But
here too, water flows down its concentration gradient.
13. As shown in the Picture, water
moving from the soil through a plant
and into the atmosphere flows down
a gradient of water potential.
Water in soils and plants moves
through the small pore spaces within
soils and within the small water-
conducting cells of plants.
Therefore, water potential in soils
and plants is determined by the
concentration gradient of water plus
other factors related to the
movement of water through these
small spaces.
14. Understanding water potential takes some patience,
but that patience will be paid off by a significant
improvement in understanding the water relations of
terrestrial plants.
We can define water potential as the capacity of
water to do work. Flowing water has the capacity to do
work such as turning the water wheel of an old-
fashioned water mill or the turbines of a hydroelectric
plant.
15. The capacity of water to do work depends upon
its free energy content. Water flows from positions of
higher to lower free energy. Under the influence of
gravity, water flows downhill from a position of higher
free energy, at the top of the hill, to a position of
lower free energy, at the bottom of the hill.
16. In the section "Water Movement in Aquatic
Environments,'' we saw that water flows down its
concentration gradient, from locations of higher water
concentration (hypoosmotic) to locations of lower water
concentration (hyperosmotic). The measurable "osmotic
pressure" generated by water flowing down these
concentration gradients shows that water flowing in
response to osmotic gradients has the capacity to do work.
17. We measure water potential, like vapor pressure deficit and
osmotic pressure, in pascals, usually megapascals (MPa = Pa x
106). By convention, water potential is represented by the symbol ψ
and the water potential of pure water is set at 0. If the water
potential of pure water is 0, then the water potential of a solution,
such as seawater, must be negative (i.e., < 0).
18. In nature, water potentials are
generally negative. must be so since
all water in nature, even rainwater,
contains some solute or occupies
spaces where matric forces are
significant. So, gradients of water
potential in nature are generally from
less negative to more negative water
potential. We can express the water
potential of a solution as:
ψ = ψ solutes
ψ solutes is the reduction in water
potential due to dissolved substances,
which is a negative number.
19. Within small spaces, such as the interior of a plant
cell or the pore spaces within soil, other forces, called
matric forces, are also at work. Matric forces are a
consequence of water's tendency to adhere to the walls
of containers such as cell walls or the soil particles lining
a soil pore. Matric forces lower water potential. The water
potential for fluids within plant cells is approximately:
Ψ plant = ψ solutes + ψ matric
20. In this expression, ψ matric is the reduction in water
potential due to matric forces within plant cells. At the
level of the whole plant, another force is generated as
water evaporates from the surfaces of leaves into the
atmosphere. Evaporation of water from the surfaces of
leaves generates a negative pressure, or tension, on the
column of water that extends from the leaf surface
through the plant all the way down to its roots.
21. So, the water potential of plant fluids is affected by solutes, matric forces, and
the negative pressures exerted by evaporation. Consequently, we can represent the
water potential of plant fluids as:
Ψ plant = ψ solutes + ψ matric + ψ pressure
ψ pressure is the reduction in water potential due to negative pressure created
by water evaporating from leaves.
Matric forces vary considerably from one soil to another, depending primarily
upon soil texture and pore size. Coarser soils, such as sands and loams, with larger
pore sizes exert lower matric forces, while fine clay soils, with smaller pore sizes,
exert higher matric forces. So, while clay soils can hold a higher quantity of water
compared to sandy soils, the higher matric forces within clay soils bind that water
more tightly. As long as the water potential of plant tissues is less than the water
potential of the soil, ψ plant< ψ soil, water flows from the soil to the plant.
22. The higher water potential of soil water compared to the
water potential of roots induces water to flow from the into plant
roots. As water enters roots from the surrounding soil, it joins a
column of water that extends from the roots through the water-
conducting cells, or xylem, of the stem to the leaves. Hydrogen
bonds between adjacent water molecules bind the water molecules
in this water column together.
Consequently, as water molecules at the upper end of this
column evaporate into the air at the surfaces of leaves, they exert a
tension, or negative pressure, on the entire water column. This
negative pressure further reduces the water potential of plant fluids
and helps power uptake of water by terrestrial plants.
23. In picture, water from the
soil, they soon deplete the water
held in the larger soil pore spaces,
leaving only water held in he smaller
pores. Within these smaller soil
pores matric forces are greater than
in the larger pores.
Consequently, as soil dries,
soil water potential becomes more
and more negative and the
remaining water becomes harder
and harder extract.