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The document discusses various aspects of soil water, including: 1) Soil water serves important functions for plants like maintaining turgor pressure and enabling photosynthesis and nutrient transport. 2) As soil dries out, plant water stress increases from decreased photosynthesis to temporary wilting and eventually permanent wilting. 3) Water in soil is held in place through forces of gravity, adhesion, and cohesion related to the polarity of water molecules.
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Soil water energy concept
Water moves from areas of high water potential to low water potential through soils due to gravity and concentration gradients. Wet soil has high water potential due to large pore spaces, while dry soil has low water potential with small pore spaces. Water movement is driven by gravimetric, pressure, osmotic, and capillary potentials, with capillary movement occurring through small pores via adhesion and cohesion of water molecules.
Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curve
Water in soil can be classified into three types based on how tightly it is held:
1) Capillary water held by surface tension in small pores.
2) Gravitational water that drains freely under gravity.
3) Hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles.
Soil water content is measured using concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and moisture tension. Water moves through soil via saturated, unsaturated, or vapor flow depending on soil moisture levels. Infiltration rate depends on soil properties and moisture conditions.
Factors affecting water availability in soil.pptx
Factors affecting water availability in soil include soil type, porosity, and water holding capacity. Water moves through the soil via gravity, adhesion to soil particles, and cohesion to other water molecules. The amount of available water in the soil depends on the field capacity and permanent wilting point of the soil. Plant water stress can be indicated by measuring soil water potential, leaf conductance, and leaf water potential. Overexploitation of water resources and deforestation are reducing water availability in Pakistan.
Classification of soil water
The document classifies and describes the three main classes of soil water:
1) Capillary water, which exists in pore spaces by molecular attraction and surface tension, held at tensions from 1/3 to 15 atmospheres.
2) Gravitational water, which will drain out of soil pores due to gravity if drainage is provided, and is not available for plant growth.
3) Hygroscopic water, which is absorbed by oven-dried soil exposed to moist air and is held very tightly by adsorption forces at tensions from 10,000 to 31 atmospheres, making it unavailable to plants.
R 12013(ssc-411)-soil moisture constants,soil-water movement & infiltration
This document discusses soil water and defines key terms related to soil moisture content and movement. It defines classifications of soil water, soil moisture constants like field capacity and wilting point, saturated and unsaturated water flow, infiltration, and factors that influence soil water movement. Diagrams show the relationship between soil moisture tension and water content. Soil water is essential for plant growth and understanding these concepts helps determine moisture levels in soil.
Classes and availability of soil water | Soil water Relationship
Classes and Availability of Soil Water (Soil Moisture Relationship)
Gravitational water is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water which will move out of the soil if favourable drainage is provided.
Capillary water is that part in excess of hygroscopic water which exists in the pore space of the soil by molecular attraction.
When an oven-dried sample is kept open in the atmosphere, it absorbs some amount of water from the atmosphere. This is known as hygroscopic water, and is not capable of movement by the gravity or capillary forces.
Soil Moisture tension
The force per unit area that must be exerted in order to extract water from the soil is known as soil moisture tension and is expressed in terms of atmosphere (atm).
also known as Capillary potential, Capillary tension or force of suction.
Soil moisture tension is inversely proportional to moisture content of a soil of given texture and structure.
measured in the laboratory with the Help of various instruments such as centrifuge, tensiometer etc.
Soil moisture stress
Soil moisture stress is defined as the sum of the soil moisture tension and osmotic pressure of soil solution.
Osmotic pressure is the increase in the force (or tension) caused by the salts present in the soil solution.
The growth of plants is a function of both soil moisture tension as well as the osmotic pressure, and hence is a function of soil moisture stress.
Soil moisture constants
Saturation Capacity: amount of water required to fill all the pore spaces between soil particles by replacing all air held in pore spaces
Field capacity: moisture content of the soil after free drainage has removed most of the gravity water
Permeant wilting point: the soil water content at or below which plant roots cannot absorb water any more
Available moisture: difference in water content of the soil between field capacity and permanent wilting point
Readily available moisture: portion of the available moisture that is most easily extracted by plants.
It is approximately 75% of the available moisture.
Moisture equivalent: percentage of moisture retained in a small sample of wet soil 1 cm deep when subjected to centrifugal force 1000 times as greater as gravity, usually for a period of 30 min.
Moisture equivalent = Field capacity
= 1.8 to 2 permanent wilting point = 2.7 Hygroscopic coefficient
Soil-Moisture deficiency (Field moisture deficiency): water required to bring the soil moisture content to its field capacity.
SOIL WATER- SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FLOW
Soil can hold considerable amounts of water in three types - gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic. The amount and movement of water depends on soil properties like texture, structure, and organic content. Key points in soil moisture include field capacity, wilting point, and available water holding capacity. Saturated flow occurs when soils are fully saturated, following Darcy's law. Unsaturated flow is driven by matric potential gradients and occurs as films between smaller pores. Vapour movement becomes dominant as tensions increase and films disconnect. Finer textured soils generally hold more plant-available water and support vapour flow at lower tensions than coarser soils.
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movement
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Soil water energy concept
Water moves from areas of high water potential to low water potential through soils due to gravity and concentration gradients. Wet soil has high water potential due to large pore spaces, while dry soil has low water potential with small pore spaces. Water movement is driven by gravimetric, pressure, osmotic, and capillary potentials, with capillary movement occurring through small pores via adhesion and cohesion of water molecules.
Classification of soil water & soil moisture characteristics curve
Water in soil can be classified into three types based on how tightly it is held:
1) Capillary water held by surface tension in small pores.
2) Gravitational water that drains freely under gravity.
3) Hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles.
Soil water content is measured using concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and moisture tension. Water moves through soil via saturated, unsaturated, or vapor flow depending on soil moisture levels. Infiltration rate depends on soil properties and moisture conditions.
Factors affecting water availability in soil.pptx
Factors affecting water availability in soil include soil type, porosity, and water holding capacity. Water moves through the soil via gravity, adhesion to soil particles, and cohesion to other water molecules. The amount of available water in the soil depends on the field capacity and permanent wilting point of the soil. Plant water stress can be indicated by measuring soil water potential, leaf conductance, and leaf water potential. Overexploitation of water resources and deforestation are reducing water availability in Pakistan.
Classification of soil water
The document classifies and describes the three main classes of soil water:
1) Capillary water, which exists in pore spaces by molecular attraction and surface tension, held at tensions from 1/3 to 15 atmospheres.
2) Gravitational water, which will drain out of soil pores due to gravity if drainage is provided, and is not available for plant growth.
3) Hygroscopic water, which is absorbed by oven-dried soil exposed to moist air and is held very tightly by adsorption forces at tensions from 10,000 to 31 atmospheres, making it unavailable to plants.
R 12013(ssc-411)-soil moisture constants,soil-water movement & infiltration
This document discusses soil water and defines key terms related to soil moisture content and movement. It defines classifications of soil water, soil moisture constants like field capacity and wilting point, saturated and unsaturated water flow, infiltration, and factors that influence soil water movement. Diagrams show the relationship between soil moisture tension and water content. Soil water is essential for plant growth and understanding these concepts helps determine moisture levels in soil.
Classes and availability of soil water | Soil water Relationship
Classes and Availability of Soil Water (Soil Moisture Relationship)
Gravitational water is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water which will move out of the soil if favourable drainage is provided.
Capillary water is that part in excess of hygroscopic water which exists in the pore space of the soil by molecular attraction.
When an oven-dried sample is kept open in the atmosphere, it absorbs some amount of water from the atmosphere. This is known as hygroscopic water, and is not capable of movement by the gravity or capillary forces.
Soil Moisture tension
The force per unit area that must be exerted in order to extract water from the soil is known as soil moisture tension and is expressed in terms of atmosphere (atm).
also known as Capillary potential, Capillary tension or force of suction.
Soil moisture tension is inversely proportional to moisture content of a soil of given texture and structure.
measured in the laboratory with the Help of various instruments such as centrifuge, tensiometer etc.
Soil moisture stress
Soil moisture stress is defined as the sum of the soil moisture tension and osmotic pressure of soil solution.
Osmotic pressure is the increase in the force (or tension) caused by the salts present in the soil solution.
The growth of plants is a function of both soil moisture tension as well as the osmotic pressure, and hence is a function of soil moisture stress.
Soil moisture constants
Saturation Capacity: amount of water required to fill all the pore spaces between soil particles by replacing all air held in pore spaces
Field capacity: moisture content of the soil after free drainage has removed most of the gravity water
Permeant wilting point: the soil water content at or below which plant roots cannot absorb water any more
Available moisture: difference in water content of the soil between field capacity and permanent wilting point
Readily available moisture: portion of the available moisture that is most easily extracted by plants.
It is approximately 75% of the available moisture.
Moisture equivalent: percentage of moisture retained in a small sample of wet soil 1 cm deep when subjected to centrifugal force 1000 times as greater as gravity, usually for a period of 30 min.
Moisture equivalent = Field capacity
= 1.8 to 2 permanent wilting point = 2.7 Hygroscopic coefficient
Soil-Moisture deficiency (Field moisture deficiency): water required to bring the soil moisture content to its field capacity.
SOIL WATER- SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FLOW
Soil can hold considerable amounts of water in three types - gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic. The amount and movement of water depends on soil properties like texture, structure, and organic content. Key points in soil moisture include field capacity, wilting point, and available water holding capacity. Saturated flow occurs when soils are fully saturated, following Darcy's law. Unsaturated flow is driven by matric potential gradients and occurs as films between smaller pores. Vapour movement becomes dominant as tensions increase and films disconnect. Finer textured soils generally hold more plant-available water and support vapour flow at lower tensions than coarser soils.
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The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
1. Water plays a vital role in soil functioning, plant growth processes like photosynthesis and transpiration, and is essential for plant cell structure.
2. Water moves through the soil to plant roots through both capillary action and root growth into moist soil areas.
3. Plants absorb water through both passive uptake driven by transpiration pull and active uptake requiring energy when salt concentrations are high.
4. Nutrient movement from soil to roots occurs through mass flow, diffusion, and root interception, and is influenced by soil, plant and nutrient properties.
Chapter 3 soil water and irrigation practice1
This document summarizes key concepts about soil water and irrigation practices. It discusses how soil serves as a storehouse for water and nutrients that are essential for plant growth. The document then describes the three-phase system of soil consisting of solids, liquids, and gases. It explains how soil texture, structure, and physical properties influence the soil's water holding capacity and retention. Different types of soils like sandy soil, loamy soil, and clay soil are characterized. The concept of bulk density, porosity, and soil moisture content on a mass and volume basis are introduced to quantify the water in soil. Maintaining proper soil water levels through irrigation is important for optimal plant growth and yield.
Soil water plant relationship
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
- The importance of water for plant growth and physiological processes like germination, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Water is necessary for these processes and makes up a large percentage of fresh plant tissues.
- The movement and storage of water in soil, including gravitational, field capacity, and hygroscopic water. Plants can only access water within a certain soil water potential range.
- The mechanisms by which plants absorb water from soil, including passive absorption via transpirational pull and active absorption using energy. Absorption is influenced by root properties and environmental factors.
- How nutrients move from soil to plant
soil,water & plant relationships
The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships, including:
1) The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) which defines the movement of water from soil through plants to the atmosphere.
2) Soil water holding capacity is determined by soil texture, porosity, and the forces that hold water in place.
3) Effective irrigation requires understanding concepts like evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, irrigation requirements, and management-allowed deficit which indicates how much available soil water can be depleted before irrigating.
Lh1 water
Water is essential for plant growth and moves through plants via osmosis from areas of high water potential in the soil to areas of low water potential in leaves. It travels upward through the xylem via cohesion and adhesion. Transpiration pulls water through the plant and increases with temperature, sunlight and low humidity. Plants have adapted mechanisms like waxy coatings to reduce water loss. In soil, water exists in gravitational, capillary and hydroscopic forms. Clay soils retain more water but drain less well than sandy soils. Proper irrigation requires determining plant water needs based on evapotranspiration and soil type, and regularly checking penetration depth and application rates. Watering in the morning is best to reduce evaporation.
Soil column
The document summarizes an experiment studying rainwater infiltration into unsaturated layered soil columns. It introduces infiltration and the hydrologic cycle, and how unsaturated soils behave when wetted. The experiment aims to provide evidence of infiltration's effects. Two soil samples were tested in soil columns with sensors measuring moisture, suction, and outflow over rainfall periods. Test results showed the samples had different infiltration patterns and properties altered by moisture. The experiment helps explain unsaturated soil behavior and how infiltration impacts slope stability and groundwater.
Understanding Soil Water
The document discusses various concepts related to soil water, including:
- Saturation refers to when soil pores are 100% full of water
- Large pores drain quickly by gravity while smaller pores retain water due to capillarity and adhesion
- Field capacity is when gravity drainage stops and wilting point is when plants can no longer extract water
- Matric forces like capillarity pull water into small pores and toward the soil surface more strongly than gravity
- Not all water is under the same tension due to differences in pore size
- Characteristic curves relate soil water content to tension for a given soil type
Soil water relation
The document discusses various topics related to basic soil-water relations, including permeability, soil water intake, depth of soil, plant food compounds, excess soluble salts, and surface tension. It defines key terms such as permeability, soil water intake, depth of soil, plant food compounds, excess soluble salts, and explains how they impact soil and plant growth. The document also notes that irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil to support optimal plant growth based on an understanding of soil-water relations.
B Sc Agri II Wmmi U 2 Soil Plant Water Relationship
This document discusses soil physical properties that influence irrigation. It describes soil as having solid, liquid, and gas phases, with pore spaces that hold water and air. The three main types of soil water are hygroscopic, capillary, and gravitational water. Infiltration is the movement of water into soil from rain or irrigation, while percolation, interflow, and seepage describe the downward and lateral movement of water through saturated soil. Key soil moisture concepts discussed include field capacity, permanent wilting percentage, and available water holding capacity, which varies by soil type. Common methods to measure soil moisture are also summarized.
Soil water
The document discusses soil water, including its classification, movement through soil, availability to plants, and factors that affect availability. It introduces key concepts like infiltration, percolation, pore space, and how soil acts as a sponge to take up and retain water, with pore space allowing for storage and movement of water. The document also covers indicators of plant water stress, development of water deficiency in plants, and concluding with factors that influence water availability.
Soil water
This document discusses key concepts in soil science related to soil water. It defines several soil moisture constants including field capacity, wilting coefficient, hygroscopic coefficient, and available water capacity. It also describes the processes of infiltration, percolation, and permeability that govern the entry and movement of water into and through soil. Finally, it discusses saturated and unsaturated water flow in soil and the phenomenon of soil moisture hysteresis.
Soil water potential
The document summarizes soil water potential and its components. Soil water potential (ΨT) is equal to the sum of gravimetric potential (Ψz), osmotic potential (Ψs), matric potential (Ψm), and pressure potential (Ψp). Gravimetric potential depends on gravity and soil moisture content. Osmotic potential is due to dissolved salts. Matric potential restricts water movement through pore spaces. Pressure potential is positive in saturated soil. Together these determine if water will move within the soil from high to low water potential. The water content soils can hold is illustrated on a log scale, with sandy soil holding the least and clay the most at given potential values.
Soil, Plant, water and atmosphere relationship
1. Soil and water are vital resources for plant growth. Soil provides nutrients and support for roots while water transports nutrients and helps plants grow.
2. The water retention properties of soil like bulk density and particle size determine how much water the soil can hold. Generally, finer textured soils like clay retain more water than coarser soils like sand.
3. The soil-water retention curve shows the relationship between soil water content and pressure head. It allows determining how much water the soil holds at different tensions.
Soil Water
This document discusses soil water, including its different forms and how it is held in soil. There are three main forms of soil water:
1. Gravitational water occupies large pores and moves downward readily via gravity. It is not available to plants.
2. Capillary water is held in small pores by surface forces and is available to plants. It is held at tensions between 1/3 and 31 atmospheres.
3. Hygroscopic water is tightly bound to soil particles and is not readily available to plants.
Soil texture, structure, organic matter and other factors influence the amounts of each water form. Water potential measures the energy status of soil water compared to pure water, and is important for understanding
Soil- Plant- Water Relationships
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
Soil plant water relationships
The document discusses soil water plant relationships and provides details on various topics related to soil properties, water movement and plant water needs. It discusses how soil properties like texture, structure and organic matter determine water holding capacity and infiltration rates. It describes the different types of water in soil like gravitational, capillary and hygroscopic water. Key soil water constants like field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water are explained. Factors affecting water movement like infiltration and factors influencing plant water uptake like rooting characteristics are also summarized.
Groundwater Hydrology
This document discusses groundwater hydrology and various aspects of wells. It defines groundwater and factors that influence its occurrence. There are four main types of geological formations - aquifers, aquitards, aquicludes, and aquifuges. The document describes properties of aquifers like porosity, permeability, and transmissibility. It also discusses Darcy's law, methods to measure soil permeability, and types of wells, well construction, and well development techniques.
Movement of soil water
1. The document discusses the movement of soil water under saturated and unsaturated conditions.
2. Under saturated conditions, the rate of flow is highest in sand and lowest in clay, following the sequence of sand > loam > clay. Pore size significantly impacts flow rate.
3. Under unsaturated conditions, the range of conductivity is sand < loam < clay in the "moist range" but similar to the saturated conditions in the "wet range".
Soils
The document provides an overview of soil components and properties. It discusses the four main components of soil - minerals, water, air, and organic matter. It describes the different soil horizons from O to R, and explains their characteristics. Key points include that it takes 550 years to make 1 inch of soil, texture affects water holding capacity and infiltration rates, and organic matter improves soil properties. Soil formation is influenced over time by parent material, climate, biology, topography, and human activities like tillage can impact soil organic matter levels.
Soil moisture constants
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
6th national teachers science congress
This document announces the 6th National Teachers Science Congress to be held in November 2011. The focal theme is "Trends and Challenges in Science Education" with sub-themes on innovation in teaching science, correlating science subjects, and how chemical sciences relate to quality of life. Teachers are invited to submit 2000-word write-ups with 200-word abstracts by October 15th addressing these sub-themes, with the goal of participating in the national-level event in November.
Plant Life Cycle
Germination is the first step of plant growth where the seed sprouts into a seedling. It requires four key things: light, the right temperature, water, and soil. Light, water, and warmth are all necessary for the embryo inside the seed to sprout and for the roots and leaves to begin growing. Soil provides nutrients, oxygen, and support to help the young plant grow, but germination can occur without soil if these other needs are met.
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Soil water plant relationship
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
1. Water plays a vital role in soil functioning, plant growth processes like photosynthesis and transpiration, and is essential for plant cell structure.
2. Water moves through the soil to plant roots through both capillary action and root growth into moist soil areas.
3. Plants absorb water through both passive uptake driven by transpiration pull and active uptake requiring energy when salt concentrations are high.
4. Nutrient movement from soil to roots occurs through mass flow, diffusion, and root interception, and is influenced by soil, plant and nutrient properties.
Chapter 3 soil water and irrigation practice1
This document summarizes key concepts about soil water and irrigation practices. It discusses how soil serves as a storehouse for water and nutrients that are essential for plant growth. The document then describes the three-phase system of soil consisting of solids, liquids, and gases. It explains how soil texture, structure, and physical properties influence the soil's water holding capacity and retention. Different types of soils like sandy soil, loamy soil, and clay soil are characterized. The concept of bulk density, porosity, and soil moisture content on a mass and volume basis are introduced to quantify the water in soil. Maintaining proper soil water levels through irrigation is important for optimal plant growth and yield.
Soil water plant relationship
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
- The importance of water for plant growth and physiological processes like germination, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Water is necessary for these processes and makes up a large percentage of fresh plant tissues.
- The movement and storage of water in soil, including gravitational, field capacity, and hygroscopic water. Plants can only access water within a certain soil water potential range.
- The mechanisms by which plants absorb water from soil, including passive absorption via transpirational pull and active absorption using energy. Absorption is influenced by root properties and environmental factors.
- How nutrients move from soil to plant
soil,water & plant relationships
The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships, including:
1) The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) which defines the movement of water from soil through plants to the atmosphere.
2) Soil water holding capacity is determined by soil texture, porosity, and the forces that hold water in place.
3) Effective irrigation requires understanding concepts like evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, irrigation requirements, and management-allowed deficit which indicates how much available soil water can be depleted before irrigating.
Lh1 water
Water is essential for plant growth and moves through plants via osmosis from areas of high water potential in the soil to areas of low water potential in leaves. It travels upward through the xylem via cohesion and adhesion. Transpiration pulls water through the plant and increases with temperature, sunlight and low humidity. Plants have adapted mechanisms like waxy coatings to reduce water loss. In soil, water exists in gravitational, capillary and hydroscopic forms. Clay soils retain more water but drain less well than sandy soils. Proper irrigation requires determining plant water needs based on evapotranspiration and soil type, and regularly checking penetration depth and application rates. Watering in the morning is best to reduce evaporation.
Soil column
The document summarizes an experiment studying rainwater infiltration into unsaturated layered soil columns. It introduces infiltration and the hydrologic cycle, and how unsaturated soils behave when wetted. The experiment aims to provide evidence of infiltration's effects. Two soil samples were tested in soil columns with sensors measuring moisture, suction, and outflow over rainfall periods. Test results showed the samples had different infiltration patterns and properties altered by moisture. The experiment helps explain unsaturated soil behavior and how infiltration impacts slope stability and groundwater.
Understanding Soil Water
The document discusses various concepts related to soil water, including:
- Saturation refers to when soil pores are 100% full of water
- Large pores drain quickly by gravity while smaller pores retain water due to capillarity and adhesion
- Field capacity is when gravity drainage stops and wilting point is when plants can no longer extract water
- Matric forces like capillarity pull water into small pores and toward the soil surface more strongly than gravity
- Not all water is under the same tension due to differences in pore size
- Characteristic curves relate soil water content to tension for a given soil type
Soil water relation
The document discusses various topics related to basic soil-water relations, including permeability, soil water intake, depth of soil, plant food compounds, excess soluble salts, and surface tension. It defines key terms such as permeability, soil water intake, depth of soil, plant food compounds, excess soluble salts, and explains how they impact soil and plant growth. The document also notes that irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil to support optimal plant growth based on an understanding of soil-water relations.
B Sc Agri II Wmmi U 2 Soil Plant Water Relationship
This document discusses soil physical properties that influence irrigation. It describes soil as having solid, liquid, and gas phases, with pore spaces that hold water and air. The three main types of soil water are hygroscopic, capillary, and gravitational water. Infiltration is the movement of water into soil from rain or irrigation, while percolation, interflow, and seepage describe the downward and lateral movement of water through saturated soil. Key soil moisture concepts discussed include field capacity, permanent wilting percentage, and available water holding capacity, which varies by soil type. Common methods to measure soil moisture are also summarized.
Soil water
The document discusses soil water, including its classification, movement through soil, availability to plants, and factors that affect availability. It introduces key concepts like infiltration, percolation, pore space, and how soil acts as a sponge to take up and retain water, with pore space allowing for storage and movement of water. The document also covers indicators of plant water stress, development of water deficiency in plants, and concluding with factors that influence water availability.
Soil water
This document discusses key concepts in soil science related to soil water. It defines several soil moisture constants including field capacity, wilting coefficient, hygroscopic coefficient, and available water capacity. It also describes the processes of infiltration, percolation, and permeability that govern the entry and movement of water into and through soil. Finally, it discusses saturated and unsaturated water flow in soil and the phenomenon of soil moisture hysteresis.
Soil water potential
The document summarizes soil water potential and its components. Soil water potential (ΨT) is equal to the sum of gravimetric potential (Ψz), osmotic potential (Ψs), matric potential (Ψm), and pressure potential (Ψp). Gravimetric potential depends on gravity and soil moisture content. Osmotic potential is due to dissolved salts. Matric potential restricts water movement through pore spaces. Pressure potential is positive in saturated soil. Together these determine if water will move within the soil from high to low water potential. The water content soils can hold is illustrated on a log scale, with sandy soil holding the least and clay the most at given potential values.
Soil, Plant, water and atmosphere relationship
1. Soil and water are vital resources for plant growth. Soil provides nutrients and support for roots while water transports nutrients and helps plants grow.
2. The water retention properties of soil like bulk density and particle size determine how much water the soil can hold. Generally, finer textured soils like clay retain more water than coarser soils like sand.
3. The soil-water retention curve shows the relationship between soil water content and pressure head. It allows determining how much water the soil holds at different tensions.
Soil Water
This document discusses soil water, including its different forms and how it is held in soil. There are three main forms of soil water:
1. Gravitational water occupies large pores and moves downward readily via gravity. It is not available to plants.
2. Capillary water is held in small pores by surface forces and is available to plants. It is held at tensions between 1/3 and 31 atmospheres.
3. Hygroscopic water is tightly bound to soil particles and is not readily available to plants.
Soil texture, structure, organic matter and other factors influence the amounts of each water form. Water potential measures the energy status of soil water compared to pure water, and is important for understanding
Soil- Plant- Water Relationships
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
Soil plant water relationships
The document discusses soil water plant relationships and provides details on various topics related to soil properties, water movement and plant water needs. It discusses how soil properties like texture, structure and organic matter determine water holding capacity and infiltration rates. It describes the different types of water in soil like gravitational, capillary and hygroscopic water. Key soil water constants like field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water are explained. Factors affecting water movement like infiltration and factors influencing plant water uptake like rooting characteristics are also summarized.
Groundwater Hydrology
This document discusses groundwater hydrology and various aspects of wells. It defines groundwater and factors that influence its occurrence. There are four main types of geological formations - aquifers, aquitards, aquicludes, and aquifuges. The document describes properties of aquifers like porosity, permeability, and transmissibility. It also discusses Darcy's law, methods to measure soil permeability, and types of wells, well construction, and well development techniques.
Movement of soil water
1. The document discusses the movement of soil water under saturated and unsaturated conditions.
2. Under saturated conditions, the rate of flow is highest in sand and lowest in clay, following the sequence of sand > loam > clay. Pore size significantly impacts flow rate.
3. Under unsaturated conditions, the range of conductivity is sand < loam < clay in the "moist range" but similar to the saturated conditions in the "wet range".
Soils
The document provides an overview of soil components and properties. It discusses the four main components of soil - minerals, water, air, and organic matter. It describes the different soil horizons from O to R, and explains their characteristics. Key points include that it takes 550 years to make 1 inch of soil, texture affects water holding capacity and infiltration rates, and organic matter improves soil properties. Soil formation is influenced over time by parent material, climate, biology, topography, and human activities like tillage can impact soil organic matter levels.
Soil moisture constants
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
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6th national teachers science congress
This document announces the 6th National Teachers Science Congress to be held in November 2011. The focal theme is "Trends and Challenges in Science Education" with sub-themes on innovation in teaching science, correlating science subjects, and how chemical sciences relate to quality of life. Teachers are invited to submit 2000-word write-ups with 200-word abstracts by October 15th addressing these sub-themes, with the goal of participating in the national-level event in November.
Plant Life Cycle
Germination is the first step of plant growth where the seed sprouts into a seedling. It requires four key things: light, the right temperature, water, and soil. Light, water, and warmth are all necessary for the embryo inside the seed to sprout and for the roots and leaves to begin growing. Soil provides nutrients, oxygen, and support to help the young plant grow, but germination can occur without soil if these other needs are met.
Water & Soil
Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is the soil's ability to hold positively charged ions and nutrients. Soils with higher clay or organic matter content have a greater CEC, allowing them to retain more nutrients and protect groundwater. The soil's pH also affects its CEC and nutrient availability. Higher pH increases CEC while acidic soils contain ions like hydrogen and aluminum that reduce CEC and nutrient uptake by plants.
Weeds!!!
Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, sunlight, and water, making harvest difficult. Common weed management strategies include tillage, hand pulling, cover cropping, crop rotation, and herbicides. Cover crops like rye, vetch, and clover suppress weeds through competition and allelopathy while also fixing nitrogen. Proper timing of weeding is important to remove weeds before they harm crop yields. An integrated pest management approach uses multiple strategies together for effective long-term weed control.
Aquatic plant information
This document provides snippets of text and images from various websites about aquatic plants. It includes brief descriptions and photos of different aquatic plant species, tips for aquatic gardening, and layouts featuring aquatic plants in aquariums and ponds. Several snippets discuss growing aquatic plants or include plant photos.
International Symposium 2013 ISHS. Organic matter and carbon sequestration
Soil organic matter plays an important role in carbon sequestration. Agricultural soils are among the largest reservoirs of carbon, estimated to be able to sequester 20 petagrams of carbon in 25 years. Soils contain about three times as much carbon as vegetation and twice as much as the atmosphere. Carbon storage in soils depends on the balance between input of dead plant material and losses from decomposition; management practices that increase soil organic matter like no-till farming can sequester more carbon in biomass and soils. Doing so provides benefits like increased soil fertility and productivity while helping mitigate climate change. However, carbon sequestration through soil is reversible if agricultural practices or disasters cause stored carbon to re-enter the atmosphere
Soil temperature
Soil temperature, not air temperature, triggers plant germination and should guide vegetable planting schedules. A metal probe thermometer should be used to take soil temperature readings 2 inches deep for cool season crops and 4 inches deep for warm season crops. Soil temperature varies by location and other factors like sunlight, texture, moisture, and elevation. Safe planting temperatures are 40-45 degrees Fahrenheit for cool season crops and 50-55 degrees Fahrenheit for warm season crops, accounting for the risk of frost after germination.
Aquatic Plant Management Forst Field Day 2017
This document discusses types of aquatic plants and methods for managing aquatic weeds. It describes different categories of aquatic plants including algae, floating plants, submerged plants, and emergent plants. It then discusses various control methods for aquatic weeds including chemical herbicides, biological controls using insects, grass carp stocking, and physical controls like drawdown. It emphasizes using integrated approaches and identifying the specific plants present to select the most appropriate control methods.
Som lecture 1
History of Soil Organic Matter Studies, Developments during early 18th and 19th centuries, Contribution by Various Scientists on SOM studies
Soil temperature sample lab 1
The document describes an experiment to measure and compare soil temperatures inside and outside a forest. Soil temperature was measured at 6 sites 30 meters inside the forest and 6 sites 30 meters outside. The average temperature was found to be higher outside the forest (115 degrees Celsius) than inside (96 degrees Celsius). This difference is likely due to factors like increased solar radiation, tillage of soil, and microbial activity outside the forest.
Germination
Germination is the process by which a dormant seed begins to sprout under the right conditions. There are two main types of germination - epigeal, where the cotyledons are pushed above ground, and hypogeal, where the cotyledons remain underground. Germination requires proper temperature, moisture, oxygen levels, and sometimes light or a period of cold. Seeds can exhibit dormancy due to an underdeveloped embryo, hard seed coat, or other internal and external factors, preventing germination until certain conditions are met.
Factor affecting of seed germination
External factors like water, temperature, aeration, light, salinity, and pathogens can influence seed germination and seedling growth. Seeds need sufficient water and oxygen to germinate. The optimum temperature varies by species. Salinity and pathogens can prevent germination. Some seeds also have internal dormancy factors like an impermeable seed coat or lack of hormones and enzymes that need to be released through treatments like gibberellic acid or stratification before the seed can germinate.
Potentiometry
Potentiometry uses a reference electrode and an indicator electrode to measure the potential difference in a sample solution. When the electrodes are placed in the solution, the potential is generated based on the concentration of ions present. There are several types of potentiometric titrations including acid-base, redox, complexometric, and precipitation titrations. Potentiometry has many applications in fields like clinical chemistry, environmental analysis, potentiometric titrations, agriculture, detergent manufacturing, food processing and more. It is used to analyze important ions and determine equivalence points during titrations.
Seed germination
Light is a major environmental factor that influences seedling development. During seed germination, light controls whether seedlings develop normally (de-etiolation) or abnormally in the dark (etiolation). In the dark, seedlings undergo etiolation with limited organ development and no chlorophyll production. When exposed to light, seedlings undergo de-etiolation where they develop properly with chlorophyll synthesis and organ development. This process of de-etiolation from the etiolated state to normal growth is triggered by light and involves photoreceptors such as phytochromes that detect light and induce changes in seedling development.
9.4 plant reproduction
Flowering plants reproduce sexually through pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal, which relies on interactions with pollinators and a response to environmental cues like photoperiod. Success in reproduction depends on transferring pollen from the anthers to the stigma via vectors like wind or animals, fertilization fusing gametes, and seeds dispersing from the parent plant. Flowering involves changes in gene expression and plant hormones in response to daylight that causes the shoot apex to develop reproductive structures instead of vegetative ones.
Seed Germination Notes
This document discusses the factors that influence seed germination: water, oxygen, temperature, light, and dormancy. It explains that seeds need water and oxygen to undergo respiration which provides energy for the germination process to start. Most seeds require temperatures between 68-85°F for germination. The amount of light needed can vary depending on how deep the seeds are planted - too deep limits light and oxygen, too shallow risks too much light. Dormancy is when seeds are alive but not growing, and proper conditions are needed to break dormancy for the seeds to be capable of germinating.
Plant reproduction
Plant reproduction involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma, known as pollination. This can occur through wind or animal vectors. Fertilization happens when the pollen tube delivers sperm to fertilize the ovule. The ovary then develops into a fruit containing seeds. Seeds are dispersed by various mechanisms like wind, water, or animals to colonize new areas away from the parent plant. Germination starts when the seed takes in water, activating enzymes to break down food stores that fuel embryo growth into a new plant.
Soil Water Plant Relationships
The document summarizes key concepts regarding soil-water-plant relationships. It discusses the constituents of soil and nutrients required for plant growth. It describes soil properties like texture, structure, bulk density and porosity. Different soil types are classified. The importance of water in soil and concepts like soil water potential, matric potential, and soil water release curves are explained. Finer textured soils retain more water than coarse soils at a given tension due to differences in pore size distribution.
Darcy´s law
The document discusses Darcy's law, which describes groundwater flow through porous media. It establishes that flow rate is proportional to hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic gradient. Darcy's law allows estimating flow velocity and travel time. The document also covers applications of Darcy's law, including describing saturated groundwater flow using partial differential equations and modeling steady state radial flow to a well.
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International Symposium 2013 ISHS. Organic matter and carbon sequestration
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F10 Soil water.ppt
1. There are three types of water in soil: adhesion water, cohesion water, and gravitational water. Adhesion and cohesion water are available to plants, while gravitational water drains through the soil.
2. Critical levels of soil water include field capacity, wilting point, and hygroscopic coefficient. Field capacity is the maximum amount of water available to plants, while the wilting point is when plants begin to wilt due to lack of water.
3. Water moves through the soil via capillary action from areas of higher water potential to lower. The various forces that determine water potential in soil are: matric, gravitational, osmotic, and hydrostatic potentials.
H2O relation .ppt
H2O functions as a solvent, transport medium, and substrate for biochemical reactions in plants. It makes up a large percentage of plant tissues and influences their structure. Water moves through plants via diffusion, osmosis, and bulk flow, driven by water potential gradients. It moves from soils into roots, then through the vascular system and out of leaves by transpiration. The cohesion-tension theory explains how transpiration is able to pull water up from roots to tall tree canopies.
Plant physio water balance in plants
Water is essential for plant growth and movement. It moves through plants via transpiration and absorption by roots. Soil type influences water retention and availability - sandy soil drains quickly while clay soil retains more water. Plants face a physiological dilemma in opening stomata to uptake CO2 while minimizing water loss through transpiration. Water moves through xylem via cohesion-tension, pulling water upwards against gravity through transpiration.
Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global Warming
Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global WarmingSchool Vegetable Gardening - Victory Gardens
The document describes wicking bed technology, which is a simple but effective system for growing plants with reduced water usage and increased carbon capture. Wicking beds work by storing water in an underground reservoir that wicks up to the soil through capillary action. There are two main types - open beds where the reservoir directly contacts the soil, and closed beds where a barrier separates the reservoir from the soil. Wicking beds provide several advantages over conventional agriculture like using water more efficiently and improving soil quality while capturing significant carbon from the atmosphere, offering potential for climate change mitigation if implemented on a large scale.Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global Warming
Wicking Bed: A New Technology for Adapting to Global WarmingSchool Vegetable Gardening - Victory Gardens
1. Wicking beds are a simple irrigation technology that uses capillary action to transport water from an underground reservoir to the plant roots above. This reduces water usage by up to 50% compared to conventional irrigation.
2. Wicking beds exist in open and closed forms. Open beds allow water to wick directly into the surrounding soil, suitable for deep-rooted plants. Closed beds isolate the soil inside from the surrounding soil, better for shallow-rooted plants.
3. The key feature of wicking beds is a saturated underground water reservoir that provides a constant water supply to the plant roots through capillary action. This contrasts with traditional irrigation where water is only intermittently available in the shallow soilGroundwater and infiltration
When rain reaches the ground, it can infiltrate into the soil and become groundwater, evaporate, or run off as surface water. The infiltration rate depends on factors like slope, soil saturation, porosity, permeability, and vegetation. Around 50% of rain typically evaporates, 18% infiltrates into the groundwater, and 32% runs off. Groundwater resides in aquifers below the water table. Pumping groundwater can lower the water table and dry up wells, springs, streams, and wetlands over time.
Water management type of water nutrients availability ans loses
Ground water conservation fhjnfynkcdxxxvbnjhvnnjhgbb
Vertical distribution of groundwater
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
WaterandIrrigationforMasterGardeners.ppt
This document discusses water and irrigation. It begins by explaining the molecular structure of water and how hydrogen bonding allows it to have different physical states like liquid and vapor. It then discusses various water properties like cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and capillary action. It explains processes like diffusion, osmosis, transpiration and evapotranspiration. The document provides irrigation principles for different soil types and the "one, two, three" rule for irrigation depths and frequencies. It concludes by discussing various irrigation methods like drip, spray, bubblers and timers.
movement of water from root to atmosphere
Water moves through soil, plants, and the atmosphere via three main mechanisms: bulk flow, diffusion, and osmotic flow. In soil, water moves through bulk flow from regions of high water potential to regions of low water potential in response to pressure gradients. In plants, transpiration pull and capillary action drive bulk flow of water through the xylem. Water then diffuses out of leaf mesophyll cells and across the leaf boundary layer before entering the atmosphere by diffusion and convection. Membranes regulate water movement via osmotic flow in response to solute concentration gradients. Stomatal control and the cohesion-tension mechanism facilitate long-distance water transport while minimizing water loss.
Hydrogeology
This document discusses hydrogeology, which is the study of groundwater. It begins by explaining the hydrologic cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water and transpirates from plants, condenses into clouds and precipitates back to the ground as rain or snow. Some precipitation infiltrates into the ground to become groundwater. The document then discusses groundwater occurrence, movement through aquifers, and factors that influence it like porosity, permeability and lithology. Finally, it describes the vertical distribution of groundwater into the unsaturated zone above the water table and saturated zone below it.
Surface Water
The document discusses the hydrological cycle and water resources. It describes how the hydrological cycle involves the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. It then explains key components of the hydrological cycle like evapotranspiration, infiltration, percolation, runoff and groundwater. Finally, it discusses factors that influence water retention in soil like soil texture, particle size, and organic matter content.
7th Grade Chapter 1 Lesson 5
Plants need air, water, and nutrients from the soil to survive. Water enters the soil through rainfall but some runs off, while the rest is absorbed by plants or percolates deeper underground. This water travels through pores and cracks in the soil and rock until it reaches an impermeable layer, where it collects to form the water table or groundwater. Groundwater is stored in aquifers and supplies wells, with artesian wells tapping high-pressure underground sources. Capillary action helps draw water up from the groundwater and transport it through plant roots and stems.
Absorption of water.pptx
The document summarizes water absorption by plant roots. It discusses that roots, specifically the younger portions near the tips, absorb water and minerals. More developed root systems with many tips favor higher absorption. Most water is absorbed by the younger parts of roots, including root hairs. Water moves through plants via apoplastic and symplastic pathways, entering roots through both active absorption requiring energy and passive absorption through transpiration pull. A variety of external factors like soil water availability, temperature, oxygen, and salt concentration can influence the rate of water absorption.
The Hydrological Cycle
Hydrological Cycle give knowledge about how water evaporate transpiration and precipitate in atmosphere...It is also give ratios and percentage of water stored in different region how we can utilize it from this cycle, It is complete study of Water cycle travelling in earths surface and sub-surface.
Hydro cycle
- 96.5% of Earth's total water is stored in the oceans. The volume of the oceans changes over time due to glacial and interglacial periods which cause sea levels to rise and fall.
- Evaporation and transpiration are the two processes that change liquid water into vapor that can rise into the atmosphere, with 90% from evaporation and 10% from transpiration.
- Only 0.001% of Earth's total water volume is stored in the atmosphere, with the vast majority found in the oceans, glaciers, ice caps, and groundwater.
Soil Water And Movement of Soil Water.pdf
Soils can absorb and retain large amounts of water in their pores and soil particles. Some water will drain through the soil via gravity, while much is retained. This retained water is available for use by plants and contributes to soil health and productivity. The ability of soil to retain water depends on factors like particle size, with finer textured soils like clays retaining more water than coarser sandy soils. Water retained between field capacity and wilting point is available for plant use. Water plays important roles in soil processes and plant growth by facilitating nutrient transport and photosynthesis.
Soil water and movement of soil water
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
Fresh water
The document discusses the water cycle and its key processes. It describes how water evaporates from surfaces due to heat from the sun, condenses to form clouds, precipitates as rain, snow or hail, and either runs off on the surface or infiltrates into the ground to replenish groundwater stores or be absorbed by plant roots through transpiration. It then focuses on groundwater, describing it as water residing in saturated underground areas, and how it is stored in aquifers. It identifies sewage as a major cause of groundwater pollution.
soilwaterplantrelationship-180316015636.pdf
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It describes how water is essential for plant growth and physiological processes. Water is necessary for photosynthesis, cell structure, nutrient transport, and more. The document outlines how water moves through soil and is absorbed by plant roots, either through passive uptake driven by transpiration or active absorption requiring energy. Adequate soil water is required for soil functioning and plant health.
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143 ch7 06
- 1. SOIL WATER CHAPTER 7
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