soil water energy concept is all about potential energy,gravitational potential,osmotic potential,pressure potential and total potential energies including units
Water moves from areas of high water potential to low water potential through soils due to gravity and concentration gradients. Wet soil has high water potential due to large pore spaces, while dry soil has low water potential with small pore spaces. Water movement is driven by gravimetric, pressure, osmotic, and capillary potentials, with capillary movement occurring through small pores via adhesion and cohesion of water molecules.
The document summarizes key concepts regarding soil-water-plant relationships. It discusses the constituents of soil and nutrients required for plant growth. It describes soil properties like texture, structure, bulk density and porosity. Different soil types are classified. The importance of water in soil and concepts like soil water potential, matric potential, and soil water release curves are explained. Finer textured soils retain more water than coarse soils at a given tension due to differences in pore size distribution.
SOIL WATER- SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FLOWNamitha M R
Soil can hold considerable amounts of water in three types - gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic. The amount and movement of water depends on soil properties like texture, structure, and organic content. Key points in soil moisture include field capacity, wilting point, and available water holding capacity. Saturated flow occurs when soils are fully saturated, following Darcy's law. Unsaturated flow is driven by matric potential gradients and occurs as films between smaller pores. Vapour movement becomes dominant as tensions increase and films disconnect. Finer textured soils generally hold more plant-available water and support vapour flow at lower tensions than coarser soils.
This document discusses methods of measuring soil moisture, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve directly measuring the moisture content in soil samples through gravimetric, volumetric, or alcohol methods. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, neutron probes, and pressure plates. Gypsum blocks measure resistance which correlates to moisture, while tensiometers measure soil water tension. Neutron probes use radioactive materials to detect hydrogen atoms and calculate moisture content without disturbing soil. Indirect methods allow for continuous in-situ measurement compared to sampling with direct methods.
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
THIS SLIDES SHOWS ABOUT THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOW SOIL AIR ARE TRANSMITTED FROM ENVIRONMENT TO SOIL AND ALSO TEMPERATURE CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION AND RADIATION.
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Water moves from areas of high water potential to low water potential through soils due to gravity and concentration gradients. Wet soil has high water potential due to large pore spaces, while dry soil has low water potential with small pore spaces. Water movement is driven by gravimetric, pressure, osmotic, and capillary potentials, with capillary movement occurring through small pores via adhesion and cohesion of water molecules.
The document summarizes key concepts regarding soil-water-plant relationships. It discusses the constituents of soil and nutrients required for plant growth. It describes soil properties like texture, structure, bulk density and porosity. Different soil types are classified. The importance of water in soil and concepts like soil water potential, matric potential, and soil water release curves are explained. Finer textured soils retain more water than coarse soils at a given tension due to differences in pore size distribution.
SOIL WATER- SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FLOWNamitha M R
Soil can hold considerable amounts of water in three types - gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic. The amount and movement of water depends on soil properties like texture, structure, and organic content. Key points in soil moisture include field capacity, wilting point, and available water holding capacity. Saturated flow occurs when soils are fully saturated, following Darcy's law. Unsaturated flow is driven by matric potential gradients and occurs as films between smaller pores. Vapour movement becomes dominant as tensions increase and films disconnect. Finer textured soils generally hold more plant-available water and support vapour flow at lower tensions than coarser soils.
This document discusses methods of measuring soil moisture, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve directly measuring the moisture content in soil samples through gravimetric, volumetric, or alcohol methods. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, neutron probes, and pressure plates. Gypsum blocks measure resistance which correlates to moisture, while tensiometers measure soil water tension. Neutron probes use radioactive materials to detect hydrogen atoms and calculate moisture content without disturbing soil. Indirect methods allow for continuous in-situ measurement compared to sampling with direct methods.
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
THIS SLIDES SHOWS ABOUT THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOW SOIL AIR ARE TRANSMITTED FROM ENVIRONMENT TO SOIL AND ALSO TEMPERATURE CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION AND RADIATION.
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
The document discusses soil moisture characteristic curves, which describe the relationship between soil water content and water potential. It provides key details about soil moisture characteristic curves, including that they are affected by soil texture and structure, describe the amount of water retained at a given matric potential, and are important for modeling water flow in soils. The curves are nonlinear and cover a wide range of matric potentials, so they are often plotted on a logarithmic scale.
This document discusses soil water systems and properties. It defines key terms like field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water. Soil water can exist as gravitational, capillary, or hygroscopic water. The water holding capacities of soils are expressed as constants like saturation capacity, field capacity, and permanent wilting point. These constants can be expressed as either percentages of water held or depth of water stored in the root zone. Plants extract most water from the upper layers of their root zone, with uptake decreasing with depth.
The document discusses soil water plant relationships and provides details on various topics related to soil properties, water movement and plant water needs. It discusses how soil properties like texture, structure and organic matter determine water holding capacity and infiltration rates. It describes the different types of water in soil like gravitational, capillary and hygroscopic water. Key soil water constants like field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water are explained. Factors affecting water movement like infiltration and factors influencing plant water uptake like rooting characteristics are also summarized.
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movement
The document summarizes soil water potential and its components. Soil water potential (ΨT) is equal to the sum of gravimetric potential (Ψz), osmotic potential (Ψs), matric potential (Ψm), and pressure potential (Ψp). Gravimetric potential depends on gravity and soil moisture content. Osmotic potential is due to dissolved salts. Matric potential restricts water movement through pore spaces. Pressure potential is positive in saturated soil. Together these determine if water will move within the soil from high to low water potential. The water content soils can hold is illustrated on a log scale, with sandy soil holding the least and clay the most at given potential values.
This document discusses soil and water conservation. It notes that water is essential for life but that soil erosion and water pollution threaten both. It provides facts on soil erosion and lists major threats to water quality like chemicals, manure, and excessive fertilizers. The document recommends conservation practices like crop rotation, contour farming, and terracing to reduce soil erosion and protect water resources. Proper land and water management can improve water quality.
This document discusses soil water, including its different forms and how it is held in soil. There are three main forms of soil water:
1. Gravitational water occupies large pores and moves downward readily via gravity. It is not available to plants.
2. Capillary water is held in small pores by surface forces and is available to plants. It is held at tensions between 1/3 and 31 atmospheres.
3. Hygroscopic water is tightly bound to soil particles and is not readily available to plants.
Soil texture, structure, organic matter and other factors influence the amounts of each water form. Water potential measures the energy status of soil water compared to pure water, and is important for understanding
This presentation covers direct and indirect methods of moisture measurement with clear descriptions of installation, principle, interpretation of readings, advantages and disadvantages of each method.
This document discusses methods and types of soil surveys. It describes the base maps used which include cadastral maps, topographical maps, aerial photographs, and IRS data. It then explains different types of soil surveys like reconnaissance, detailed, detailed-reconnaissance, semi-detailed, exploratory, and rapid reconnaissance surveys. It provides details on the scale of base maps used, area represented, distance between observations, mapping units, and accuracy of boundaries for each type of survey. Finally, it lists the factors observed during soil surveys which include location, slope, climate, vegetation, erosion, groundwater, parent material, drainage, stones/rock, salt/alkalinity, moisture status, and higher category level of soil.
This document provides information on salinity management of irrigation water. It discusses several methods for managing salinity problems, including drainage to control water tables, leaching salts below the root zone, developing crop tolerance, optimizing cultural practices like irrigation timing, and changing or blending water sources. Drainage systems are shown to effectively reduce soil salinity and improve crop yields over time. Leaching requirements and crop tolerance data help determine appropriate irrigation amounts. Certain cultural practices like land grading and post-sowing irrigation can also improve crop establishment under saline conditions. The objective is to maintain acceptable crop yields through various salinity control strategies.
Calcareous soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India (IGKV RAIPUR ,...Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses calcareous soils, which contain high amounts of calcium carbonate. Calcareous soils form in both arid and humid regions through weathering of parent rocks containing calcium carbonate. They are characterized by a calcic horizon with over 15% calcium carbonate. Calcareous soils have properties like effervescing when acid is added, high pH between 7-8.5, and flocculated structure. Nutrient availability can be reduced for phosphorus, potassium and zinc due to high calcium carbonate levels. Calcareous soils are found distributed in parts of India like eastern Uttar Pradesh and north Bihar districts.
1. The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various concepts related to how water moves through and is stored in soil.
2. Key concepts covered include the classification of soil water, soil water constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point, and how physical properties of soil like texture and structure influence water movement and retention.
3. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate volume and mass relationships of water, solids, and air in soil.
The document discusses soil taxonomy and the US comprehensive soil classification system. It describes the hierarchical structure of the classification system, which categorizes soils into orders, suborders, great groups, subgroups, families, and series based on distinguishing characteristics like soil properties and diagnostic horizons. The key diagnostic horizons used in classification include epipedons (surface horizons) like the mollic and spodic horizons, and endopedons (subsurface horizons) like the argillic, calcic, and oxic horizons. Major soil orders discussed are Mollisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, and Spodosols.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This document discusses methods of soil and water conservation in agriculture. It outlines various physical, agronomic, and vegetative methods to control soil erosion and conserve water resources. Some key methods mentioned include contour bunding, terracing, strip cropping, mulching, and planting grass barriers or trees. The objectives of these conservation practices are to promote proper land use, prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintain soil fertility, and regulate water resources and availability.
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
Principles of irrigation by Dr Thomas Abraham_Course Code_Chapters 1 to 5__26...Ambo University (Ethiopia)
Irrigation involves applying water to crops to supplement rainfall and meet crop water needs. The key objectives of irrigation are to ensure sufficient soil moisture for plant growth, provide drought protection for crops, and create a favorable environment for plants. Irrigation maximizes crop yields and land productivity, ensuring food security and promoting regional economic development through agriculture and related industries.
The document discusses the 12 soil orders in the USDA soil taxonomy system. It provides details on the defining properties and global distribution of each order. Entisols are soils of recent origin with little development, while Inceptisols and Alfisols exhibit more development but lack features of other orders. Mollisols are characterized by a thick, dark surface horizon from long-term plant additions. The document provides an overview of each soil order.
R 12013(ssc-411)-soil moisture constants,soil-water movement & infiltrationKritika Somya
This document discusses soil water and defines key terms related to soil moisture content and movement. It defines classifications of soil water, soil moisture constants like field capacity and wilting point, saturated and unsaturated water flow, infiltration, and factors that influence soil water movement. Diagrams show the relationship between soil moisture tension and water content. Soil water is essential for plant growth and understanding these concepts helps determine moisture levels in soil.
Effective rainfall refers to the portion of total rainfall that is useful for crop production. It is influenced by factors like rainfall amount and intensity, land characteristics like slope and soil type, soil water holding capacity, groundwater levels, and crop water needs. Management practices like bunding and mulching can increase effective rainfall by reducing runoff and improving infiltration. Proper irrigation scheduling allows farmers to apply optimal amounts of water at the right times, maximizing yields while minimizing costs, water use, and damage to soil properties. Common irrigation methods include border, furrow, basin, flood, sprinkler, subsurface, and drip irrigation.
1) Water influences various behaviors of soil through physical and chemical properties like capillary rise, consolidation, dilatancy, fluctuation of groundwater table, compaction, apparent cohesion, and bulking of sand.
2) Chemically, water's high dielectric constant allows it to readily dissolve ions and undergo dissociation into protons and hydroxide ions, influencing processes like mineral weathering.
3) The document discusses various physical and chemical behaviors of water that control functioning in soils like influencing volume changes during compression, shear strength changes, and biochemical processes through water as a reaction medium.
Properties and functions of water in plants and soilkiran Dasanal
Water plays critical roles in plants and soils. It has unique molecular properties like its dipole character and high dielectric constant. In plants, water maintains turgor pressure, acts as a solvent for photosynthesis, and transports minerals. It also cools plants and soils. In soils, water is essential for nutrient solubility and transport, tilth, and acts as a buffer against temperature fluctuations. Lack of water especially during reproductive stages can cause major yield reductions in important pulse crops like chickpeas, pigeon peas, and common beans.
The document discusses soil moisture characteristic curves, which describe the relationship between soil water content and water potential. It provides key details about soil moisture characteristic curves, including that they are affected by soil texture and structure, describe the amount of water retained at a given matric potential, and are important for modeling water flow in soils. The curves are nonlinear and cover a wide range of matric potentials, so they are often plotted on a logarithmic scale.
This document discusses soil water systems and properties. It defines key terms like field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water. Soil water can exist as gravitational, capillary, or hygroscopic water. The water holding capacities of soils are expressed as constants like saturation capacity, field capacity, and permanent wilting point. These constants can be expressed as either percentages of water held or depth of water stored in the root zone. Plants extract most water from the upper layers of their root zone, with uptake decreasing with depth.
The document discusses soil water plant relationships and provides details on various topics related to soil properties, water movement and plant water needs. It discusses how soil properties like texture, structure and organic matter determine water holding capacity and infiltration rates. It describes the different types of water in soil like gravitational, capillary and hygroscopic water. Key soil water constants like field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water are explained. Factors affecting water movement like infiltration and factors influencing plant water uptake like rooting characteristics are also summarized.
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movement
The document summarizes soil water potential and its components. Soil water potential (ΨT) is equal to the sum of gravimetric potential (Ψz), osmotic potential (Ψs), matric potential (Ψm), and pressure potential (Ψp). Gravimetric potential depends on gravity and soil moisture content. Osmotic potential is due to dissolved salts. Matric potential restricts water movement through pore spaces. Pressure potential is positive in saturated soil. Together these determine if water will move within the soil from high to low water potential. The water content soils can hold is illustrated on a log scale, with sandy soil holding the least and clay the most at given potential values.
This document discusses soil and water conservation. It notes that water is essential for life but that soil erosion and water pollution threaten both. It provides facts on soil erosion and lists major threats to water quality like chemicals, manure, and excessive fertilizers. The document recommends conservation practices like crop rotation, contour farming, and terracing to reduce soil erosion and protect water resources. Proper land and water management can improve water quality.
This document discusses soil water, including its different forms and how it is held in soil. There are three main forms of soil water:
1. Gravitational water occupies large pores and moves downward readily via gravity. It is not available to plants.
2. Capillary water is held in small pores by surface forces and is available to plants. It is held at tensions between 1/3 and 31 atmospheres.
3. Hygroscopic water is tightly bound to soil particles and is not readily available to plants.
Soil texture, structure, organic matter and other factors influence the amounts of each water form. Water potential measures the energy status of soil water compared to pure water, and is important for understanding
This presentation covers direct and indirect methods of moisture measurement with clear descriptions of installation, principle, interpretation of readings, advantages and disadvantages of each method.
This document discusses methods and types of soil surveys. It describes the base maps used which include cadastral maps, topographical maps, aerial photographs, and IRS data. It then explains different types of soil surveys like reconnaissance, detailed, detailed-reconnaissance, semi-detailed, exploratory, and rapid reconnaissance surveys. It provides details on the scale of base maps used, area represented, distance between observations, mapping units, and accuracy of boundaries for each type of survey. Finally, it lists the factors observed during soil surveys which include location, slope, climate, vegetation, erosion, groundwater, parent material, drainage, stones/rock, salt/alkalinity, moisture status, and higher category level of soil.
This document provides information on salinity management of irrigation water. It discusses several methods for managing salinity problems, including drainage to control water tables, leaching salts below the root zone, developing crop tolerance, optimizing cultural practices like irrigation timing, and changing or blending water sources. Drainage systems are shown to effectively reduce soil salinity and improve crop yields over time. Leaching requirements and crop tolerance data help determine appropriate irrigation amounts. Certain cultural practices like land grading and post-sowing irrigation can also improve crop establishment under saline conditions. The objective is to maintain acceptable crop yields through various salinity control strategies.
Calcareous soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India (IGKV RAIPUR ,...Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses calcareous soils, which contain high amounts of calcium carbonate. Calcareous soils form in both arid and humid regions through weathering of parent rocks containing calcium carbonate. They are characterized by a calcic horizon with over 15% calcium carbonate. Calcareous soils have properties like effervescing when acid is added, high pH between 7-8.5, and flocculated structure. Nutrient availability can be reduced for phosphorus, potassium and zinc due to high calcium carbonate levels. Calcareous soils are found distributed in parts of India like eastern Uttar Pradesh and north Bihar districts.
1. The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various concepts related to how water moves through and is stored in soil.
2. Key concepts covered include the classification of soil water, soil water constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point, and how physical properties of soil like texture and structure influence water movement and retention.
3. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate volume and mass relationships of water, solids, and air in soil.
The document discusses soil taxonomy and the US comprehensive soil classification system. It describes the hierarchical structure of the classification system, which categorizes soils into orders, suborders, great groups, subgroups, families, and series based on distinguishing characteristics like soil properties and diagnostic horizons. The key diagnostic horizons used in classification include epipedons (surface horizons) like the mollic and spodic horizons, and endopedons (subsurface horizons) like the argillic, calcic, and oxic horizons. Major soil orders discussed are Mollisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, and Spodosols.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This document discusses methods of soil and water conservation in agriculture. It outlines various physical, agronomic, and vegetative methods to control soil erosion and conserve water resources. Some key methods mentioned include contour bunding, terracing, strip cropping, mulching, and planting grass barriers or trees. The objectives of these conservation practices are to promote proper land use, prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintain soil fertility, and regulate water resources and availability.
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
Principles of irrigation by Dr Thomas Abraham_Course Code_Chapters 1 to 5__26...Ambo University (Ethiopia)
Irrigation involves applying water to crops to supplement rainfall and meet crop water needs. The key objectives of irrigation are to ensure sufficient soil moisture for plant growth, provide drought protection for crops, and create a favorable environment for plants. Irrigation maximizes crop yields and land productivity, ensuring food security and promoting regional economic development through agriculture and related industries.
The document discusses the 12 soil orders in the USDA soil taxonomy system. It provides details on the defining properties and global distribution of each order. Entisols are soils of recent origin with little development, while Inceptisols and Alfisols exhibit more development but lack features of other orders. Mollisols are characterized by a thick, dark surface horizon from long-term plant additions. The document provides an overview of each soil order.
R 12013(ssc-411)-soil moisture constants,soil-water movement & infiltrationKritika Somya
This document discusses soil water and defines key terms related to soil moisture content and movement. It defines classifications of soil water, soil moisture constants like field capacity and wilting point, saturated and unsaturated water flow, infiltration, and factors that influence soil water movement. Diagrams show the relationship between soil moisture tension and water content. Soil water is essential for plant growth and understanding these concepts helps determine moisture levels in soil.
Effective rainfall refers to the portion of total rainfall that is useful for crop production. It is influenced by factors like rainfall amount and intensity, land characteristics like slope and soil type, soil water holding capacity, groundwater levels, and crop water needs. Management practices like bunding and mulching can increase effective rainfall by reducing runoff and improving infiltration. Proper irrigation scheduling allows farmers to apply optimal amounts of water at the right times, maximizing yields while minimizing costs, water use, and damage to soil properties. Common irrigation methods include border, furrow, basin, flood, sprinkler, subsurface, and drip irrigation.
1) Water influences various behaviors of soil through physical and chemical properties like capillary rise, consolidation, dilatancy, fluctuation of groundwater table, compaction, apparent cohesion, and bulking of sand.
2) Chemically, water's high dielectric constant allows it to readily dissolve ions and undergo dissociation into protons and hydroxide ions, influencing processes like mineral weathering.
3) The document discusses various physical and chemical behaviors of water that control functioning in soils like influencing volume changes during compression, shear strength changes, and biochemical processes through water as a reaction medium.
Properties and functions of water in plants and soilkiran Dasanal
Water plays critical roles in plants and soils. It has unique molecular properties like its dipole character and high dielectric constant. In plants, water maintains turgor pressure, acts as a solvent for photosynthesis, and transports minerals. It also cools plants and soils. In soils, water is essential for nutrient solubility and transport, tilth, and acts as a buffer against temperature fluctuations. Lack of water especially during reproductive stages can cause major yield reductions in important pulse crops like chickpeas, pigeon peas, and common beans.
1. The document defines soil water and classifies it into three categories: hygroscopic water, capillary water, and gravitational water.
2. It discusses key soil moisture concepts like field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water. Field capacity is the moisture level after drainage of gravitational water. Permanent wilting point is the moisture level where plants can no longer obtain enough water. Available water is the range between these two points.
3. The document explains water flow in soils using concepts like Darcy's Law for saturated soils and Richard's Equation for unsaturated soils. It describes different types of soil water potential and boundary conditions that determine water flow patterns.
1. The document discusses concepts related to soil water potential including transport mechanisms, water properties, definitions of soil water potential, and methods of measuring soil water potential.
2. Key concepts include the soil water retention curve, components of total soil water potential such as pressure, gravitational, solute, and air pressure potentials, and methods of measuring pressure potential using instruments like tensiometers.
3. Tensiometers measure soil water pressure potential by using a force balance between the soil, a mercury reservoir, and the weight of water in the tube to calculate the pressure head at the porous cup.
Your assignment is to discuss what is going on in this graph. Describ.pdfrufohudsonak74125
Your assignment is to discuss what is going on in this graph. Describe the relationship between
the soil, the roots, and leaves as they pertain to water movement. I expect you to discuss these
changes in terms of changes in water potential, diurnal fluctuations in activity, the nature of
water integral the soil, and what is driving the changes in water potential.
Solution
The graph represents water pontential of soil, root (xylem) and leaf (mesophyll cells). Initially,
the soil is wet which dries out with time and the soil water potential becomes more negative; at
this point it is called as soil water tension also. The value -15 bar represents the wilting point
which is the soil water content at which wilting of leaf can not be recovered upon watering.
Roots also serve to remove the water from theirt adjacent surrounding soil particles and thereby
lower down the water content (soil water potential) in that zone. The larger surface area of root
hairs changes the osmotic pressure in the roots and allows the water to enter the roots down the
potential gradiant. The water moves up in the xylem down the potential gradiant. For the
purpose, capillary action moves the water droplet up in the xylem. Mesophyll water potential is
reduced by transpiration. The resultant transpiration pull creates the negative mesophyll water
potential and the water enters the leaves..
The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere.
Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway.
The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water potential inside leaves, leads to a diffusion gradient across the stomatal pores of leaves, drawing water out of the leaves as vapour.
Surface tension results from the greater attraction of liquid molecules to each other than to air molecules. This causes liquids to behave as if their surface is covered by a stretched elastic membrane, minimizing surface area. Water has a high surface tension due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Surface tension is responsible for phenomena like water beading on leaves and insects floating on water. It is measured as a force per unit length and allows calculation of pressure differences across curved surfaces using the Young-Laplace equation.
This document provides information about plant water relations and the absorption of water by plant roots. It discusses that water is essential for plant life and is absorbed by root hairs from the soil. Root hairs enter the spaces between soil particles and absorb water through a process of osmosis, facilitated by their selectively permeable cell membranes. Water then moves through the plant, powering processes like photosynthesis and supporting plant structure through turgor pressure in cells.
The document discusses interparticle forces in soils. It describes three categories of forces: 1) skeletal forces from external loading, 2) particle level forces like weight and buoyancy, and 3) contact level forces like electrical, capillary, and cementation forces. Repulsive forces include electrostatic, hydration, and double layer forces, while attractive forces include electrostatic, van der Waals, primary bonding, and cementation. The effective stress principle relates effective stress to total stress and pore water pressure. Interparticle forces influence stress distribution, deformation, volume change, and strength in soils.
Soil water potential is the energy required to transport water from the soil to pure water. It has components including matric potential from water binding to soil, osmotic potential from dissolved salts, gravitational potential from elevation, and pressure potential from external forces. Together these components must equal the total water potential. For plants, soil water between -0.1 to -10 bars is most suitable, as very little remains below -10 bars.
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
Plants absorb water through their roots and transport it throughout the plant. There are two main mechanisms of water absorption: active absorption which requires metabolic energy and occurs in slowly transpiring plants, and passive absorption driven by transpiration from the leaves. Most water is absorbed in the root hairs and younger root regions through osmosis as water moves from higher to lower water potential down a gradient. The water then travels upward through the xylem vessels via bulk flow and diffusion processes to reach the leaves where it is lost to transpiration.
provide an example from personal experience or from the literature i.pdfaishwaryaenterprises2
provide an example from personal experience or from the literature illustrating how groundwater
pumping on drawdown of the water table both locally and at the valley scale may have led to an
alteration of downstream flows or to adverse effects on some other component of this system.
What properties of the aquifer/surface water system may have made this system more susceptible
to such change?
Solution
Let us understand first the concept of ground water pumping:The water that enters the earth
strata gets collected beneath earth to a level that level is called water table , It is measured is
metres.The water is infiltrated through the phreatic line.In todays world we are using
underground water in excess this has led to deepening of water table level.The aquifier is
affected by both locally as construction activities dont let water to infilitritate,
Loweing of water is a phenomena occured due to this adverse effect,
This also results in increase in TDS of water and also salt water comes to the surface .
The properties of aquifier / surface system that make this worse are :Surface water bodies
generally gain water and solutes from ground water this phenomena increase the impact of
lowering of water table.The excessive use of water in a state leads to water level lowering
A vertical section of flow field indicates how potential energy is distributed beneath the water
table inthe ground water and surface water.
The quantity of ground water discharge to surface water bodies can be determined for a known
cross section by multiplying the Hydraulic gradient.The soil properties alos make it more
susceptible to drawdown of water table.Perneability is measure of movement of water that also
makes a large impact on the drawdown as example sand is more permeable than clay because
pore space between sand grains are larger than particles of clay.
Transpiration by plants also affects the drawdown condition to increase.
Now the interaction between in three basic ways : stream gain water from stream (whic increases
drawdown)They both gain and lose but when drawdown is high it impacts the underground water
adversely..
The document discusses soil erosion, which is defined as the detachment, transportation and deposition of soil particles by forces like water and wind. It notes that the top 30 cm of soil is important for wildlife and humans. Soil erosion is caused by the removal of natural protective cover through deforestation and overgrazing, as well as improper land use like leaving land barren or using crops that accelerate erosion. Effects of soil erosion include reduced soil fertility, silted reservoirs, and damage to infrastructure. The document then discusses factors that affect erosion like rainfall, slope and plant cover, and types of erosion such as geologic and accelerated erosion.
Comparision of Analysis of Overhead Intze Water Tank by Finite Element Method...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a finite element analysis of an overhead Intze water tank under seismic and wind loading conditions. The analysis is performed for different filling levels of the tank, with and without considering fluid-structure interaction. Results show that maximum stresses and deflections occur in the fully filled tank under seismic loading, but are less than the allowable limits for concrete. Stresses and deflections are similar under wind loading. Soil-structure and fluid-structure interaction are also discussed. In conclusion, the tank is found to be safe for stresses under both seismic and wind loads based on the finite element analysis for different filling conditions.
Soils can absorb and retain large amounts of water in their pores and soil particles. Some water will drain through the soil via gravity, while much is retained. This retained water is available for use by plants and contributes to soil health and productivity. The ability of soil to retain water depends on factors like particle size, with finer textured soils like clays retaining more water than coarser sandy soils. Water retained between field capacity and wilting point is available for plant use. Water plays important roles in soil processes and plant growth by facilitating nutrient transport and photosynthesis.
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
B Sc Agri II Wmmi U 2 Soil Plant Water RelationshipRai University
This document discusses soil physical properties that influence irrigation. It describes soil as having solid, liquid, and gas phases, with pore spaces that hold water and air. The three main types of soil water are hygroscopic, capillary, and gravitational water. Infiltration is the movement of water into soil from rain or irrigation, while percolation, interflow, and seepage describe the downward and lateral movement of water through saturated soil. Key soil moisture concepts discussed include field capacity, permanent wilting percentage, and available water holding capacity, which varies by soil type. Common methods to measure soil moisture are also summarized.
The document provides information on the care and production of Schefflera arboricola, a popular indoor houseplant. Some key points:
- Schefflera arboricola is a graceful species of Schefflera native to Taiwan and China, known for its variegated leaves.
- It grows well in medium light and temperatures between 15-20°C. The soil should be slightly acidic and well-draining.
- Schefflera can be propagated through stem or leaf cuttings, and requires regular fertilizing and pruning to promote bushy growth.
- Pests like scale insects and spider mites can sometimes be issues, but can often be treated through
Portabella mushrooms are a rich source of nutrients like vitamin D, copper, selenium, and vitamin B6. They have a meaty texture and can be substituted for proteins in dishes like soups, stews, baked pastas, and salads. Researchers created a battery using portabella mushroom skins as a natural and more sustainable alternative to graphite anodes. Mushroom skins are highly porous, allowing more storage and transfer of energy to improve battery performance. Their high potassium content also activates more pores over time, increasing electrolyte-active material and boosting capacity.
This document provides information on arsenic, including its atomic properties, forms, sources in the environment, and effects on soils and plants. Arsenic is commonly found in soils in concentrations ranging from 1 to 40 mg/kg, and can be taken up by plants through their roots. In plants, arsenic toxicity causes damage to cellular components and metabolic processes, leading to stunted growth, chlorosis, and reduced yields. The mobility and toxicity of arsenic in soils depends on factors like the soil type, chemistry, and amount of arsenic present.
This document provides information about agriculture in Muzaffargarh, Pakistan. It discusses the location of Muzaffargarh, its climate and soil conditions, and its main crops, fruits, and vegetables. The major crops grown are sugarcane, wheat, and cotton, while the main fruits are mango, dates, citrus, and pomegranate. Key vegetables include onion, carrot, cauliflower, peas, and tomato. Production figures for the main crops, fruits, and vegetables from 2008-2009 to 2010-2011 are presented. Details are also given on the planting times, spacing, seed rates, and harvesting periods for sugarcane, wheat, cotton, and various fruits and vegetables.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
2. Soil Water Energy
The total energy state of soil water is defined by
its equivalent potential energy, as determined by
the various forces acting on the water per unit
quantity. Different energies are involved including
P.E and K.E.
Kinetic energy is certainly an important factor in
the rapid turbulent flow of water as in river but the
movement of water in soil is so slow that kinetic
energy is usually negligible. Thus in soils kinetic
energy is ignored.
2
3. 3
Potential Energy Of Water :
The potential energy of water is the energy the
water obtains as a result of being at some
elevation (position).
P.E is most important in determining the status
and movement of soil water.
Water Potential quantifies the tendency of
water to move from one area to another due to
osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure, or
matrix effects such as capillary action (which is
caused by surface tension).
4. Forces Affecting Potential Energy
Capillary Forces
Osmotic Force
Gravitation Force
1.Capillary Forces
4
5. 5
Adhesion:
Tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to
cling to one another.
Mainly adhesion lead to Matric Potential.
Cohesion:
Tendency of similar or identical particles to cling to one
another.
6. 2.Osmotic Force
The attraction of water to ions and other
solutes
result in osmotic forces which lead to osmotic
potential.
Water moving between roots and soil
Through the cell membranes of root hairs,
which are semi permiable according to a water
potential gradient.
7. 3.Gravitation Force
Gravity is the major force acting on soil water
which always pull water downward according
to
concentration gradient and lead to
gravitational
potential.
7
8. Soil Water Potential
Total Soil water potential :
It is the sum of all potentials of soil water. All
of
these act simultaneously to influence water
behavior in soil and given as;
Where the ellipsis (….) indicates the possible
contribution of additional potentials not yet
mentioned.
8
9. 9
Gravitational Potential :
The force of gravity acts on soil water the
same as it does on any other body, the
attraction being toward the Earth`s center.
Following heavy precipitation or irrigation,
gravity plays an important role in removing
excess water from the upper horizon and
recharging ground water below the soil profile.
Gravitational Potential is always Positive (+).
10. Pressure Potential (Hydrostatic & Matric) :
Besides gravity and solute levels pressure
Potential include;
1)Positive hydrostatic pressure due to the
weight of water in saturated soils and
aquifers, give rise to hydrostatic potential.
2)The negative pressure due to attractive
forces between water and soil solids or the
soil matrix which give rise to the matric
Potential.
10
11. A component hydrostatic potential is
operational only for water in saturated
zones below the water table.
Matric Potential influences both the
retention and movement of soil water .It is
most important in supplying water to plant
roots and engineering applications.
It is always negative because water
attracted by the soil matrix has an energy
state lower than that of pure water.
11
12. Osmotic Potential :
As water molecules cluster around solute ions
their free movement is reduced(because potential
energy is decreased). Greater the concentration
of solute the more osmotic potential is lowered.
As always water will move from higher solute
concentration (with low osmotic potential) to lower
solute concentration( with high osmotic potential).In
this
case, osmosis is important if a semi permeable
membrane
is present between the high and low osmotic
potential
allowing water through but preventing the movement
of 12
13. 13
Because soil zone are not separated by
membranes
the osmotic pressure has little effect on the
mass
movement of water in soils.
Its major effect is on the uptake of water by
plant
root cells that are isolated from soil solution by
their semi permeable cell membranes.
In soils high in soluble salts osmotic potential
may
be lower in the soil solution than in plant root
cells,
15. Methods of expressing Energy Levels
Energy may be expressed per unit of
mass
(joule/kg)
or per unit of volume (newtons/m2)
but in this case we use Pascal (Pa) or
Kilopascals (kPa).
The SI unit kilopascal (kPa) is equivalent
to
0.01 bars.
15