This document provides information about maize (corn) including its introduction, scientific classification, agronomy, cultivation, growth and development stages, types, quality seed production in hybrids, adaptation and production potential, harvesting process, soil tillage, and tillage systems. The key points are:
- Maize originated in Mexico and Guatemala and is one of the most important grains worldwide.
- Agronomy of maize involves cultivars, planting, fertilization, pest and disease control, and harvesting. Proper cultivation methods are important for high yields.
- There are different types of maize classified by color, kernel shape, and texture. Quality seed production requires isolation, land preparation,
This document provides information about oats grown by student Adil Zia for their 5th semester agronomy project. It discusses the introduction of oats, their use as food and feed, cultivation practices including sowing, fertilizer application and pest/disease management. Oats are planted in September-December in Pakistan and harvested 4-5 months later in April to avoid grain shedding. Common varieties studied include DN-8 and Avena Fatua.
This document discusses barley, including its importance, origins, production, morphology, varieties, and floral biology. Some key points:
- Barley is an annual cereal crop grown for food, animal feed, alcohol, and more. It is high in fiber, protein, and energy but low in acid content.
- Its origin is uncertain but likely western Iran and Pakistan. It has wide adaptability and is drought and disease resistant.
- Pakistan's barley production in 2015 was 71,400 tons from an area of 84,100 hectares, with a yield of 0.85 tons/hectare.
- Floral biology processes like self-fertilization, emasculation,
The document provides information on quality seed production in maize. It discusses suitable climate, isolation distance, field preparation, sowing operations, irrigation, fertilizer application, weed management, insect and disease control, harvesting, sorting, drying, shelling, grading, storage, certification, and seed standards for maize seed production. The goal is to produce high quality maize seeds that meet certification standards.
This document provides information about grapes, including:
1. Grapes originated in Armenia near the Caspian Sea. They are one of the most delicious and nourishing fruits, rich in nutrients.
2. In India, grapes are mostly consumed as table fruit, while in Europe they are primarily used for wine production. Grapes are also used to make raisins, juice, and jam.
3. The major grape growing regions in Andhra Pradesh are Mahbubnagar, Rangareddy, Medak, Ananthapur, Chittoor, and Kurnool districts.
This document is a presentation by Adil Zia on maize crop. It discusses the scientific classification of maize, its description, history, growth stages, nutritious value, uses, and agronomic practices like soil requirements, seedbed preparation, sowing time and methods, fertilizer application, irrigation, and management of weeds, insects, and diseases. The presentation provides information on maize as an important crop and outlines best practices for its successful cultivation.
The document provides information about soybean production including its uses, area and production statistics, cultivation practices, and hybrid production. It discusses soybean's importance as a global crop and major source of protein and oil. Key points covered include top soybean producing countries, cultivation steps like land preparation, fertilizer application, and harvesting. Hybrid seed production techniques like emasculation and pollination are outlined. New high-yielding soybean varieties suited for different states in India are also mentioned.
Soybean is a leguminous oilseed crop that is the richest source of protein. It fixes nitrogen in the soil through symbiotic bacteria in its roots. The document outlines the production technologies for soybean including climate and soil requirements, seed bed preparation, planting methods, irrigation, and pest management. It notes that soybean has many uses for its oil, meal, and as a human food and livestock feed. The top soybean producing countries are Brazil, United States, Argentina, China, and India and several varieties have been developed and selected for growing in Pakistan.
This document provides information about maize (corn) including its introduction, scientific classification, agronomy, cultivation, growth and development stages, types, quality seed production in hybrids, adaptation and production potential, harvesting process, soil tillage, and tillage systems. The key points are:
- Maize originated in Mexico and Guatemala and is one of the most important grains worldwide.
- Agronomy of maize involves cultivars, planting, fertilization, pest and disease control, and harvesting. Proper cultivation methods are important for high yields.
- There are different types of maize classified by color, kernel shape, and texture. Quality seed production requires isolation, land preparation,
This document provides information about oats grown by student Adil Zia for their 5th semester agronomy project. It discusses the introduction of oats, their use as food and feed, cultivation practices including sowing, fertilizer application and pest/disease management. Oats are planted in September-December in Pakistan and harvested 4-5 months later in April to avoid grain shedding. Common varieties studied include DN-8 and Avena Fatua.
This document discusses barley, including its importance, origins, production, morphology, varieties, and floral biology. Some key points:
- Barley is an annual cereal crop grown for food, animal feed, alcohol, and more. It is high in fiber, protein, and energy but low in acid content.
- Its origin is uncertain but likely western Iran and Pakistan. It has wide adaptability and is drought and disease resistant.
- Pakistan's barley production in 2015 was 71,400 tons from an area of 84,100 hectares, with a yield of 0.85 tons/hectare.
- Floral biology processes like self-fertilization, emasculation,
The document provides information on quality seed production in maize. It discusses suitable climate, isolation distance, field preparation, sowing operations, irrigation, fertilizer application, weed management, insect and disease control, harvesting, sorting, drying, shelling, grading, storage, certification, and seed standards for maize seed production. The goal is to produce high quality maize seeds that meet certification standards.
This document provides information about grapes, including:
1. Grapes originated in Armenia near the Caspian Sea. They are one of the most delicious and nourishing fruits, rich in nutrients.
2. In India, grapes are mostly consumed as table fruit, while in Europe they are primarily used for wine production. Grapes are also used to make raisins, juice, and jam.
3. The major grape growing regions in Andhra Pradesh are Mahbubnagar, Rangareddy, Medak, Ananthapur, Chittoor, and Kurnool districts.
This document is a presentation by Adil Zia on maize crop. It discusses the scientific classification of maize, its description, history, growth stages, nutritious value, uses, and agronomic practices like soil requirements, seedbed preparation, sowing time and methods, fertilizer application, irrigation, and management of weeds, insects, and diseases. The presentation provides information on maize as an important crop and outlines best practices for its successful cultivation.
The document provides information about soybean production including its uses, area and production statistics, cultivation practices, and hybrid production. It discusses soybean's importance as a global crop and major source of protein and oil. Key points covered include top soybean producing countries, cultivation steps like land preparation, fertilizer application, and harvesting. Hybrid seed production techniques like emasculation and pollination are outlined. New high-yielding soybean varieties suited for different states in India are also mentioned.
Soybean is a leguminous oilseed crop that is the richest source of protein. It fixes nitrogen in the soil through symbiotic bacteria in its roots. The document outlines the production technologies for soybean including climate and soil requirements, seed bed preparation, planting methods, irrigation, and pest management. It notes that soybean has many uses for its oil, meal, and as a human food and livestock feed. The top soybean producing countries are Brazil, United States, Argentina, China, and India and several varieties have been developed and selected for growing in Pakistan.
This manual provides information on maize production. It discusses the morphology, growth stages, climate requirements, and varieties of maize. Maize is a tropical grass that can grow up to 3 meters tall. It has male flowers on the tassel that produce pollen, and female flowers on the ears that receive pollen. After pollination and fertilization, the ears develop kernels that continue filling until physiological maturity around 30 days after silking. Optimal temperatures for maize growth are 18-32°C, and it prefers 500-1200mm of rainfall annually to achieve good yields.
Rice is a universal crop and It is grown in all the continents except Antarctica, occupying 150 million ha, producing 573 million tons paddy with an average productivity of 3.83 tonnes/ha. Its cultivation is of immense importance to food security of Asia, where more than 90% of the global rice is produced and consumed.
- Groundnuts, also known as peanuts, are a legume crop grown worldwide, with an annual production of 42 million tonnes.
- They are classified as both a legume and oil crop due to their high oil content. Peanut pods develop underground rather than above ground.
- In Pakistan, groundnuts were first cultivated in 1949-1950 and are mainly grown in Swabi district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. They provide economic returns as a kharif crop in semi-arid regions.
- Groundnuts are a nutritious food and their oil is used for cooking and industrial applications like paints, varnishes and lubricants. They require proper cultivation techniques like
Agro technology of soybean for efficient use of waterShahzad Sial
The document provides a summary of agro-technology for soybean cultivation with efficient water use. It discusses the origin and history of soybean cultivation in China and its spread to other parts of Asia and Europe in the late 19th/early 20th century. Key aspects covered include climatic requirements, soil needs, fertilizer use, seedbed preparation, varieties suited to different provinces of Pakistan, planting times, seed rates, irrigation methods, weed and pest management. The document aims to provide guidance on maximizing soybean yields while minimizing water usage.
This document provides information about Bengalgram or chickpea. It discusses the plant family, origin, nutritional value, production areas and yields, soil and climate requirements, varieties, and cultivation practices like seed treatment, sowing, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, threshing, and cropping systems. India is the largest producer of chickpeas, with 77% of global area and production. Common varieties include Desi and Kabuli types. Proper sowing time, fertilizer use, irrigation, and weed control are needed to optimize yields, which average 20-25 quintals per hectare.
This document summarizes an economic botany lecture that discusses various plant species and their uses. It begins by defining economic botany and describing how people rely on plants for basic needs. It then discusses cereals and millets, including common varieties. Next, it summarizes specific plant species like rice, ragi, pulses, sugarcane, spices like pepper and cardamom, fiber crops like cotton, dye plants like henna, and resin-producing plants such as asafoetida. The document provides botanical names, family names, and descriptions of plant parts used along with each plant's various economic and traditional uses.
Soybean is an important oilseed crop that is high in protein and oil. It can be grown in many parts of the world, including areas of Pakistan that sometimes lie fallow, such as cotton fallow areas. Soybean has the potential to be grown as a spring or autumn crop in cotton and rice areas after harvest. It requires specific temperatures and moisture levels to thrive. Proper soil preparation, seed inoculation, fertilizer use, and variety selection are needed to maximize soybean production.
Meadow fescue is a wind-pollinated plant with adaptations for wind pollination including inconspicuous petals, hanging stamens and anthers that swing freely, and large feathery stigmas. Self-pollination increases genetic uniformity and the expression of harmful recessive traits, while cross-pollination increases genetic variation and maintains the gene pool. Maize seeds contain an endosperm that provides nutrition for the germinating seedling through storage of starch and protein. Cereal grains are a nutritious part of the human diet, providing carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals and fiber.
Soybean is an important legume crop originating from China. It is grown in over 35 countries with the largest producers being the United States, Brazil, China, and Argentina. Soybean seeds are high in protein (40%) and oil (20%) and are used to produce meal, flour, and oil for food and industrial applications. Soybean is a diploid species with 40 chromosomes and is highly self-pollinated. Techniques for selfing and crossing soybean plants are described. The document provides information on the taxonomy, uses, cytology, floral biology, and research of soybean.
In this PPT you will come to know about the cultivation practices of FODDER SORGHUM, its cultivation aspects, climate, varieties, type of soils, weed management,ETC.,
Lucerne, also known as alfalfa, is a perennial legume crop that is known as the "Queen of forage crops" as it is highly nutritious, productive, and tolerant of drought and frost. It is cultivated primarily for hay and can be grown in various climates, with optimal growth occurring in loamy soils with adequate drainage. Lucerne fixes atmospheric nitrogen, is highly palatable and digestible for livestock, and can yield between 35-40 tons per acre in Punjab when harvested up to 6 times per year.
This document provides information about alfalfa (lucerne) and berseem crops. It discusses their scientific names, morphological features, varieties, sowing methods, nutritional values, annual production, and anti-nutritional factors. Alfalfa is a perennial legume crop that is drought and frost resistant, while berseem is an annual multi-cut forage. Both provide green fodder and can be used for hay. On average, alfalfa produces 100-125 tons/ha of green fodder annually in Punjab and 50-75 tons/ha in Sindh. Berseem yields 30-40 tons/ha annually and has no anti-nutritional factors.
Cassava is a staple crop for over 600 million people and is primarily grown in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2006, global cassava production was approximately 226 million tonnes, with over half (122 million tonnes) produced in Africa, primarily in West and East Africa. Nigeria is the world's largest cassava producer. Cassava thrives in tropical climates between 30 degrees north and south latitude and grows well in a variety of soils as long as they are well-draining. Cassava can be processed into chips, starch, flour and ethanol and is used in industries like animal feed, food and beverages, paper, and biofuels.
Huzaifa Ismail presented on the production technology of castor bean. Some key points:
- Castor bean is native to East Africa and has been grown in India and Egypt for its oil and seeds. It is drought resistant and grown in dry areas.
- It is mainly grown in Sindh and districts of Punjab like Multan and Bahawalpur. Seed bed preparation involves deep plowing and soil is kept moist.
- Sowing is done in July-August through dibbling, drilling or keera methods. Fertilizers, irrigation, weeding and insect control are important management practices.
- Harvesting begins 90-120 days after sowing through multiple pickings
1. Groundnut, also known as peanut, is an important oil and protein crop grown primarily in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is a self-pollinating, annual herbaceous legume.
2. Groundnut is predominantly grown in tropical and subtropical regions with rainfall between 500-1250 mm during the crop season. Ideal soil types are sandy loams with a pH between 5-5.5.
3. Groundnut seeds are usually sown in kharif season from June-July under rainfed conditions or in rabi/summer under irrigation. Proper sowing, weed, water and pest management are required to achieve optimal pod yields.
This document provides information on the history, classification, botany, and domestication of soybeans. It discusses:
- The naming and classification of soybeans over time by various scientists from 1861 to 1917.
- The scientific classification of soybeans in the plant kingdom.
- The domestication of soybeans originating in China and their spread to other parts of Asia, Europe, and America over centuries.
- The morphological characteristics, plant structure, growth habits, and other botanical details of soybeans and their wild relatives.
- The introduction and development of soybeans in India promoted by figures like Mahatma Gandhi and research institutions.
- The genetic relationships and gene pools between cultivated and wild soybean
This document provides an overview of jackfruit, including its botanical description, origin, cultivation practices, varieties, uses, and cultural significance. Some key points:
- Jackfruit is a large tropical fruit that is widely cultivated in South and Southeast Asia. It can weigh over 80 pounds.
- The fruit has soft, banana-flavored flesh surrounding seeds. Both the flesh and seeds are edible.
- Jackfruit trees grow well in humid, tropical climates from sea level to 1500 meters. They produce fruit from June to July.
- Popular varieties include Singapore Jack and Palur 1. Improved varieties have been developed with higher yields and quality.
- Jackfruit has many culinary and non-
the vegetables are grown more than two years. These are very rich in minerals and nutrient.THESE NOT GROWN IN LARGE QUANTITIES.some of the perrenial vegetable are drumstick,ivygourd,pointed gourd,artichoke,cassava,taro,chow chow
This manual provides information on maize production. It discusses the morphology, growth stages, climate requirements, and varieties of maize. Maize is a tropical grass that can grow up to 3 meters tall. It has male flowers on the tassel that produce pollen, and female flowers on the ears that receive pollen. After pollination and fertilization, the ears develop kernels that continue filling until physiological maturity around 30 days after silking. Optimal temperatures for maize growth are 18-32°C, and it prefers 500-1200mm of rainfall annually to achieve good yields.
Rice is a universal crop and It is grown in all the continents except Antarctica, occupying 150 million ha, producing 573 million tons paddy with an average productivity of 3.83 tonnes/ha. Its cultivation is of immense importance to food security of Asia, where more than 90% of the global rice is produced and consumed.
- Groundnuts, also known as peanuts, are a legume crop grown worldwide, with an annual production of 42 million tonnes.
- They are classified as both a legume and oil crop due to their high oil content. Peanut pods develop underground rather than above ground.
- In Pakistan, groundnuts were first cultivated in 1949-1950 and are mainly grown in Swabi district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. They provide economic returns as a kharif crop in semi-arid regions.
- Groundnuts are a nutritious food and their oil is used for cooking and industrial applications like paints, varnishes and lubricants. They require proper cultivation techniques like
Agro technology of soybean for efficient use of waterShahzad Sial
The document provides a summary of agro-technology for soybean cultivation with efficient water use. It discusses the origin and history of soybean cultivation in China and its spread to other parts of Asia and Europe in the late 19th/early 20th century. Key aspects covered include climatic requirements, soil needs, fertilizer use, seedbed preparation, varieties suited to different provinces of Pakistan, planting times, seed rates, irrigation methods, weed and pest management. The document aims to provide guidance on maximizing soybean yields while minimizing water usage.
This document provides information about Bengalgram or chickpea. It discusses the plant family, origin, nutritional value, production areas and yields, soil and climate requirements, varieties, and cultivation practices like seed treatment, sowing, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, threshing, and cropping systems. India is the largest producer of chickpeas, with 77% of global area and production. Common varieties include Desi and Kabuli types. Proper sowing time, fertilizer use, irrigation, and weed control are needed to optimize yields, which average 20-25 quintals per hectare.
This document summarizes an economic botany lecture that discusses various plant species and their uses. It begins by defining economic botany and describing how people rely on plants for basic needs. It then discusses cereals and millets, including common varieties. Next, it summarizes specific plant species like rice, ragi, pulses, sugarcane, spices like pepper and cardamom, fiber crops like cotton, dye plants like henna, and resin-producing plants such as asafoetida. The document provides botanical names, family names, and descriptions of plant parts used along with each plant's various economic and traditional uses.
Soybean is an important oilseed crop that is high in protein and oil. It can be grown in many parts of the world, including areas of Pakistan that sometimes lie fallow, such as cotton fallow areas. Soybean has the potential to be grown as a spring or autumn crop in cotton and rice areas after harvest. It requires specific temperatures and moisture levels to thrive. Proper soil preparation, seed inoculation, fertilizer use, and variety selection are needed to maximize soybean production.
Meadow fescue is a wind-pollinated plant with adaptations for wind pollination including inconspicuous petals, hanging stamens and anthers that swing freely, and large feathery stigmas. Self-pollination increases genetic uniformity and the expression of harmful recessive traits, while cross-pollination increases genetic variation and maintains the gene pool. Maize seeds contain an endosperm that provides nutrition for the germinating seedling through storage of starch and protein. Cereal grains are a nutritious part of the human diet, providing carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals and fiber.
Soybean is an important legume crop originating from China. It is grown in over 35 countries with the largest producers being the United States, Brazil, China, and Argentina. Soybean seeds are high in protein (40%) and oil (20%) and are used to produce meal, flour, and oil for food and industrial applications. Soybean is a diploid species with 40 chromosomes and is highly self-pollinated. Techniques for selfing and crossing soybean plants are described. The document provides information on the taxonomy, uses, cytology, floral biology, and research of soybean.
In this PPT you will come to know about the cultivation practices of FODDER SORGHUM, its cultivation aspects, climate, varieties, type of soils, weed management,ETC.,
Lucerne, also known as alfalfa, is a perennial legume crop that is known as the "Queen of forage crops" as it is highly nutritious, productive, and tolerant of drought and frost. It is cultivated primarily for hay and can be grown in various climates, with optimal growth occurring in loamy soils with adequate drainage. Lucerne fixes atmospheric nitrogen, is highly palatable and digestible for livestock, and can yield between 35-40 tons per acre in Punjab when harvested up to 6 times per year.
This document provides information about alfalfa (lucerne) and berseem crops. It discusses their scientific names, morphological features, varieties, sowing methods, nutritional values, annual production, and anti-nutritional factors. Alfalfa is a perennial legume crop that is drought and frost resistant, while berseem is an annual multi-cut forage. Both provide green fodder and can be used for hay. On average, alfalfa produces 100-125 tons/ha of green fodder annually in Punjab and 50-75 tons/ha in Sindh. Berseem yields 30-40 tons/ha annually and has no anti-nutritional factors.
Cassava is a staple crop for over 600 million people and is primarily grown in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2006, global cassava production was approximately 226 million tonnes, with over half (122 million tonnes) produced in Africa, primarily in West and East Africa. Nigeria is the world's largest cassava producer. Cassava thrives in tropical climates between 30 degrees north and south latitude and grows well in a variety of soils as long as they are well-draining. Cassava can be processed into chips, starch, flour and ethanol and is used in industries like animal feed, food and beverages, paper, and biofuels.
Huzaifa Ismail presented on the production technology of castor bean. Some key points:
- Castor bean is native to East Africa and has been grown in India and Egypt for its oil and seeds. It is drought resistant and grown in dry areas.
- It is mainly grown in Sindh and districts of Punjab like Multan and Bahawalpur. Seed bed preparation involves deep plowing and soil is kept moist.
- Sowing is done in July-August through dibbling, drilling or keera methods. Fertilizers, irrigation, weeding and insect control are important management practices.
- Harvesting begins 90-120 days after sowing through multiple pickings
1. Groundnut, also known as peanut, is an important oil and protein crop grown primarily in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is a self-pollinating, annual herbaceous legume.
2. Groundnut is predominantly grown in tropical and subtropical regions with rainfall between 500-1250 mm during the crop season. Ideal soil types are sandy loams with a pH between 5-5.5.
3. Groundnut seeds are usually sown in kharif season from June-July under rainfed conditions or in rabi/summer under irrigation. Proper sowing, weed, water and pest management are required to achieve optimal pod yields.
This document provides information on the history, classification, botany, and domestication of soybeans. It discusses:
- The naming and classification of soybeans over time by various scientists from 1861 to 1917.
- The scientific classification of soybeans in the plant kingdom.
- The domestication of soybeans originating in China and their spread to other parts of Asia, Europe, and America over centuries.
- The morphological characteristics, plant structure, growth habits, and other botanical details of soybeans and their wild relatives.
- The introduction and development of soybeans in India promoted by figures like Mahatma Gandhi and research institutions.
- The genetic relationships and gene pools between cultivated and wild soybean
This document provides an overview of jackfruit, including its botanical description, origin, cultivation practices, varieties, uses, and cultural significance. Some key points:
- Jackfruit is a large tropical fruit that is widely cultivated in South and Southeast Asia. It can weigh over 80 pounds.
- The fruit has soft, banana-flavored flesh surrounding seeds. Both the flesh and seeds are edible.
- Jackfruit trees grow well in humid, tropical climates from sea level to 1500 meters. They produce fruit from June to July.
- Popular varieties include Singapore Jack and Palur 1. Improved varieties have been developed with higher yields and quality.
- Jackfruit has many culinary and non-
the vegetables are grown more than two years. These are very rich in minerals and nutrient.THESE NOT GROWN IN LARGE QUANTITIES.some of the perrenial vegetable are drumstick,ivygourd,pointed gourd,artichoke,cassava,taro,chow chow
Increased Potential of Protein Content of Waxy CornIJEAB
The purpose of this research is to gain a potentially waxy corn strains of high protein content. Specific targets to be achieved in this study are promising lines of F1 that have potentially sticky and high protein content. The method used is cross-pollinated plant breeding methods, the hybridization between maize Variety of Srikandi Putih (♀) and the Local Waxy Corn (♂). Characters F1 compared to corn Variety of Srikandi Putih and the Local Waxy Corn. The results showed that character of plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area are higher in Srikandi Putih Variety compared to Local Waxy Corn but age flowering male and female Local Waxy Corn faster than Srikandi Putih Variety. Character length of ear, diameter of ear, weight of 100 seeds, seed weight plant-1 and protein content higher in Srikandi Putih compared to Local Waxy Corn. F1 values on all observation characteristic of plant height, leaf number, leaf area, male and female flowering age, ear length, ear diameter, weight of 100 seeds, seed weight plant-1 and protein content were generally among the values of Srikandi Putih Variety and Local Waxy Corn.
1) Brinjal is an important vegetable crop cultivated in India for its fruits. It requires warm weather and well-drained soil to grow.
2) There are several popular varieties developed by state agricultural universities and research institutes that differ in fruit size, color, and yield. High yielding varieties can produce 35-60 tonnes per hectare.
3) Proper soil preparation, spacing, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are needed to maximize brinjal production. Pests and diseases also require management.
1. Black pepper is the most important spice crop commercially grown in India, contributing about 70% of total export earnings from spices. About 90% of global production is in India, with 98% of that in the state of Kerala.
2. Black pepper is a perennial vine grown commercially through vegetative propagation of stem cuttings. It thrives in humid, tropical climates with temperatures between 10-40°C and high rainfall.
3. Proper site selection, soil preparation, manure and fertilizer application, irrigation, pruning and harvesting are important aspects of black pepper production outlined in the document. Yields average 800-1000kg/ha but improved varieties have been developed with higher yields.
The document provides information on the Indian gooseberry or Aonla plant. Some key points:
- Aonla is a subtropical fruit native to tropical Asia that is rich in vitamin C and minerals. It is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine.
- The plant can tolerate a wide range of climates and soils. Major producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana.
- Common varieties include Banarasi, Kanchan, and Neelum. Propagation is primarily through budding, grafting, or seedlings.
- Pests include bark eating caterpillars and gall midges. Diseases include rust and soft rot fungus. Integr
1) Snake gourd is a tropical vine grown for its long greenish-white fruits that can reach over 1 meter in length.
2) It is cultivated across South and Southeast Asia and produces seeds through cross-pollination by bees.
3) Seed production requires maintaining isolation distances from other varieties and wild cucurbits to preserve genetic purity, as well as roguing fields at different growth stages to remove off-type plants.
1. Snake gourd is a tropical vine grown for its long greenish-white fruits that can reach over 1 meter in length.
2. It is cultivated across South and Southeast Asia and produces seeds through cross-pollination by bees.
3. Seed production requires isolation distances between plots to maintain varietal purity and genetic standards, as well as inspection and removal of off-type plants at key stages to select for desired fruit characteristics.
Production technology for higher production in papaya, cultivation of papaya, hybrid papaya propagation in an open field, how to papaya cultivation in India, high production growing papaya, different varieties of papaya ,red lady papaya,Pusa delicious, pusa nanha,co-1,pusa gaint,sex forms,
This document provides information about the nutmeg plant Myristica fragrance. Key points include:
- Nutmeg produces two spices, nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg is the dried kernel and mace is the dried aril surrounding it.
- Major producers include Indonesia and Grenada. In India it is cultivated in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.
- Breeding objectives include developing high yielding varieties with bold fruits and nuts that are resistant to diseases.
- Several improved varieties have been developed through selection and hybridization including IISR Viswashree and Konkan Shrimanti.
This document provides an overview of cashew cultivation. It discusses the botany of cashew trees, including characteristics, varieties, soil and climate requirements. It also covers propagation methods like seed propagation and vegetative propagation through grafting. Details are given on rootstock and scion selection, grafting techniques, and maintenance of grafts. Other topics include planting, intercropping, training, disease and pest management, harvesting, grading, and post-harvest activities.
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Cocoa is an important food and beverage crop originating from South America. Cocoa trees are grown in humid tropical climates between 15-40°C, with optimal rainfall and dry seasons. The seeds are fermented, dried, and roasted to produce cacao nibs, which are then ground to produce cocoa butter, powder, and chocolate. Cocoa is commercially grown from the Forastero varietal group and propagated through seeds or budding. Trees are planted with shade crops and pruned to develop a jorquette branching structure to aid harvesting. Ripe pods are harvested and the beans extracted, fermented, dried, roasted, and winnowed to produce cacao nibs for further processing.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.5 cultivation practices of jackfruitRai University
The document provides information on the cultivation practices of jackfruit. It describes the tree's characteristics and notes that jackfruit is widely grown in southern and eastern parts of India. The major jackfruit growing states in India are Assam and southern states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The document discusses climate needs, soil requirements, propagation methods, varieties, cultivation techniques like planting, manuring, training and pruning, irrigation, intercropping, flowering, fruit development, harvesting and post-harvest management. It also describes pests like shoot borer and bud weevil, and diseases like fruit rot and dieback that affect jackfruit.
This document provides information on kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). It originates from China and is known as the "China miracle fruit". It was first introduced to India in Bangalore but did not bear fruit due to lack of winter chilling. It later produced fruit in Shimla. Kiwifruit grows globally including in New Zealand, Italy, and India in states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttarakhand. Pests include passion vine hopper and armored scales. Diseases include bacterial leaf spot and sclerotinia rot. Common varieties discussed are Abbott, Allison, Bruno, Monty, and Hayward.
Black gram, also known as urad dal or split black gram, is an important legume crop originated in India. India is the largest producer and consumer of black gram, accounting for about 1.5 million tonnes annually or 10% of India's total pulse production. Black gram is processed through dry milling which involves harvesting, cleaning, roller milling to remove the waxy layer, oil coating, sun drying, tempering, and final milling and polishing to produce dehusked and split urad dal.
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Nuclear energy is a promising source of clean energy that can help address energy demands and climate change issues. However, it also carries risks from radioactive waste and potential safety issues from accidents that must be carefully managed. Overall, if developed responsibly with strong safety protocols, nuclear power could make an important zero-carbon contribution to the global energy mix.
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The document discusses various sources of energy, dividing them into conventional and non-conventional sources. Conventional sources include fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas. These are used in thermal power plants to produce electricity. Hydro power plants use the kinetic energy of flowing water for electricity. Non-conventional sources include solar, wind, biomass, tidal, geothermal and nuclear energy. These provide alternatives to fossil fuels and many are renewable but also have challenges like cost, land use or waste disposal.
17. Energy sources ( Tidal energy waves facts) A Series of Presentation to ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tidal energy has the potential to be a renewable source of energy. Mr. Allah Dad Khan, an agriculture consultant and adviser in KPK Pakistan, gave a presentation about tidal energy and waves. The presentation provided facts about harnessing the power of tides and waves for energy production.
15. Energy sources ( Fourteen main advantages and disadvantages of tidal en...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy that harnesses the power of tides. It has several advantages, including being renewable as tides are driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, being a green energy source that doesn't emit greenhouse gases, and having a predictable output. However, tidal energy also has disadvantages such as potentially impacting the environment, only being available when tides are surging for around 10 hours per day so requiring effective energy storage, and being an expensive new technology that is not yet cost-effective.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
4. Cashews
Cashew trees flourish in the extreme heat of the
tropics. Thus, all of our cashew products have been
imported from the other side of the world. India,
Vietnam and parts of Africa are the main growing
regions with most nuts being harvested from
either small peasant farms or in the wild.
Roasted cashews are the premier nut we sell. We
import only the highest quality and our master
roasters achieve the best taste through our time-
honored roasting process - one batch at a time!
5. VRI-2 was variety
released by TNAU in
1985, and it produced on
an average 10 kg per tree
in a year from the sixth
year of planting.
However, the grafts of this
improved variety will come
to bearing from the third
year of planting.
It has a potential of
yielding 2000 kg per
hectare. The nuts of this
variety will be small and
hudred nuts will weigh
about 512 g, according to
him.
6. VRI-3 is a high yielding
variety from TNAU released
in 1991. It yields bold nuts.
Hundred nuts will weigh
about 718 g. Each tree will
yield on an average 15 kg
nuts in a year from the sixth
year of planting, and the per
hectare yield will be about
2600 kg.
The trees will come to
bearing from the third year
of planting. A spacing of 7m
by 7m has been found ideal
for planting cashew, and in a
hectare about 200 trees can
be accommodated.
7. Vengurla 5
State:Maharashtra Year of
release :1984 Centre :Region
al Cashew nut Research
station,
Vengurla Hybrid/selection:Hyb
rid Parentage Ansur early x
Mysore Kotekar 1/61
Canopy
type:Compact Branching
habit :Inensive Flowering :Oct
ober-
December Fruiting :January-
April Special
character:Compact Canopy and
dense shape, high sex ratio
Apple colour :Yellow Juice
%:86 Nut weight :4.5 g No. of
nuts/kg:220 Kernel weight :1
g Shelling %:30 Export
grade :W400 Mean nut
yield/tree :16.6 kg
8. Vengurla 7
Year of
release :1997 Centre :Region
al Cashew nut Research
station,
Vengurla Hybrid/selection:Hyb
rid Parentage Vengurla-3 x M-
10/4 (Vri-1)
Canopy
type:Compact Branching
habit :Inensive Flowering :No
vember-
December Fruiting :March-
May Special character:Bold
size nuts and export grade
kernel
Apple colour :Yellow Juice
%:86 Nut weight :10 g No. of
nuts/kg:100 Kernel
weight :2.9 g Shelling
%:30.5 Export
9. BPP-1
Year of
release :1980 Centre :Cashew
Research Station,
Bapatla Hybrid/selection:Hybrid
Parentage :T 1 x T
273 Canopy
type:Open Branching
habit :Extensive Flowering :F
ebruary-April Fruiting :April-
May Special character :Flush
colour is pinkish, Semi tall,
Cluster bearing Apple
colour :Yellow Juice
%:68 Nut weight :5 g g No. of
nuts/kg:200-205 Kernel
weight :1.375 g Shelling
%:27.5 Export
grade :W400 Mean nut
yield/tree :10 kg