2. 1861 Regel and Maack named wild soybean
Glycine ussuriensis/ Glycine soja
Sieb. & Zucc
(Siebold and Zuccarini)
1870 - 1880s Dolichos soja,( Linnaeus)
Soja hispida, (Moench),
Glycine soja, and
G. gracilis Skvortz
1870s - 1914 Glycine hispida (Moench).
1914 Soja max (L.) Piper.. (American)
1917 American, Elmer Drew Merrill (1876-
1956),later Dean of the University of
California College of Agriculture, Berkeley
campus, argued convincingly that, according
to international botanical rules, the correct
botanical name of the soybean should be
Glycine max (L.) Merrill.
3. 3
Kingdom …….. Plant Kingdom
Division …….. Spermatophyta
Subdivision …….. Angiospermae
Class …….. Dicotyledonae
order …….. Polypetalae
Family .……. Leguminosae
Sub-family …….. Papilionoideae
Genus …….. Glycine
Species …….. max
CLASSIFICATION OF SOYBEAN
4. Binomial name
Glycine max (L.) Merrill
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Glycine
Species: Max
Scientific Classification
Soybeans The word soy comes from Japanese shoyu
5. The soybean is a domesticate of China.
Various lines of evidence point to the emergence of the
soybean as a domesticate during the Chou Dynasty
This process for soybean probably took place during the Shang
Dynasty (ca. 1700-1100 B.C.) or earlier (Hymowitz 1970)
The primary soybean germplasm pool or the primary
gene centre is China.
The soybean reached northeast, central and south China as
well as peninsular Korea by the first century A.D.
5Cont…..
6. 6
From the first century A.D. to the age of discovery soybeans were
introduced and land races were established in Japan, southeast Asia
and south central Asia.
These region comprise the secondary gene centre for soybeans.
The soybean reached the West quite late. It must have reached the
Netherlands before 1737 as Linnaeus described the soybean in the
Hortus Cliffortianus
In 1790, Soybean were planted at the Royal Botanic gardens at Kew
England.
Hymowitz and Harlan (1983) presented evidence documenting a 1765
introduction of soybean from China into Savannah, Georgia by Smuel
Bowan
G. soja is the ancestor of the cultivated soybean G. max
Cont…..
7. DOMESTICATION AND DISSEMINATION OFDOMESTICATION AND DISSEMINATION OF
SOYBEAN IN INDIASOYBEAN IN INDIA
Soybean was probably introduced into India from
Burma via the Naga Hills and Manipur (Hymowitz,
1969, 1972).
In India. Although soybeans were apparently
introduced to India in relatively recent times,
however, cultivated for food in the foothills of the
north Himalayan region.
A large percentage of India's soybeans are black
seeded; in central north Indian farmers prefer to
grow good tasting black soybeans for food use.
7
Contd…
8. The earliest known reference to soybeans in
India was by Roxburgh who, in 1832, described a
variety growing in the Calcutta Botanical Garden.
Later research by Watt (1890), Hooper (1911,
1912;), and Woodhouse and Taylor (1913) showed
that the soybean was widely cultivated in the
northern part of the country and, since it had
numerous vernacular names, it had probably been
introduced at a relatively early date.
In 1932 variety trials started at Agricultural
Experiment Stations in Madras, Poona, Sakkar,
and Coimbatore.
8
Contd…
Contd…
9. In 1935, Mahatma (Mohandas) Gandhi ji became
interested in soybeans. He had learned of soy from
Shri Narhar Bhave of Baroda (father of his famous
nonviolent co-worker Vinoba Bhave).
Gandhi ji wrote several articles about soybeans and
soyfoods and published in magazine Harijan.
The fact that Gandhi's community began growing
their own soybeans, and that he praised the
soybean's nutritional value and encouraged wider
consumption aroused a good deal of interest in soy
foods in India.
9
Contd…
Contd…
10. In 1936, Kale F. S., of Baroda State,
published India's first book on soy foods.
Entitled, ‘Soya Bean; Its Value in Dietetics,
Cultivation and Uses’, of excellent
information including 300 Indian, European,
and East Asian soy foods recipes.
In 1945, the Indian Research Fund
Association came to the conclusion that the
soybean had no nutritional advantage over
common Indian pulses (especially Bengal
gram) in terms of biological value or for
supplementing rice diets.
However, research & development on soybean
was continued.
Subrahmanyan and co-workers (1958)
discussed the use of soy foods in preventing 10
Contd…
11. MODERN SUCCESFUL HISTORICAL BACK GROUND OF SOYBEANMODERN SUCCESFUL HISTORICAL BACK GROUND OF SOYBEAN
IN INDIAIN INDIA
1960 - Inauguration of UPAU at Pantnagar, U.P. (GBPUA&T,
UK), the first agricultural university in India.
1963 - The collaboration with University of Illinois, U.S.
1963-64 - Mr. Ed Bay, USDA/Illinois Team extension Advisor at
Pantnagar 675 kg/ha
1964 - JNKVV was inaugurated at Jabalpur, Madhya
Pradesh.
1965 - Dr. W.D. Buddemeir, Illinois, at Pantnagar.
- Clarke 63 yielded 1,443 Kg/h
- Dr. Earl Leng at Jabalpur
- 1,570 to 1,644 kg/ha
1966 - Bragg yielded 3,593 Kg/h & maturity of 97-111
days.
- Illinois state yield avg. 1,873 Kg/h & maturity
11
Contd…
12. 1967 - AICRP ON SOYBEAN STARTED WITH HEAD QUARTER AT
PANTNAGAR.
- PANTNAGAR WAS ASSIGNED RESPONSIBILITY OF SPECIAL
CENTRE ON SOYBEAN RESEARCH.
1987 - COORDINATED UNIT OF AICRP ON SOYBEAN WAS SHIFTED
TO NRCS, INDORE.
2006 - 7 MAIN, 6 SUB AND 8 VOLUNTEER RESEARCH CENTERS
IN INDIA.
2006 - INDIA STANDS 5TH
IN AREA AND PRODUCTION AT GLOBAL
LEVEL AFTER US, BRAZIL, ARGENTINA AND CHINA.
2008 – IN INDIA SOYBEAN RANK IST
AMONG NINE OIL SEED CROPS
2009 – INDIA RANK IV POSITION IN AREA AT GLOBAL LEVEL AFTER12
Contd…
13. HISTORY OF GROWING SOYBEAN
China 20 Centuries
Indonesia 3 Centuries
North America 1 Centuries
South America ½ Centuries
India < 4 Decades
14. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Soybean is well known for its high nutritional qualities, itSoybean is well known for its high nutritional qualities, it
contains on an average 40% protein and 19% oil.contains on an average 40% protein and 19% oil.
Soybean being a legume crop also adds about 40 kg N/ha toSoybean being a legume crop also adds about 40 kg N/ha to
the soil by way of nitrogen fixationthe soil by way of nitrogen fixation..
It grows to a height of 60-100 cm.It grows to a height of 60-100 cm.
It flowers in 30-60 days and the whole life-cycle completes inIt flowers in 30-60 days and the whole life-cycle completes in
95-125 days.95-125 days.
Soybean has slightly woody stem which makes the plantSoybean has slightly woody stem which makes the plant
sturdy. The flowers are borne on the nodes. The podssturdy. The flowers are borne on the nodes. The pods
develop within 8-12 days of the flower formation. Maturedevelop within 8-12 days of the flower formation. Mature
pods usually contain 1 to 3 seeds per pod. The average 100pods usually contain 1 to 3 seeds per pod. The average 100
seed weight is 11-15 g.seed weight is 11-15 g.
16. Species Code 2n Distribution
G. albicans Tind. & Craven ALB 40 Australia
G. arenaria Tind. ARE 40 Australia
G. argyrea Tind. ARG 40 Australia
G. canescens F.J. Herm. CAN 40 Australia
G. clandestina Wendl. CLA 40 Australia
G. curvata Tind. CUR 40 Australia
G. cyrtoloba Tind. CYR 40 Australia
G. falcata Benth. FLA 40 Australia
G. hirticaulis Tind. & Craven, HIR 40/80 Australia
G. lactovirens Tind. & Craven LAC 40 Australia
G. latifolia (Benth.) Newell & Hymo LAT 40 Australia
G. latrobeana (Meissn.) Benth. LTR 40 Australia
Species and Genomes in the Genus Glycine
Contd…
17. 17
Species Code 2n Distribution
G. microphylla (Benth.) Tind. MIC 40 Australia
G. pindanica Tind. & Craven PIN 40 Australia
G. tabacina (Labill.) Benth. TAB 40 Australia
TAB 80 West Central Australia
G. tomentella Hayata TOM 38 Australia
TOM 40 Australia
TOM 78 Australia
TOM 80 Australia Philippines,
Taiwan
Subgenus Soja (Moench) F.J. Herm.
G. soja Sieb. & Zucc. SOJ 40 China, Russia, Taiwan,
Japan, Korea
G. max (L.) Merr. MAX 40 Cultigen
Contd…
18. ANNUAL & PERINNIAL WILD RELATIVES OF SOYBEANANNUAL & PERINNIAL WILD RELATIVES OF SOYBEAN
19. THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOYBEAN SPECIES ARE GIVEN BELOW.
G. Clandestina Wendl.
• It is slender, twining type, leaflets are ovate lanceolate or
oblong to linear, flower colour varies from pale pink to rose
purple, pods are short, oblong with few seeds or linear,
curved with many seeds and seed are grey brown or black.
G. Falcata Benth.
• The growth habit is prostrate or erect, leaflets are broad
or oblong lanceolate, flower racemes are long, flower colour is
white or pale lilac.
• Growth habit, seed protein profile and presence of pods
on underground rhizomes distinguish it from other species.
G. Latifolia (Benth.) Newell & Hymowitz.
• Plants are usually trailing type but occasionally twining
type with elongated robust stems, flower racemes are long
with purple flowers and pods are short.
Contd…
20. G. canescens F.J. Herm
• The plants are twining in nature, the leaflets are
elliptic linear to oblong lanceolate, flowers are pink
and can be fragrant, seed are rectangular and some
what flattened.
• It is resistance to rust, SMV and herbicides.
G. tabacina (Labill) Benth.
• The stem is trailing or twining type, leaflets are ovate
lanceolate or elliptic linear on the upper nodes to
obviate on the lower nodes, flower racemes are
usually longer.
• Flowers are deep rose purple and may be fragrant.
• Seeds are black or brown and resistant to rust and
herbicides. Contd…
Contd…
21. Glycine microphylla(Benth.)Tind.
• It has prostrate and indeterminate growth habit, small trifoliate
,green leaves with long petiole, sparse tawny pubescence, medium
size flowers with purple colour ,4-5 seeds/pod, seeds are small with
black colour.
Glycine crytoloba Tind.
• It has indeterminate, prostrate growth habit. Leaves are trifoliate,
oblong ,green in colour with long petiole, gray appressed
pubescence. It flowers in 180-200 days, medium size flower with
deep purple keel and purple wing, 6-8 buds on single
inflorescence.
• Pods are curved with light black spots on pod surface, black
small size seeds with white hilum, 6-8 seeds/pod. It is resistant to
yellow mosaic virus, bacterial pustules and soybean mosaic.
Glycine curvata Tind.
• It has indeterminate, prostrate growth habit. Leaves are light green in
colour, narrow leaves with long leaflets ,long petiole, long internode
distance. It has gray pubescence with normal density.
• It has small flowers with white banner petal and purple wing and
keel petal, flowers bloom in about 85-90 days. It is susceptible to
yellow mosaic virus.
Contd…
Contd…
22. G. tomentella Hayata
• The stem is trailing or twining, leaflets are oblong or ovate, flower
peduncles are short, flower colour ranges from dark rose purple to pale
purple.
• Chromosome numbers have been reported to be 2n = 38, 40, 78
and 80 i.e. the species is diploid, tetraploid and aneuploid and it is
resistant to SMV and rust.
G. latrobeana. (Meissn.) Benth.
• It is a small herb with compact, prostrate or twining growth habit.
G. Max (L) Merrill
• It is the cultivated soybean which has never been found in the wild. It is
an annual generally with erect growth habit, sparsely branched and
often bush type, leaflets are broadly ovate, oval to elliptic lanceolate and
flowers are white or purple.
• G. max is inter fertile with G. soja.
Contd…
Contd…
23. G. soja.
• This species sometimes designated as G. formosana is
found in China, USSR, Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
• Under natural conditions it grows in fields, along roadsides
and river banks.
• One accession of this species is listed in the germplasm
catalogue brought out from Pantnagar and has been reported
to be resistant to yellow mosaic, a serious disease of soybean
in the northern plain, particularly the Tari region and it is also
resistant to Bihar hairy caterpillar.
• The plant is prostrate, twiner, leaflets are narrowly lanceolate,
ovate or oblong elliptic, flowers are purple and seeds are small
(0.3 g as compared to 12 g/100 seeds of normal cultivated
soybeans).
• G. soja is supposed to the wild progenitor of the soybean. The
pods are prone to shattering and in Indian conditions the seeds
normally fall on the ground and germinate in the next rainy
season.
Contd…
25. GENE POOLS OF THE SOYBEAN
Soybean GP-1
• GP-1 consists of biological species, and crossing within this gene
pools is easy- hybrids are vigorous, exhibit normal meiotic
chromosome pairing, and possess total seed fertility; gene
segregation is normal and gene exchange is generally easy.
• GP-1 was further subdivided into subspecies A, which includes
cultivated races, and subspecies B, which includes spontaneous
races. Soybean cultivars and landraces and their wild annual
progenitor, G. soja, are included in GP-1.
Based on successful hybridization among species, Harlan and
de Wet (1971) proposed the concept of gene pools. These are
primary (GP-1), secondary (GP-2), and tertiary (GP-3)
Contd..
26. Soybean GP-2
• Harlan and de Wet (1971) defined GP-2 as, “ All species
that can be crossed with GP-1 with at least some fertility in
F1” are included in GP-2. According to this definition,
soybean does not have a GP-2.
Soybean GP-3
• Tertiary gene pool (GP-3) is the extreme outer limit of
potential genetic resource. Hybrids between GP-1 and GP-
3 are anomalous, lethal, or completely sterile, and gene
transfer is not possible or requires radical techniques
(Harlan and de Wet, 1971) .
• Based on this definition, GP-3 includes 17 wild perennial
species of the subgenus Glycine.
Contd..
Contd..
27. • These species are indigenous to Australia and are
geographically isolated from G. max and G. soja
(native of China).
• Both subgenera evolved through hybridization and
polyploidization from a common, unknown of extinct,
putative ancestor with 2n=2x=20 chromosomes.
• Recently intersubgeneric hybrids have been produced
and fertile modified diploid lines have been derived.
• This suggests that soybean has a GP-3, and indications
are that gene transfer from wild perennial species to
the soybean is feasible (Riggs et al.,1998).
Contd..
.
28. • The soybean germplasm is a rich reservoir, with more
than 1,00,000 G. max accessions.
• Probably less than 10,000 G. soja accessions, and
about 3500 accessions of wild perennial Glycine
species in germplasm banks through out the world
(Palmer et al., 1995).
WORLD GENE POOLS OF THE SOYBEAN
29. SOYBEAN COLLECTIONS IN INDIA
S.No Place Indigenous
collections
USA Taiwan Miscellaneous
exotic*
Total
1 NRCS, Indore 642 410 243 943 2238
2 JNKVV, Jabalpur 159 6 23 38 226
3 ARI, MACS, Pune 111 72 38 340 561
4 NBPGR, Akola 1120 582 71 766 2539
5 GBPUA&T,
Pantnagar
691 1000 10 135 1836
Grand Total 7400
30. PRESENT STATUS OF SOYBEAN GERMPLASM AT THE
ACTIVE GERMPLASM SITE (NRCS, INDORE) FOR
SOYBEAN
Type of Collection Number of Accessions
In active
collection
Evaluated /
characterized
Wild/ Weedy
Relatives
36 36
Released Cultivars in
India
95 95
Genetic Stocks 4079 1979
Total 4210 2110
31. Globally Soybean continue to rank first amongst oilseed
crops.
Soybean oil trading is next only to palm oil.
Contributes to nearly 25% of the world’s total oil and fats
production.
World soybean area for 2012 (108.75 million ha)
increased by 6.1% (5.76 mha)
Production increased by 2.7% (7.08 mt) reaching 268.00
million tons
Productivity levels of 2.5 t/ha exhibited marginal decrease
of 2.7% (0.07 t)
Soybean Scenario – GlobalSoybean Scenario – Global
Contd..
32. Five major producers, USA, Brazil, Argentina, China
and India account for 90% of world production.
As per USDA World Agr. Demand & Supply Estimates
global soybean prices are expected to decline marginally
as projected production may further increase.
The current international soybean and soya meal prices
have been around US$ 600 and US$ 432 per ton
respectively (Slightly higher over 2011).
Contd.
33. A = Area (m ha), P = Production (m t), Y = Yield (kg/ha)
Country 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12* 2012-13*
A P Y A P Y A P Y A P Y
USA 30.91 91.42 29.5
8
31.00 90.61 29.2
2
29.80 83.17 27.91 30.80 82.06 26.64
Brazil 21.75 57.35 26.3
7
23.33 68.76 29.4
7
23.97 74.82 31.21 27.50 83.50 30.36
Argentina 16.77 30.99 18.4
8
18.13 52.68 29.0
5
18.76 48.88 26.05 19.35 51.50 26.61
China 9.19 14.98 16.3
0
8.52 15.08 17.7
1
7.65 14.49 18.93 7.20 12.60 17.50
India 9.73 9.96 10.2
4
9.55 12.74 13.3
3
10.28 12.28 12.07 10.80 12.55# 11.62#
World 98.97 223.18 22.5
5
102.5
8
264.97 25.8
3
102.99 260.92 25.33 108.75 268.00 24.64
Source: FAOSTAT, March 2012;
*USDA
#DAC MoA
World Soybean Area, Production andWorld Soybean Area, Production and
ProductivityProductivity
34. In India, the crop is ranked first among oilseeds since
2005.
Contributes 43% and 25% to the total oilseeds and
edible oil production of the country and earns valuable
foreign exchange by exporting soya meal.
In 2012 area reached to an all time high 10.69 million
ha increasing by 3.48 % over 10.33 of 2011.
Estimated production of 12.67 million tons with
increase of 8.76% over 11.65 mill. t of 2011
Soybean Scenario – NationalSoybean Scenario – National
Contd.
35. Productivity increased marginally by 3.37% reaching
11.85 q/ha over 11.27 of 2011
Capacity utilization of soybean processing units is
only approx. 40% with crushing of around 8.5 million
tonnes against installed capacity of more than 20
million tonnes.
For 2012-13 MSP was increased to Rs. 2200/q vis a vis
Rs. 1690/q in 2011-12
However market rates varied from Rs.3000 to Rs.
4500/q (current Rs 3700-3900/q)
Soy meal export of approx. 3.113 million tonnes
earned foreign exchange of ₹ 65850 millions
Contd.
36. All India State Wise Area, Production &All India State Wise Area, Production &
Yield of SoybeanYield of Soybean
A = Area (m ha), P = Production (m t), Y = Yield (kg/ha)
1. DAC, GoI 2. SOPA 3Third Advanced Estimates of DAC
2010 Kharif1
2011 Kharif2
2012 Kharif2
A P Y A P Y A P Y
M.P. 5.56 6.67 1200 5.73 6.17 1076 5.81 6.68 1150
Mah. 2.73 4.32 1582 3.06 3.56 1163 3.21 3.99 1243
Raj. 0.77 1.12 1455 0.89 1.25 1393 0.99 1.23
1249
A.P. 0.13 0.22 1692 0.16 0.16 1050 0.19 0.22 1113
Karn 0.17 0.15 882 0.22 0.23 1070 0.20 0.22 1103
C.G. 0.11 0.12 1170 0.15 0.15 1025 0.15 0.17 1155
other 0.13 0.13 1000 0.12 0.13 1010 0.14 0.16 1143
All
India
09.6 12.7 1369 10.33 1127 10.69 12.673
1185
37. 37
AREA PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY AT GLOBAL AND INDIA LEVEL
Area (m/ha)
Production
(Mt)
Productivity
(t/ha)
World 108.75 268.00 24.64
India 10.69 12.67 11.85
Uttarakhand 14747 (ha) 171065(q) 1.16
46. The soybean is an excellent source of good
quality protein and compares well with
other protein foods.
Soybean oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty
acids and contains no cholesterol.
Soybeans are also a good source of calcium,
iron, zinc, phosphate, magnesium, B
vitamins and folate and because of their
abundance bioavailability is not a problem.
46
IMPORTANCE OF SOYBEANIMPORTANCE OF SOYBEAN
47. 47
Oil Meal
Edible Oil:
•Vegetable oil
•Margarine
•Ingredients
– Lecithin
– Sterols
– Vitamin E
Livestock
Feed:
Soyfoods:
•Full flour
•Tofu
•Soymilk
•Soy dairy
•Soy sauce
•Okara
Bioproducts:
•Biodiesel
•Lubricants
•Plastics
•Intermediate
Chemicals
•Fatty acids
Edible:
• Ingredients
– flour
– concentrate
– isolate
New foods with soy:
•Modern meat analogues
•Nutrition bars/ drinks
•Cereals
•Bread and baked goods
•Pasta
Typical uses
Advancing uses!
Traditional food use
SoybeanSoybean
USES OF SOYBEANUSES OF SOYBEAN
48. Soy flours and grits are used in the commercial
baking industry.
Lecithin, extracted from soybean oil, is used for
everything from pharmaceuticals to protective
coatings. It is a natural emulsifier and lubricant.
Lecithin is used, for example, to keep the chocolate
and cocoa butter in a candy bar from separating.
Soybean oil finds its way into such products as
magarine, salad dressings and cooking oils.
The soybean is the highest natural source of
dietary fiber. Soy hulls are processed into fiber
bran breads, cereal and snacks.
48
PRODUCTS OF SOYBEAN
49. Cont….
In processing, soybeans are cleaned, cracked,
dehulled and rolled into flakes. This ruptures
the oil cells for efficient extraction.
After removal of the soybean oil, the remaining
flakes can be processed into various edible
soy protein products or used to produce
protein meal for animal feeds.
Eight essential amino acids are found in
soybeans which are necessary for human
nutrition and are not produced naturally in the
body.
49
56. Complete Proteins – proteins
that provide all the essential
amino acids (most animal
proteins)
Incomplete Proteins – proteins
that are missing one or more
essential amino acids (most
plant proteins except soy
protein)
Incomplete proteins can be
served with a complementary
protein to make it complete
58. Biological value (BV)
BV - ratio of nitrogen incorporated into the body over nitrogen
absorbed gives a measure of protein 'usability' - the BV
Biological value does not take into account how readily the
protein can be digested and absorbed (largely by the small
intestine)
BV – depends on amino acid composition and limiting amino
acids, preparation of food and vitamin/ mineral content
Whey Protein: 104
Human milk: 95
Chicken egg: 100
Cow milk: 91
Cheese: 84
Whole wheat: 64
Rice: 83
Defatted soy flour: 81
Fish: 76
Beef: 80
60. Low fat (< 3 grams)
Low saturated fat (< 1 gram)
Low cholesterol (< 20 mg)
25 grams of soy protein per
day, as part of a diet low in
saturated fat and cholesterol,
may reduce risk of heart disease
6.25 g soy protein/serving
To qualify:
Also, must be:
61. The Estrogen-like Effects of Isoflavones may
Reduce Fracture Risk Similar to that of
Estrogen
Stimulate bone formation
Inhibit bone resorption
Isoflavones may:
62. 62
Constraints Associated With Food Uses Of SoybeanConstraints Associated With Food Uses Of Soybean
– Their Causes And Possible Remedial MeasuresTheir Causes And Possible Remedial Measures
Beany flavor
Oxidative instability of oil
Nutritional quality of soy
protein
Poor protein digestibility
Functional properties of soy
protein
Flatulence
Low consumer acceptance
63. 63
BEANY FLAVOUR
Constraints – Contd…
Causes
High unsaturated Fatty acids (85%), particularly
linolenic (7-8%)
Presence of ligpoxygenases (LOXs)
Remedial measure
Heat inactivation of LOXs
Strip off volatile beany compound in a vacuum
Mask beany flavour with other flavouring agents.
Genetic eliminatin of LOXs.
64. 64
Causes
High proportion of PUFA, perticularly linoleinc (8%). It
causes instability during storage, processing.
Remedial measure
Hydrogenation – however it also produces trans fatty
acides which cause health problem.
Breeding through genetic modification to reduce C
19.3 to 2-2.5% level.
Increasing stearic acid from 4 to 28% level and
Palmitic acid from 11 to 20% for better oxidative
stability. At refrigeration HS/HP soy oil is solid.
OXIDATIVE INSTABILITY OF OIL
Constraints – Contd…
65. 65
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SOY PROTEIN
Constraints – Contd…
Causes
Low in methionin, cysteine and theonine
Remedial measure
Genetic modification to improve methionine
in soyprotein. Other AA which could be
targeted is cysteine.
Molecular strategy may also be adapted.
66. 66
POOR PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY
Constraints – Contd…
Causes
o Presence of biologically active (Trypcin Inhibitor) TI
and phytate. TIs are of two types – Kunitz TI and
Bowman-Birk (BB) inhibitor.
Remedial measure
o Heat treatment but it also affects protein solubility
and EAA.
o Lower TI by plant breeding.
o Germination or fermentation reduces phytate level.
Breed soybean for low phytate content.
67. 67
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF
SOY - PROTEINS
Constraints – Contd…
Causes
AA profile of soy proteins.
Remedial measure
Processing to impart fibrous texture.
Chemical/enzymatic method to modify
prostructure.
Genetic modification to alter 11s/ 7s ratio.
68. 68
FLATULENCE
Constraints – Contd…
Causes
Cc-linked oligosaccharides.
Remedial measure
Aqueous ethanol extraction. Isoflavones
are also lost to soy molasses.
Enzymatic hydrolysis.
Genetic removal of oligosaccharides.
69. 69
LOW CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE
Constraints – Contd…
Causes
Poor consumer awareness.
Being relatively new food sources in other parts of world
except East Asia.
Remedial measure
Awareness creation, education.
Processing and / or breeding.
Health benefits of soy foods.
Transforming to local taste and products.
Positive promotion of soy products.
70. Good Seed Germination is the
most important in soybean
cultivation.
First objective in soybean
cultivation is to get a uniform
plant stand.
3-4 lakh plants/ha without gaps.
70
GERMINATIONGERMINATIONGERMINATIONGERMINATION
89. 89
Natural cross pollination varies from about less than 0.5%-1%
The pollination may occur a day before full opening of the flower
Special care is needed while emasculating the flower bud as they are very
small
A floral bud at the appropriate stage is swollen and the corolla is visible
through the calyx
Fiver sepals are removed with forceps to expose the corolla.
Corolla is removed with forceps by jerking one stroke operation. In this
process, 10 stamens are usually removed and if a few are left, they are
removed
Pollination is carried out immediately after emasculation
Open flowers are collected from male parent. Corolla is removed and the
emasculated flower bud stigma is brushed with the anthers of the male flowers
A pod is visible in about seven days after pollination
EMASCULATION AND POLLINATION
90. 90
DeterminateDeterminate
Grow vegetatively until induced to
flower
Close vegetative and begin
reproductive
Longer growing season for
vegetative development
IndeterminateIndeterminate
Grow vegetatively until induced
to flower
Continue growing vegetatively
while reproductive growth
proceeds
SemideterminateSemideterminate
In between determinate and indeterminate
Result of crossing two growth types
92. Glycine is the only genus in the phaseoleae where species have diploid
chromosome number of 40 and 80 but not 20
In G. tabacina and G. tomentela the 2n=80
Vidyabhusan 1960 classified soybean chromosome as two large, 14
intermediate and four small
Biswas (1977) grouped somatic chromosome of three soybean cultivars into
four or six classes, depending upon cultivar
Ahmad et al., (1983) identified nine of the 20 chromosome of the haploid
complement of the cultivar Daintree as two metacentric, six submetaacentric
and one subtelocentric. The remaining 11 chromosomes could be classified
on the basis of chromosomes length and arm ratio
92
95. 95
Phenotype Gene Reaction
Pubescence T/t Tawny (Brown) / Gray
Seed I/ i-i
K2/k2
O / o
R/r
Light hilum / dark hilum
Yellow / tan saddle on seed coat
Brown / Radish brown seed coat
Black / Brown seed coat
Pod L1L2, L1l2 / l1L2/l1l2 Black / Brown/ Tan pod colour
Genes controlling isozyme
and protein variants
Adh1/ adh1
Amy1, Amy2 / amy1, amy2
Le / le
Ti-a, b, c / ti
Alcohol dehydrogenase present / absent
α amylase band 1 , 2 present / absent
Seed lectin present / absent
Kuntiz trypsin inhibitor present/ absent
96. A model plant can also design for
Longer vegetative growth phase
Higher biomass production
Longer and thicker stem
Seed yield, number of seeds per plant
Seed growth rate,
Grain yield per day,
Longer reproductive period
Biomass production rate
Cont…..
97. Length of inter node,
Leaf area index,
Photo synthetic rate and
Dry matter wt
Long photoperiods condition delay floral
initiation and promote node differentiation
Exposes to long photo period has been found
effective to increase seed number by means
of higher node production & fertility
Cont…..
98. APPLIED PLANT BREEDINGAPPLIED PLANT BREEDING
METHODSMETHODS
Genetic variability must exist for the
characteristics involved, and these
characteristics must be identified and
selected for
Without genetic variability in nature, plant
populations could not be improved by plant
breeders 98
99. TO COLLECT, EVALUATE, DOCUMENT, UTILIZE AND MAINTAIN
SOYBEAN GERMPLASM
TO DEVELOP HIGH YIELDING EARLY MATURING VARIETIES WITH :
I RESISTANCE TO : (I) BIOTIC & ABIOTIC STRESS
(II) POD DEHISCECENCE
(III) PHOTO-SENSITIVITY
(IV) LODGING
(V) MECHANICAL DAMAGE
II SUITABILITY FOR FOOD & VEGETABLE PURPOSES
III IMPROVED SEED GERMINATION & LONGEVITY
IV IMPROVED QUALITY TRAITS
MAINTENANCE BREEDING
BASIC GENETIC STUDIES
99
100. GRAIN YIELD COMPONENTS INGRAIN YIELD COMPONENTS IN
SOYBEANSOYBEAN
Plant height.
Number of primary & secondary branches per plant.
Number of pods per plant.
Number of seed per pod.
Seed weight.
Yield = average number of plants per hectare x
average number of pods per plant x average
number of beans per pod x average weight per
bean.
=Number of seed per unit area & seed weight.
100
103. RELATIONSHIP OF GRAIN YIELD WITHRELATIONSHIP OF GRAIN YIELD WITH
PROTEINPROTEIN
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
30%32%34%36%38%40%
Protein content (% w/w)
Yield(bu/acre)
103
104. RELATIONSHIP OF PROTEIN WITH OILRELATIONSHIP OF PROTEIN WITH OIL
CONTENTCONTENT..
104
Protein content (%)
Oilcontent(%)
105. BREEDING METHODS INBREEDING METHODS IN
SOYBEANSOYBEAN
Introductions
From another geographical regions
Selection from cultivar / landraces
Mutation breeding with elite lines /
cultivars
Hybridization / selection
Inter / Intra specific, Pedigree, SPD, BC, Bulk,
Mass
Population Improvement
Recurrent Selection –
Male Sterility.
Heterosis Breeding
105
106. 106
BREEDING METHODOLOGY USEDIN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES IN INDIA UPTO2010
Sl.
No.
Breeding Methodology Number Of Varieties
Developed
1. Pidigree / pureline selection 61
2. Selection from variety/ line 16
3. Indigenous native variety or
selection from indigenous material
05*
4. Mutation 05**
5. Introduction 08***
Total Varieties 95
** Kalitur, ADT-1, JS 2, Gujarat Soybean 2, Punjab 1Kalitur, ADT-1, JS 2, Gujarat Soybean 2, Punjab 1
**** Birsa Soybean 1, MAUS 1, NRC 2, NRC 12Birsa Soybean 1, MAUS 1, NRC 2, NRC 12
****** KM 1, Monetta, Bragg, Clark 63, Davis, Hardee, Improved Pelican, LeeKM 1, Monetta, Bragg, Clark 63, Davis, Hardee, Improved Pelican, Lee
107. INCOMPATIBILITY BARRIERS IN INTERSUBGENERIC
GLYCINE HYBRIDS HINDER THE INTROGRSSION OF
USEFUL GENES (SINGH AND HYMOWITZ, 2001)
• EXTREMELY LOW CROSSABILITY RATE.
• AN EARLY POD ABORTION
• HIGHLY LOW RECOVER RATE OF PUTATIVE F1
HYBRIDS
• POOR PARENTAL GENOMIC AFFINITY
108. INTROGRESSION FROM WILD PERENNIAL GLYCINE
SPECIES (Singh & Hymowitz, 2001)
HYBRIDIZATION
IMMATURE SEED GERMINATION
IDENTIFICATION OF DISTANT HYBRIDS
PRODUCTION OF AMPHIPLOIDS
ISOLATION OF FERTILE PROGENIES
GENE TRANSFER FROM G. TOMENTELLA
109. Glycine max cv. Altona
2n=40
(GG)
Amphiploid
2n=118
(GGDDEE)
BC1
2n=76(79)
(GGDE)
BC2
2n=58,56,55…
(GG+D,E)
BC3-BC6
2n=40+1,2,3,…
(GG+1D or 1E, or 2E…)
X
F1
2n=59
(GDE)
X
X
X
X
G. tomentella (PI 483218)
2n=78
(DDEE)
Monosomic Alien Addition Lines
(MAALs)
Disomics (2n=40)
MAALs (2n=41)
Disomic Alien Addition Lines
(2n=42)
Selfing
G. Max cv. Clark 63
2n=40
(GG)
G. Max cv. Clark 63
2n=40
(GG)
G. Max cv. Clark 63
2n=40
(GG)
G. Max cv. Clark 63
2n=40
(GG)
Colchicine
Glycine max cv. Altona
2n=40
(GG)
Amphiploid
2n=118
(GGDDEE)
BC1
2n=76(79)
(GGDE)
BC2
2n=58,56,55…
(GG+D,E)
BC3-BC6
2n=40+1,2,3,…
(GG+1D or 1E, or 2E…)
X
F1
2n=59
(GDE)
X
X
X
X
G. tomentella (PI 483218)
2n=78
(DDEE)
Monosomic Alien Addition Lines
(MAALs)
Disomics (2n=40)
MAALs (2n=41)
Disomic Alien Addition Lines
(2n=42)
Selfing
G. Max cv. Clark 63
2n=40
(GG)
G. Max cv. Clark 63
2n=40
(GG)
G. Max cv. Clark 63
2n=40
(GG)
G. Max cv. Clark 63
2n=40
(GG)
Colchicine
110. ANUEPLOIDY INANUEPLOIDY IN SOYBEANSOYBEAN
The two monosomic plants were identified
among progenies of triplo 3 (BC3) and triplo 6
(BC4) trisomic plants, backcrossed to `Clark
63' as the recurrent parent.
The two monosomics are designated as mono-
3 and mono-6.
Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome
110
111. 111
A TYPICAL BREEDING SCHEME USED BYA TYPICAL BREEDING SCHEME USED BY
SOYBEAN BREEDERS IN THE USSOYBEAN BREEDERS IN THE US
Season Activity
2001 Winter nursery Produce F1 seed
2001 Summer Grow F1
2001-2002 Winter nursery Grow F2 and F3 plants
2002 Summer Grow F3-Derived lines in single row plots.
Harvest for yield.
2003 Summer Grown lines in 2-row plots, 3 locations.
Harvest for yield.
2004 Summer Grown lines in 4-row plots, 6 locations.
Harvest for yield. Start seed purification and
increase in anticipation of release.
2005 Summer Grow lines in 4-row plots, 20-30 locations.
Harvest for yield.
2006 Summer Grow lines in 4-row plots, 20-30 locations.
Harvest for yield.
112. • Soybean breeders have not yet exploited the wealth of
genetic diversity from exotic germplasm, such as the
soybean’s progenitor G. soja or the 17 wild perennial
species of the subgenus Glycine.
• Hallauer and Miranda (1981) defined exotic
germplasm: “Exotic germplasm includes all
germplasm that does not have immediate
usefulness without selection for adaptation of a
given area.” This definition is not complete without the
action of hybridization.
• Exotic germplasm often harbors single genes of
economic importance, such as resistance to pests
and pathogens.
INTERSPECIFIC AND INTERSUBGENERIC HYBRIDIZATION
Contd..
113. • Attempts to broaden the genetic base of soybeans by
utilizing G. soja were reported by several workers.
• Hartwig (1973) reported highly productive and high
protein lines derived from soybean and G. soja hybrids.
• Singh et al. (1974a) reported first time Glycine
formosana (syn. G. soja Seib & Zucc, a wild soybean)
resistance to soybean mosaic (one dominant gene, Rym).
• Bhattacharyya & Ram (1995) reported that one gene
with no dominance is involved in conferring resistance to
Bihar Hairy Caterpillar (S. oblique) in the wild soybean
(Glycine soja.)
• Qian et al. (1996) have recorded the accessions of G.
Soja that are potential sources of additional genes that
restrict nodulation of soybean with specific strains of
Bradyrhizobium.
Contd..
114. • At present , the subgenus Glycine consists of 17 perennial species,
none of which are grown in cultivation. All are native to
Australia.
• Singh et al. (1974b) reported that under field conditions in India,
accessions of Glycine tabacina and G. tomentella were resistant to
soybean rust. This is the first paper reporting resistance to soybean
rust within the subgenus Glycine.
• Recently some of these species have been hybridized with
cultivated soybean by means of embryo (Chung and Kim, 1990) or
immature seed culture (Singh & Hymowitz, 2001).
• The resulting hybrid plants are sterile (Broue et al.,1982,
Newell and Hymowitz, 1982).
• Successful hybrids can be made with the soybean using A or a
combination of AD or AE genomic plants (Hymowitz et.al.,
1997). Singh et al.(1993) obtained, for the first time, back cross-
1(BC1) derived progeny with 2n=76 from a amphidiploid. All the
BC2 plants were vigorous but sterile. However, pods with seeds
were recovered after backcrossing.
• The BC2 plants were obtained through an immature seed rescue
procedure.
Contd..
Contd..
115. • In 1993 using same procedure BC2 -BC4 derived fertile
Plants from soybean (2n=40, genome GG) and
G.tomentella Hayata (2n=78,genome DDEE).
• To avoid main hurdle in obtaining fertile plant colchicines
treatment was given and a plant having 2n= 118 ,genome
GGDDEE was fertile and cross compatible with cultivated
soybean variety Clark 63,and in BC3 -BC6 monosomic alien
addition lines were obtained.
• After selfing these monosomic alien addition lines, disomic
alien addition lines were obtained having 1 or 2
chromosomes from G. tomentella (Singh et.al.,1993).
• These techniques indicate that a bridge between the
two genera has opened for ge ne transfer, therefore
it is expected that increasing efforts will be developed to
collect, the germplasm of these wild perennial species to
enrich soybean genetic resources.
Contd..
116. Palmer et al., ( 2001) suggested five important components for
developing hybrid soybean-
Stable male- sterile & female –fertile lines line
Efficient pollent transfer mechanisummechanism
Parents of superior level of heterosis
Higher percentage of normal seed- seed in male sterile female
further fertile plant.
Produciton of large quantities of hybrid seed
In 2003 Chinese scientists breed the first hybrid soybean with more
than two decades of unlimiting after efforts they have developed and
used a the used cytoplasmic nuclear male sterility
117. BREEDING APPROACH
A. BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO RUST.
• Soybean rust (phakospsora
pachyrhizi sydow) is a foliar
soybean disease capable of causing
significant economic yield loss.
• SBR was first found in India in 1970
and in North American in 2004.
(Schneider et al., 2005)
• Singh et al. (1974b) reported that
under field conditions in India,
accessions of Glycine tabacina and
G. tomentella were resistant to
soybean rust. This is the first paper
reporting resistance to soybean
rust within the subgenus Glycine.
Contd…
SOYBEAN RUST
118. • Six single dominant resistance gene (Rpp 1-6) have been
identified in soybean (G. max (L.) Merr.).
• Additional sources of genetic resistance to this disease have
been identified in the wild perennial Glycine species including
G. tomentella Hayata (PI 483218).
Resistant or moderately resistant accessions to soybean rust
were identified within accessions of G. argyrea, G.
canescens, G. clandestina, G. latifolia, G. microphylla, G.
tabacina and G. tomentella (Hartman et al., 1992).
• These perennial Glycine species represent potential
untapped sources of improving disease resistance in
soybean.
• Pantnagar centre was released two varieties of soybean for
rust tolerant i.e. PS 1024 (NPZ) and PK 1029 (SZ).
Contd…
Contd…
119. B. BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS
• Yellow mosaic one of the major diseases of soybean in
Northern part of India and in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
• It is more serious disease in the foot hills of Uttar
Pradesh and has caused a setback to its cultivation.
• The virus is transmitted through white fly (Bemisia tabaci
Genn.), sometime it reducing the yield by 80 per cent.
• At GBPU&T, Pantnagar, systematic screening of about
4000 germplasm lines carried out in 1970 and 1971
established that only two lines viz. UPSM 534 (PI 171443)
and Glycine formosona (syn. G. soja Seib & Zucc, a wild
soybean) were resistant to yellow mosaic.
Contd…
120. • The breeding approach using wild-soybean, i.e. G. formosana,
is slightly different.
• The usual pedigree method of breeding has failed to generate
the desirable recombinants therefore, a modified back –cross
method of breeding has been adopted.
• In this system , crosses were made between G. formosana
and other agronomically superior strains and F1,s are back-
crossed once or twice with the adapted parental cultivar or
any other agronomically superior strain (three –way cross) and
handling of the resultant progenies by the pedigree method has
been found adequate.
• Efforts are being made to accumulate / pyramiding resistant
genes existing in both the donors, PI 171443 (two recessive
genes, rym1 and rym2 and G. soja one dominant genes, Rym)
through conventional as well as through integration of
biotechnological approach.
Contd…
121. Name of Disease YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS
Resistant Varieties PS 1042, PS 564, PS 1092, PS 1024,
PS 1241, PS 1347 and PS 1225
Control It spreads by white fly. For virus
diseases, spray Oxymethyl dematon,
Dimethoate or Monocrotophos @ 0.1%
starting from early stage of plant growth,
repeat at 15-20 days intervals. This
spray also controls other insect pest of
soybean.
122. C. BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO BIHAR HAIRY CATERPILLAR
• Hairy caterpillar (Spilosoma (-Dicrasia) oblique Wallace) is serious pest
for most of the legumes, primarily for soybean during the rainy session in
the northern part of the country (India).
• The larvae eat the leaf lamina completely and the plant is left virtually with
only leaf petioles and pods, and the force maturity sets depending upon
the stage of plant infestation, the yield loss may vary from negligible to 100
%.
• Glycine soja (L). Sieb. and Zucc. (Syn. G. formasama, Hosokawa) which
was recognized earlier as a source of resistance to YMV has been found to
be free from infestation of bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilosoma oblique
Walker ) under field condition at Pantnagar.
Contd…
123. • Bhattacharyya & Ram (1995) reported that one gene with
no dominance is involved in conferring resistance to Bihar
Hairy Caterpillar (S. oblique) in the wild soybean
(Glycine soja.).
• Using PK 515, a pre-breeding lines derived from
interspecfic hybridization with G. Soja, Pant soybean
1225 (PS 1225) has been evolved and released for
commercial cultivation in Uttarakhand in 2007.
Contd…
124. SOYBEAN MOLECULAR BREEDINGSOYBEAN MOLECULAR BREEDING
MAS
Transgenic
Herbicides resistance : Round Up
Ready
Bt
Quality
124
• Biotech soybeans – $1 billion
in additional income through
production cost savings
125. FOUR CROPS ACCOUNTED FOR NEARLY ALL OF THE GLOBALFOUR CROPS ACCOUNTED FOR NEARLY ALL OF THE GLOBAL
BIOTECH CROP AREABIOTECH CROP AREA
5%
12%
21%
62%
Canola
Cotton
Corn
Soybeans
125
126. 126
FOUR COUNTRIES ACCOUNTED FOR 99 PERCENT* OF THE GLOBALFOUR COUNTRIES ACCOUNTED FOR 99 PERCENT* OF THE GLOBAL
BIOTECH CROP AREABIOTECH CROP AREA
4%
6%
23%
66%
China
Canada
Argentina
United States
127. Molecular Breeding In Soybean At A Glance
First legume species with a complete genome sequence
Whole-genome shotgun sequence of palaeopolyploid Glycine max var. Williams 82,
comprised of 1.1- gigabase genome size.
Most of the genome sequence is assembled into 20 chromosome-level pseudomolecules
containing 397 sequence scaffolds with ordered positions within the 20 soybean linkage
groups.
Scaffolds sequences consists of 4,991 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 874
simple sequence repeats (SSR)
Predicted 46,430 protein-coding genes, 70% more than Arabidopsis and similar to the
poplar genome which, like soybean, is an ancient polyploid (palaeopolyploid).
57% of the genomic sequence occurs in repeat-rich, low recombination heterochromatic
regions surrounding the centromeres.
(Schmutz et al., Nature Review, 2010)
Hundreds of qualitatively inherited (single gene) traits have been characterized in
soybean and many genetically mapped.
QTL mapping studies have been ongoing for more than 90 distinct traits of soybean
including plant developmental and reproductive characters, disease resistance, seed
quality and nutritional traits.
128. 128
MOLECULAR BREEDING
Utilized DNA marker technique to aid the voluble trait into
improve cultivar
Soybean genome diploid, tetrapoloid
1990 first DNA marker link QTL was identified
1990-2003, 319 QTL markers identified out of them 162 QTL
showed more than 10% variations
Soybean genetic linkage map have been developed with
several kind of markers like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and
SSR.
Cluster analysis of 28000 EST reveled 61127 unique gene
in soybean. Currently public EST collection for soybean of
286868 sequences yields. 61127 unique genes of
which 36317 are contigns and 24770 are single ton.Cont…..
129. 129
For yield Piner® give 3 time more yield, Treus tm low in
linolenic acid
Cyst nemetode colloning of rhg1 gene and rhg4 resistant.
SMV Rsv1 resistant for SMV
Drought resistance Arabidopsis LD-1 Pyrroline-5, Carboy
late reductase (P5CR) gene was cloned.
Herbiside resistant round up ready gene coding for
EPSPS present in soybean produce enzyme sensitive to
glyphosate (ai of Roundup)
Bt soybean Jack Bt soybean use Cry / AC resistant to
corn ear worm, velvet bean, catterpiller, looper and borer.
Cont…..
130. 1. BREEDING
SN PARTICULAR No. of
Entries
No. of
Replication
Date of
sowing
REMARK
1. TRIALS (18)
(I) ALL INDIA COORDINATED TRIALS (02)
01 CIVT 43 (40 +3c) 3 12-07-13 PS 1539, PS 1540 & PS 1543
02 AVT – I &II 9(6 +3c) 4 12-07-13 -
(II) STATION TRIALS (10)
01 IET-S (4) 20 (18 +2c) 2 13-07-13 72 Homozygous Bulk line
Check PS 1347& PS 1092
02 AVT-S 20 (18 +2c) 4 12-07-13 PS 1547to PS 1564
PS 1347 and PS 1092 check
03 SVT (Plains) 7 (5 +2c) 3 12-07-
2013
PS 1505, PS 1521, PS 1539, PS 1540,
PS 1543, PS 1225 and PS 1347 check
04 Screening of breeding
lines from Indore
39 (33 +6c) 1 16-07-
2013
PS 1042, JS 335, PS 1347, PS 1092, SL
688 & Bragg (check)
05 Screening of breeding
material from Ludhiana
36 1 18-07-13
06 Screening of breeding
material for RAB from
Jabalpur
14 1 15-07-13
07 Screening of breeding
material from Jabalpur
17 1 16-07-13
Cont…
131. (III) THESIS EXPERIMENT TRIALS (06)
01 Mutation breeding for
quantitative and qualitative
traits
12 (10 +
2c)
3 15-07-
2013
-
02 Genetic divergence analysis in
Germplasm
184 + 5c Augmented 16-07-
2013
PS 1042, PS
1347, SL 688,
JS 335 & Bragg
03 L x T analysis 31 (21 +
10 {7 Line
+ 3 Tester)
2 15-07-
2013
04 Inter specific hybridization 89 2 15-07-
2013
05 Early generation selection 46 (25 +
21)
2 15-07-
2013
06 Seed longevity 12 4 15-07-
2013
Cont…
Cont…
132. 2. SOYBEAN BREEDING MATERIAL
i. Multilocation
Germplasm Evaluation
(Indore and Delhi)
378 Augmented 16-07-2013 JS 335 (Infector for YMV and RAB)
PS 1042, PS 1347, SL 688, JS 335 & Bragg
ii. Hybridization 40 3 dates 16-07-2013, 26-07-2013 and 05-08-2013
iii Generation Cross Bulk / IPP’s
F1 t o f 8 215 4000 12 & 13 -7-2013
MULTIPLICATION
OF ELITE LINES
28 16-07-2013 PS 1547 to 1564, PS 1476, PS 1505, PS 1521, PS 1518,
PS 1499, PS 1477, PS 1480, PS 1475, PK 317 & PSB 2
VARIETAL
DEMONSTRAION
Bhatt, Kalitur, T 49, Jupitar, Bragg , Ankur, Alankar Shilajeet PK 262, PK 327, PK 416 PK
472, PK 564, PS 1024, PS 1042, PS 1029, PS 1092, PS 1241, PS 1347, PS 1225, PS 1368 (PS 19)
& PS 1475
NUCLEUS SEED
PRODUCTION
PS 1347, 400 IPP’s, PS 1024, PS 1042, PS 1092, PS 1029, PS 1225 PS 1368 (PS 19) and PS
1241, 200 IPP’s of each variety, PK 472 and PK 416 (100 IPP’s)
Cont…
Cont…
133. BREEDER SEED PRODUCTION
Sl. Variety Target (q) Area (ha) (at SPC)
1 PS 1042 30 5.2 ha
2 PS 1092 10 2.8 ha
3 PS 1347 55 5.2 ha
4 PS 1225 70 6.8 ha
TOTAL 165 20.00 ha
• FLDs : 10
• AVT (S) : Location 2 (Majhera and Pantnagar)
• SVT (Hills): Locations 5 (Majhera, Hawalbag, Thul, Ranichauri & Chiniyali saur)
• SVT (Plains): Locations 4 (Pantnagar, Khatima, Dhanauri & Dhakrani)
• SOYBEAN : (1). SVT: 1 (2). Generation Advance (3). Hybridization Nursery
BREEDING (Rabi) (4). Screening for Photo insensitivity (5). Evaluation for extra early lines
Cont…
138. Type of assessment of characteristics indicated in
column 7 of table of characteristics is as follows for
DUS testing :
MG : Measurement by a single observation of a
group of plants or parts of plants
MS : Measurement of a number of individual plants
or parts of plants
VG : Visual assessment by a single observation of
a group of plants or parts of plants
VS : Visual assessment by observations of
individual plants or parts of plants
139. Characteristics State Note Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
1. Hypocotyl:
(*) anthocyanin
coloration
Absent 1 NRC 37, PK 472 10 VS
Present 9 JS 335, NRC 12
Characteristics State Note Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
2. Plant:
(*) growth type
(+)
determinate 1 JS 71-05, NRC 7 VG
semi- determinate 2 NRC 37, MACS 58
indeterminate 3 Type 49,Imp Pelican
140. Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
4. Leaf: shape of
lateral leaflet
(+) lanceolate 1 JS 90-41, PK 308, 65 VG
PK 1024, PS 1347
triangular 2
pointed ovate 3 NRC 37, Type 49
rounded ovate 4 JS 71-05
Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
5. Leaf: size of lateral leaflet
small 3 JS 71-05 65 VG
medium 5 JS 335, NRC 37
large 7 MACS 124, MACS 450
141. Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
6. Leaf: intensity of green color
light 3 NRC 37, Indira soy 9 65 VG
medium 5 Hara soya, JS 90-41
dark 7 JS 71-05, JS 335
Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
7. Plant:
(*) growth habit
(+) erect 1 NRC 2, Punjab –1 66 VG
semi-erect 3 PK 472, JS 335
semi-erect 5 Type 49
to horizontal
142. Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
8. Flower: color
(*)
white 1 NRC 37, PS 1042, PS 1225, PS 1029 PK 472 66 VG
violet 2 JS 335, NRC 12, PS 1092, Shilajeet
Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
9. Pod: Presence of hairs
(*)
absent 1 JS 71-05, JS 335 77 VG
present 2 NRC 37, PK 472
143. Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
10. Pod:
Colour
of hairs
(*) Grey 1 PK 472, JS 75-46 77 VS
Tawny 2 NRC 37, MACS 58
Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
11. Plant: height
(*) Short 3 JS 71-05, JS 2 85 MS
Medium 5 NRC 12, JS 335
Tall 7 JS 75-46, MACS 58
144. Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
12. Pod: intensity of brown colour
(*) light 3 PK 472, JS 75-46 85 VS
medium 5 Hardee, MACS 58, JS 71-05
dark 7 MACS 13, PS 1029
Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
13. Seed: size (100 seed weight)
small (<10g) 3 Type 49, Punjab-1 89 MG
medium (10-13g) 5 JS 335,NRC 2
large (>13g) 7 JS 71-05, NRC 12
145. Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
14. Seed: shape
spherical 1 JS 71-05, PK 262 89 VG
Spherical 2 Type 49
flattened
elongated 3 MACS 13
elongated 4 MAUS 32, Indira soy 9
flattened
Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
15. Seed: ground colour of testa (excluding hilum)
(*)
yellow 1 JS 335, PK 472 89 VS
yellow green 2 JS 90-41
green 3 Hara soya
brown 4
black 5 VLS 1, Kalitur
146. Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
16. Seed coat: lusture
(*) shiny 3 MACS 450, VLS 47 89 VG
intermediate 5 Monetta, MAUS 32
dull 7 PK 327, PS 1029
Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
17. Seed: colouration due to peroxidase activity in seed coat
(+) absent 1 NRC 12, NRC 7 89 MG
present 2 MACS 450, PK 416
147. Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
18. Seed: hilum colour
(*)
grey 1 NRC 2 89 VS
yellow 2 Shilajeet
brown 3 PS 1042, PK 416
imperfect 4 Pusa 16, PS 1092
black
black 5 PS 1029, KHSb 2, PS 1241
Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
19. Seed: colour of hilum funicle
Same as testa 1 MACS 58, Pusa 22 89 VS
different to 2 NRC 7, NRC 12
testa
148. Characteristics StateNote Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
20. Plant:time of maturity
(*) early 3 LSb 1, KHSb 289, PSR 1 VG
medium 5 JS 335, PS 1092, PS 1042, PS 1029, PK 472
late 7 Hardee, Birsa soy 1, Ankur
Characteristics State Note Example Varieties Stage Type of
assessment
3. 50% plants
(*) with at least
one flower open
early 3 JS 71-05, NRC 7 VG
medium 5 JS 335, NRC 37
late 7 Hardee, MACS 124
149. Soybean is grown in kharif season India. It grows
very well in warm and moist climate.
Well drained fertile sandy loam to loam soils with an
optimum pH between 6.0 to 7.5 are most suitable for
soybean.
It grows very well in warm and moist climate. optimumIt grows very well in warm and moist climate. optimum
temperature for Soybean is 25-30temperature for Soybean is 25-3000
C.C.
In acidic soils, lime application is used.
Water logged soils should not be used for soybean
cultivation.
149
CLIMATE AND SOIL
150. HILLS: MAY 3RD
WEEK TO LAST WEEK OF JUNE
TARAI & BHABAR: LAST WEEK OF JUNE TO
FIRST WEEK OF JULY
A DRASTIC REDUCTION IN YIELD
IF SOWING IS DELAYED.
A EXCESSIVE GROWTH IF SOWING IS DONE
EARLIER.
HILLS: MAY 3RD
WEEK TO LAST WEEK OF JUNE
TARAI & BHABAR: LAST WEEK OF JUNE TO
FIRST WEEK OF JULY
A DRASTIC REDUCTION IN YIELD
IF SOWING IS DELAYED.
A EXCESSIVE GROWTH IF SOWING IS DONE
EARLIER.
150
SOWING TIME
151. SEED RATE
An average of 70-75 kg/ha of high quality seed is required for 1 ha.An average of 70-75 kg/ha of high quality seed is required for 1 ha.
Actual amount of seed used varies from 60-70kg/ha dependingActual amount of seed used varies from 60-70kg/ha depending
upon seed weight, germination percent, row and plant spacing andupon seed weight, germination percent, row and plant spacing and
planting time.planting time.
Good soil-to-seed contact, a uniform seed depth and
eventually a uniform plant stand which is the key to attain
higher yields.
Late Planting
or
Close row spacing (30 cm)
+ 10 to 15% of normal seed rate
152. SEED TREATMENT
Soybean seeds should be treated (mixed thoroughly)Soybean seeds should be treated (mixed thoroughly)
withwith
• This treatment will protect the seeds in soil from any
possible fungal attack and thus helps to give a
uniform plant stand.
Thiram@ 4G/kg Seed or,
Captan @ 3 G/kg Seed or,
Bavistin @ 2.5 G/kg Seed
Immediately before planting
153. SEED INNOCULATION
The seeds should be inoculated with soybean culture @ 200g/30 kg seed justThe seeds should be inoculated with soybean culture @ 200g/30 kg seed just
before planting.before planting.
Soybean culture is available in 200 g packets. This culture contains liveSoybean culture is available in 200 g packets. This culture contains live
bacteria and should be carefully stored in a cool dry place.bacteria and should be carefully stored in a cool dry place.
Why inoculation is important?Why inoculation is important?
• Bacteria present in the culture induce nodulation on roots. The
bacteria have ability to fix nitrogen from air which the plant can use.
• A healthy nodule is pink from inside. White, brown or green nodules
mean that nitrogen is not being fixed.
• Nodule growth and activity is reduced by too much of fertilizer
nitrogen.
• Always inoculate the seeds in shade. Do not expose inoculated seeds
to high temperature, drying wind and hot sun.
• If inoculated seeds cannot be sown on the day of inoculation,
inoculate them again before sowing.
154.
155. • Best planting distance is 7-8 cm.
• Too densely populated planted become weak, have less number of
pods and tend top lodge.
PLANT TO PLANT DISTANCE
Plant per meter row are more important than row width
156. • Soybean seeds are very sensitive to planting depth and therefore
require very exacting seed placement.
PLANTING DEPTH
157. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
Increases soybean yieldIncreases soybean yield
Provides balanced nutrition to plantProvides balanced nutrition to plant
Improves soil physical conditionsImproves soil physical conditions
Maintains soil fertility in long-termMaintains soil fertility in long-term
Saves chemical have no side effects.Saves chemical have no side effects.
Apply 10 tonnes/ha of FYM or compost every year
– Application of FYM/Compost/Bio-gas slurry:
158. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
– Fertilizers should be applied on soil
test basis. However in the absence of
soil test values the following quantities
can be safely applied at planting:
Nitrogen - 20 - 25 kg N/ha
Phosphorus - 40 - 80kg P205/ha
Potassium - 50 - 60 kg K20/ha
Sulpher - 20-30 kg/ha
159. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
– Soybean has two distinct advantages:
It enriches the soil by fixing nitrogen from
atmosphere
Considerable saving in nitrogenous fertilizers.
Potassium: our soils are normally not deficient in
potassium and therefore it should be applied strictly
on soil test basis.
Micronutrients: these are essential but are required
by plants in very small quantities. In soils where
FYM/Compost/Bio-gass slurry is added regularly
micronutrient deficiency is not common.
Soil + FYM = Higher Yield
160.
161. • Soybean is a kharif crop and thrives well on rain water in a
normal monsoon.
• Ensure optimum moisture at planting.
• During drought periods soybean should be irrigated at the
most critical stages
WATER MANAGEMENT
• Flowering
• Pod filling
• Lack of moisture at these stage will drastically reduce yield.
162. • Weeds compete with soybean plants for nutrients, sunlight
and water and reduce yields by 10-60%.
INTERCULTIVATION AND WEED CONTROL
Critical period for weed control is the first 40 days
• Correct timing and method of weed control is important.
Weeding done after plants start flowering will not be
beneficial but may cause flower loss and damage the plants
particularly in narrow rows.
163.
164.
165. Treatment Stage Rate/Remark
Step I One spray of Alachlor
or
Pre-emergence 2000ml/ha in 750 litre
of water
One spray of
Fluchloralin or
Pre-plant soil 1000 ml/ha in 750 litre
of water
One spray of
Pendimethalin
Pre-emergence 500ml/ha in 500 litre
of water
Step II One spray persuit Post-emergence
20-25 DAS
1 lt /ha
Step III One intercultivation
by cultivator or Hand
weeding
40-45 days after
planting
Weeds uprooted
should be collected
and thrown out of
field otherwise they
re-establish
Aerates the soil which
enhances root growth
Narrow row planting is advantage as it suppresses weed growth by forming a quick canopy
cover
167. SURVEY OF SOYBEANSURVEY OF SOYBEAN
INSECTSINSECTSKumaon hills, Tarai, & Plains of Uttar Pradesh
Stemfly, Melanagromyza sojae (Zehniter) in Tarai, hills
as well as plains of Uttar Pradesh.
Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilarctia (Spilosoma) obliqua
Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura, appear to be a
major threat to soybean.
Girdle beetle, Nupserha nitidior Pic. and N. bicolor in
hills &Oberiopsis brevis in Tarai area.
Seed maggot, Delia platura Mg. is a major problem
only in the spring season.
Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn
In the hills, Other major pests appear to be Chauliops
sp; Spodoptera exigua, Lamprosema indicata, L.
dimminates and Nezaro viridula.
167
168. 168
TOBACO CUT WORM OF SOYBEANTOBACO CUT WORM OF SOYBEAN
POD BORERPOD BORER
INSECTS OF SOYBEANINSECTS OF SOYBEAN
GIRDLE BEETLEGIRDLE BEETLE
169. SOYBEAN PEST MANAGEMENTSOYBEAN PEST MANAGEMENT
169
BIHAR HAIRY CATEPILLERBIHAR HAIRY CATEPILLER
SEMI LOOPER OF SOYBEANSEMI LOOPER OF SOYBEAN
174. 174
Sl.
No.
Name of disease Casual organism(s) Prevalence
/ severity
1 Purple seed stain Cercospora kikuchii Trace
2 Rhizoctonia root rot Rhizoctonia solani Moderate to
severe
3 Collar rot Sclerotiums rolfsii Trace
4 Rhizoctonia aerial
blight
Rhizoctonia solani Moderate to
severe
5 Char coal rot Macrophomina
phaseolina
Trace to
moderate
6 Myrothecium leaf spot Myrothecium roridium Trace
7 Alternaria leaf spot Alternuria alternaria Trace
DISEASES OF SOYBEAN
175. 175
8. Cercospora leaf
spot
Cercospora kikuchii Trace, Severe in Hills
9. Frog eye leaf spot Cercospora sojina Trace to moderate
10. Anthracnose Colletotrichum dematium
var. truncatum
Trace to moderate
11. Pod Blight Colletotrichum dematium
var. truncatum
Macrophomina phaseolina.
Trace to moderate
12. Bacterial blight Pseudomonas savastanoi
pv. glycinea
Trace
13. Bacterial pustules Xonthomonas axonopodis
pv. glycine
Trace
14. Soybean yellow
mosaic virus
Mung bean yellow mosaic
virus
Moderate to severe
15. Soybean mosaic
virus
Soja virus-1 Moderate to severe
(continued)
176. Premature defoliation
Increase in number of unfilled pods/
plant
Decrease in quality of seeds/ plant
Decrease in seed weight
Decrease in germinability of seed
Yield losses begin at approx. 3% severity
176
177. 177
DISEASES OF SOYBEANDISEASES OF SOYBEAN
Soybean Mosaic Virus (SMV)Bean pod mottle virus
Cercospora leaf blight
(Cercospora kikuchii)
Powdery Mildew (Microsphaera
manshurica)
