The document provides information about the 74HC/HCT373 integrated circuit. It is an octal D-type transparent latch with 3-state outputs. It features separate data and latch enable inputs for each latch, as well as a common 3-state output enable input. When the latch enable input is high, data enters the latches transparently from the data inputs. When low, the latches store the previous data. The 3-state outputs provide high impedance when the output enable is high.
This document discusses several methods for designing sequential circuits, including state table reduction, state assignment, derivation of flip-flop input equations, and realization using logic gates. It provides an example of designing a comparator circuit using an iterative approach with identical cells. The document also describes implementing sequential circuits using ROMs, PLAs, CPLDs and FPGAs, giving examples of a code converter and parallel adder circuit designs for each method.
The document discusses digital system design using state machine charts or ASM (algorithmic state machine) charts. It describes the basic components of an ASM chart including state boxes, decision boxes, and conditional output boxes. It provides examples of converting a state graph to an equivalent ASM chart and deriving an ASM chart for a binary multiplier. The document also discusses using hardware description languages like VHDL to model state machines behaviorally and provides examples of VHDL code for a 4-bit multiplier and a serial adder.
Chapter 8 Embedded Hardware Design and Development (third portion)Moe Moe Myint
This document contains lecture slides for a chapter on embedded hardware design and development from a textbook on embedded systems. It covers topics like analog and digital electronic components, integrated circuit design, electronic design automation tools, and using the Eagle EDA tool for schematic design and PCB layout. The learning objectives are to learn about embedded hardware elements and design principles, refresh knowledge on basic analog and digital components, and learn about integrated circuit design and EDA tools.
This document discusses floating point arithmetic operations including:
- The components of a floating point number including the mantissa and exponent.
- Normalization of floating point numbers to have a leading nonzero digit in the mantissa.
- Common floating point operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division and how they are performed.
- The IEEE 754 standard for representing floating point numbers.
- How floating point arithmetic is implemented in hardware including registers and adders used to process mantissas and exponents.
This presentation gives a brief over view of Embedded Systems. It describes the common characteristics of Embedded systems, the design metrics, processor technologies and also summarizes differences between Microcontrollers and Microprocessors.
The accumulator logic receives inputs from the arithmetic circuit (AC), data register (DR), and input register. It performs logic and arithmetic operations on these inputs and stores the results. These operations include AND, addition, transfer from DR, transfer from input register, complement, shift right/left, increment, and clear. The accumulator register is controlled by gates and stores the output of the adder and logic circuit. The adder and logic circuit consists of 16 identical stages, each performing logic operations on one bit and using a full adder to generate the output bit.
Latches are asynchronous electronic logic circuits with two stable output states. There are four main types of latches: D, T, SR, and JK latches. An SR latch has two inputs - SET (S) and RESET (R) - and two complementary outputs (Q and Q'). The state of the latch depends on whether input S or R is activated. A D latch similarly has one data input and two complementary outputs, but removes invalid states that can occur in an SR latch. Latches can be either active-high or active-low, depending on whether a high or low input triggers a state change.
Fault Simulation (Testing of VLSI Design)Usha Mehta
This document provides an overview of fault simulation for testing VLSI designs. It discusses:
- The major steps of fault simulation including generating random patterns, simulating the fault-free circuit output, inserting faults, and simulating the faulty circuit output.
- Types of circuit simulators including event-driven, cycle-based, and compiled code simulators.
- Techniques for gate evaluation in simulators like truth tables, input scanning, and input counting.
- The goals of fault simulation as measuring test pattern effectiveness, guiding test pattern generation, and generating fault dictionaries.
This document discusses several methods for designing sequential circuits, including state table reduction, state assignment, derivation of flip-flop input equations, and realization using logic gates. It provides an example of designing a comparator circuit using an iterative approach with identical cells. The document also describes implementing sequential circuits using ROMs, PLAs, CPLDs and FPGAs, giving examples of a code converter and parallel adder circuit designs for each method.
The document discusses digital system design using state machine charts or ASM (algorithmic state machine) charts. It describes the basic components of an ASM chart including state boxes, decision boxes, and conditional output boxes. It provides examples of converting a state graph to an equivalent ASM chart and deriving an ASM chart for a binary multiplier. The document also discusses using hardware description languages like VHDL to model state machines behaviorally and provides examples of VHDL code for a 4-bit multiplier and a serial adder.
Chapter 8 Embedded Hardware Design and Development (third portion)Moe Moe Myint
This document contains lecture slides for a chapter on embedded hardware design and development from a textbook on embedded systems. It covers topics like analog and digital electronic components, integrated circuit design, electronic design automation tools, and using the Eagle EDA tool for schematic design and PCB layout. The learning objectives are to learn about embedded hardware elements and design principles, refresh knowledge on basic analog and digital components, and learn about integrated circuit design and EDA tools.
This document discusses floating point arithmetic operations including:
- The components of a floating point number including the mantissa and exponent.
- Normalization of floating point numbers to have a leading nonzero digit in the mantissa.
- Common floating point operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division and how they are performed.
- The IEEE 754 standard for representing floating point numbers.
- How floating point arithmetic is implemented in hardware including registers and adders used to process mantissas and exponents.
This presentation gives a brief over view of Embedded Systems. It describes the common characteristics of Embedded systems, the design metrics, processor technologies and also summarizes differences between Microcontrollers and Microprocessors.
The accumulator logic receives inputs from the arithmetic circuit (AC), data register (DR), and input register. It performs logic and arithmetic operations on these inputs and stores the results. These operations include AND, addition, transfer from DR, transfer from input register, complement, shift right/left, increment, and clear. The accumulator register is controlled by gates and stores the output of the adder and logic circuit. The adder and logic circuit consists of 16 identical stages, each performing logic operations on one bit and using a full adder to generate the output bit.
Latches are asynchronous electronic logic circuits with two stable output states. There are four main types of latches: D, T, SR, and JK latches. An SR latch has two inputs - SET (S) and RESET (R) - and two complementary outputs (Q and Q'). The state of the latch depends on whether input S or R is activated. A D latch similarly has one data input and two complementary outputs, but removes invalid states that can occur in an SR latch. Latches can be either active-high or active-low, depending on whether a high or low input triggers a state change.
Fault Simulation (Testing of VLSI Design)Usha Mehta
This document provides an overview of fault simulation for testing VLSI designs. It discusses:
- The major steps of fault simulation including generating random patterns, simulating the fault-free circuit output, inserting faults, and simulating the faulty circuit output.
- Types of circuit simulators including event-driven, cycle-based, and compiled code simulators.
- Techniques for gate evaluation in simulators like truth tables, input scanning, and input counting.
- The goals of fault simulation as measuring test pattern effectiveness, guiding test pattern generation, and generating fault dictionaries.
This document provides an overview of digital logic circuits and sequential circuits. It discusses various logic gates like OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. It explains their truth tables and symbols. It also covers Boolean algebra, map simplification using K-maps, combinational circuits like multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders and decoders. Finally, it describes different types of flip-flops like SR, D, JK and T flip-flops which are used to build sequential circuits that have memory and can store past states.
This document discusses combinational logic circuits. It begins with an outline of topics including Boolean algebra, decoders, encoders, and multiplexers. It then provides details on each of these topics. For decoders, it explains their function to decode an input value and provide an output. It provides truth tables for 2-to-4 and 3-to-8 decoders and shows how they can be constructed from logic gates. For encoders, it describes their inverse function of encoding inputs. Priority encoders and their truth tables are also covered. Finally, multiplexers are defined as using address bits to select a single input data line to output. Methods for constructing larger multiplexers from smaller ones are presented.
Analysis and design of analog integrated circuitsBadam Gantumur
This document provides information about the fourth edition of the textbook "Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits" by Paul R. Gray, Paul J. Hurst, Stephen H. Lewis, and Robert G. Meyer. It was published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons and discusses the analysis, design, and applications of analog integrated circuits using bipolar, CMOS, and BiCMOS technologies. The preface outlines updates that have been made to the textbook for this fourth edition to incorporate MOS and bipolar circuits into a unified treatment, as well as expanded use of SPICE simulations.
This document discusses finite state machines (FSMs), which are mathematical models used to model the behavior of systems that can be in one of a finite number of states. The document defines FSMs, describes their components and representations, compares deterministic and non-deterministic FSMs, and discusses their applications in areas like software engineering, hardware design, and modeling reactive systems. FSMs are a fundamental concept in automata theory and computational modeling.
1) Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems, often with real-time computing constraints.
2) Hardware platforms for embedded systems include microcontrollers optimized for control applications, digital signal processors for data-intensive applications, and programmable hardware or ASICs.
3) System specialization is important for embedded systems, through techniques like application-specific instruction sets, optimized memory architectures, and heterogeneous registers. This improves properties like performance, power efficiency, and predictability.
This document discusses an embedded systems presentation submitted by Amandeep Singh. It provides definitions and examples of embedded systems, noting they are designed for specific applications like industrial machines, medical equipment, and toys. It also summarizes key aspects of embedded system components like microcontrollers, addressing modes, and applications. Recent examples highlighted are devices that aid communication for the deaf, integrate weighing and dimension measuring, and allow adjustable cushioning in smart shoes.
The presentation covers clocked sequential circuit analysis and design process demonstrated with example. State reduction and state assignment is design is also described.
The document provides information about the MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler) software. It discusses that MASM is an integrated development environment for assembly language programming that includes an editor, assembler, linker and debugger. It also provides examples of assembly language programs that perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on 8-bit and 16-bit data. Furthermore, it includes programs to arrange numbers in ascending and descending order, reverse a string, and calculate the factorial of a given number. All programs are developed and tested using the MASM assembler.
This document discusses interrupts in a computer system. It defines interrupts as events that break the normal sequence of instruction execution. There are hardware interrupts triggered by external devices and software interrupts triggered by internal instructions. The processor services interrupts by saving its state, jumping to an interrupt service routine, and then restoring its context to resume the original program. Interrupts allow the processor to efficiently service multiple devices simultaneously.
The document describes interfacing an FPGA to an LCD 16x2 display. It includes a block diagram, pin descriptions, timing diagrams, LCD initialization procedures from the datasheet, and VHDL code to implement the LCD controller on the FPGA. The VHDL code uses a state machine and ROM-based model with an 8-bit data line to generate the LCD initialization sequence and display text on the LCD. Behavioral and post-route simulations are shown to verify the design works as intended.
1. The document discusses different types of registers, counters, and shift registers including their components, functions, and loading/shifting processes.
2. It also covers synchronous and asynchronous counters as well as ring and Johnson counters.
3. Finally, it discusses integrated circuits and different digital logic families including TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS, and I2L.
Programmable logic devices (PLD) like PALs, PLAs, GALs and CPLDs allow complex digital logic designs to be implemented in a single device. Newer devices like FPGAs can implement thousands of logic gates, supporting more complex designs than simpler PLDs which are limited to hundreds of gates. FPGAs contain an array of configurable logic blocks and interconnects that can be programmed by the user to realize different logic functions. CPLDs have a complexity between basic PLDs and FPGAs, including non-volatile configuration memory and supporting more complicated feedback paths than PLDs.
This chapter discusses multicore computers and hardware performance issues with increasing processor complexity. It provides examples of multicore organizations from Intel, AMD, and ARM. The key points are:
1) Multicore architectures address diminishing returns from increasing clock speeds by utilizing parallelism across multiple processor cores on a chip.
2) Examples include the dual-core Intel Core Duo with shared L2 cache, and the quad-core Intel Core i7 with simultaneous multi-threading and shared L3 cache.
3) Effective use of multicore requires applications that can exploit parallelism; overhead from communication and synchronization limits performance gains from additional cores.
This document summarizes topics related to test generation for combination and sequential circuits, including:
- ATPG algorithms for combinational circuits like Boolean difference, single-path sensitization, D-algorithm, and PODEM.
- Problems with testing sequential circuits and approaches like time-frame expansion, simulation-based testing, and scan-based testing.
- Key concepts for ATPG algorithms like fault cones, forward and backward implication, essential prime implicants, and singular covers.
bus and memory tranfer (computer organaization)Siddhi Viradiya
A bus system is an efficient way to transfer data between registers in a computer. It uses a set of common lines that can selectively connect one register at a time to allow its information to be transferred. One way to construct a bus system is by using multiplexers. For example, a 4-bit system with 4 registers would use 4 multiplexers, each with 3 inputs to selectively connect the bits of one register to the common 4-line bus. Control signals on the multiplexer selection lines determine which register is connected to the bus at any given time.
The document provides information about the 74HC/HCT4020 integrated circuit, which is a 14-stage binary ripple counter. It has 12 parallel outputs, a clock input, and an overriding asynchronous master reset input. The counter advances on the falling edge of the clock input and the master reset input asynchronously clears all counter stages and forces the outputs low. The document includes specifications, pin descriptions, logic diagrams, timing diagrams, and package information.
FFEA 2016 -10 Website Mistakes Even Great Marketers Can MakeSaffire
This document provides 11 common website mistakes that marketers can make and how to avoid them. It recommends using current programming languages and plug-ins, optimizing for search engines and mobile users, including clear calls to action, prioritizing photos and video over just text, and collecting analytics to improve content and outreach over time. The overall message is that websites need frequent updates, multichannel content, and data-driven optimization to effectively engage audiences.
This document provides an overview of digital logic circuits and sequential circuits. It discusses various logic gates like OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. It explains their truth tables and symbols. It also covers Boolean algebra, map simplification using K-maps, combinational circuits like multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders and decoders. Finally, it describes different types of flip-flops like SR, D, JK and T flip-flops which are used to build sequential circuits that have memory and can store past states.
This document discusses combinational logic circuits. It begins with an outline of topics including Boolean algebra, decoders, encoders, and multiplexers. It then provides details on each of these topics. For decoders, it explains their function to decode an input value and provide an output. It provides truth tables for 2-to-4 and 3-to-8 decoders and shows how they can be constructed from logic gates. For encoders, it describes their inverse function of encoding inputs. Priority encoders and their truth tables are also covered. Finally, multiplexers are defined as using address bits to select a single input data line to output. Methods for constructing larger multiplexers from smaller ones are presented.
Analysis and design of analog integrated circuitsBadam Gantumur
This document provides information about the fourth edition of the textbook "Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits" by Paul R. Gray, Paul J. Hurst, Stephen H. Lewis, and Robert G. Meyer. It was published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons and discusses the analysis, design, and applications of analog integrated circuits using bipolar, CMOS, and BiCMOS technologies. The preface outlines updates that have been made to the textbook for this fourth edition to incorporate MOS and bipolar circuits into a unified treatment, as well as expanded use of SPICE simulations.
This document discusses finite state machines (FSMs), which are mathematical models used to model the behavior of systems that can be in one of a finite number of states. The document defines FSMs, describes their components and representations, compares deterministic and non-deterministic FSMs, and discusses their applications in areas like software engineering, hardware design, and modeling reactive systems. FSMs are a fundamental concept in automata theory and computational modeling.
1) Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems, often with real-time computing constraints.
2) Hardware platforms for embedded systems include microcontrollers optimized for control applications, digital signal processors for data-intensive applications, and programmable hardware or ASICs.
3) System specialization is important for embedded systems, through techniques like application-specific instruction sets, optimized memory architectures, and heterogeneous registers. This improves properties like performance, power efficiency, and predictability.
This document discusses an embedded systems presentation submitted by Amandeep Singh. It provides definitions and examples of embedded systems, noting they are designed for specific applications like industrial machines, medical equipment, and toys. It also summarizes key aspects of embedded system components like microcontrollers, addressing modes, and applications. Recent examples highlighted are devices that aid communication for the deaf, integrate weighing and dimension measuring, and allow adjustable cushioning in smart shoes.
The presentation covers clocked sequential circuit analysis and design process demonstrated with example. State reduction and state assignment is design is also described.
The document provides information about the MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler) software. It discusses that MASM is an integrated development environment for assembly language programming that includes an editor, assembler, linker and debugger. It also provides examples of assembly language programs that perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on 8-bit and 16-bit data. Furthermore, it includes programs to arrange numbers in ascending and descending order, reverse a string, and calculate the factorial of a given number. All programs are developed and tested using the MASM assembler.
This document discusses interrupts in a computer system. It defines interrupts as events that break the normal sequence of instruction execution. There are hardware interrupts triggered by external devices and software interrupts triggered by internal instructions. The processor services interrupts by saving its state, jumping to an interrupt service routine, and then restoring its context to resume the original program. Interrupts allow the processor to efficiently service multiple devices simultaneously.
The document describes interfacing an FPGA to an LCD 16x2 display. It includes a block diagram, pin descriptions, timing diagrams, LCD initialization procedures from the datasheet, and VHDL code to implement the LCD controller on the FPGA. The VHDL code uses a state machine and ROM-based model with an 8-bit data line to generate the LCD initialization sequence and display text on the LCD. Behavioral and post-route simulations are shown to verify the design works as intended.
1. The document discusses different types of registers, counters, and shift registers including their components, functions, and loading/shifting processes.
2. It also covers synchronous and asynchronous counters as well as ring and Johnson counters.
3. Finally, it discusses integrated circuits and different digital logic families including TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS, and I2L.
Programmable logic devices (PLD) like PALs, PLAs, GALs and CPLDs allow complex digital logic designs to be implemented in a single device. Newer devices like FPGAs can implement thousands of logic gates, supporting more complex designs than simpler PLDs which are limited to hundreds of gates. FPGAs contain an array of configurable logic blocks and interconnects that can be programmed by the user to realize different logic functions. CPLDs have a complexity between basic PLDs and FPGAs, including non-volatile configuration memory and supporting more complicated feedback paths than PLDs.
This chapter discusses multicore computers and hardware performance issues with increasing processor complexity. It provides examples of multicore organizations from Intel, AMD, and ARM. The key points are:
1) Multicore architectures address diminishing returns from increasing clock speeds by utilizing parallelism across multiple processor cores on a chip.
2) Examples include the dual-core Intel Core Duo with shared L2 cache, and the quad-core Intel Core i7 with simultaneous multi-threading and shared L3 cache.
3) Effective use of multicore requires applications that can exploit parallelism; overhead from communication and synchronization limits performance gains from additional cores.
This document summarizes topics related to test generation for combination and sequential circuits, including:
- ATPG algorithms for combinational circuits like Boolean difference, single-path sensitization, D-algorithm, and PODEM.
- Problems with testing sequential circuits and approaches like time-frame expansion, simulation-based testing, and scan-based testing.
- Key concepts for ATPG algorithms like fault cones, forward and backward implication, essential prime implicants, and singular covers.
bus and memory tranfer (computer organaization)Siddhi Viradiya
A bus system is an efficient way to transfer data between registers in a computer. It uses a set of common lines that can selectively connect one register at a time to allow its information to be transferred. One way to construct a bus system is by using multiplexers. For example, a 4-bit system with 4 registers would use 4 multiplexers, each with 3 inputs to selectively connect the bits of one register to the common 4-line bus. Control signals on the multiplexer selection lines determine which register is connected to the bus at any given time.
The document provides information about the 74HC/HCT4020 integrated circuit, which is a 14-stage binary ripple counter. It has 12 parallel outputs, a clock input, and an overriding asynchronous master reset input. The counter advances on the falling edge of the clock input and the master reset input asynchronously clears all counter stages and forces the outputs low. The document includes specifications, pin descriptions, logic diagrams, timing diagrams, and package information.
FFEA 2016 -10 Website Mistakes Even Great Marketers Can MakeSaffire
This document provides 11 common website mistakes that marketers can make and how to avoid them. It recommends using current programming languages and plug-ins, optimizing for search engines and mobile users, including clear calls to action, prioritizing photos and video over just text, and collecting analytics to improve content and outreach over time. The overall message is that websites need frequent updates, multichannel content, and data-driven optimization to effectively engage audiences.
The document outlines 5 steps to developing a smart compensation plan: 1) gain executive support by emphasizing compensation's impact on retention and the bottom line, 2) define your compensation strategy by determining goals and market, 3) develop a market-based pay structure using appropriate job evaluation and market data, 4) build pay ranges by identifying differentials, pay grades, and guidelines for movement, and 5) implement a total rewards plan by finalizing all compensation elements, budgets, outliers, and empowering managers. Following these steps can help attract and retain top talent through a compensation plan aligned with business needs.
This document provides 10 tips for brands using WeChat official accounts to build audiences. The tips include making headlines count, segmenting audiences, increasing relevance of content, being more compelling, providing incentives and rewards, using more visual storytelling, linking to other social media, inviting guest editors, turning questions into content, and creating content on location. It emphasizes the importance of high-quality, relevant, visual content that engages audiences and drives action. It also recommends tools like CMS/CRM systems to better segment and target audiences with customized content.
It’s not enough that you drink water every day. You have to make sure it’s the adequate amount and it’s absolutely safe and clean. To be guaranteed about your everyday drinking water, it would be a good idea buy water filter here in Singapore or anywhere you might be in the world.
20 Ideas for your Website Homepage ContentBarry Feldman
Perplexed about what to put on your website home? Every company deals with this tough challenge. The 20 ideas in this presentation should give you a strong starting point.
The document provides information on integrated circuits called 74HC/HCT14 hex inverting Schmitt triggers. It includes:
1) Key features such as standard output capability and static CMOS design.
2) Electrical specifications like propagation delay, input/output capacitance, and power dissipation.
3) Pin descriptions and logic diagrams showing the devices' inverting buffer function.
4) DC parameters including transfer characteristics, thresholds, and hysteresis.
5) AC timing parameters and test conditions.
Digital logic gates called NAND and NOR are considered universal logic gates because all other logic gates can be constructed using only NAND gates or only NOR gates. Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) is one of the most widely used integrated circuit logic families. TTL uses a multi-emitter input transistor and a totem-pole output stage to provide a variable output resistance and achieve high noise immunity. Key parameters for logic families include input/output voltage levels, propagation delay, power dissipation, and noise margins.
This document provides information on the 54154/DM54154/DM74154 4-line to 16-line decoders/demultiplexers. It includes:
- A general description of how the devices decode 4 binary inputs into 16 mutually exclusive outputs based on the states of strobe inputs G1 and G2.
- Key features like input clamping diodes, high fan-out outputs, and typical propagation delays of 18-19ns.
- Electrical characteristics, recommended operating conditions, and absolute maximum ratings.
- A function table showing the output states for all input combinations and a logic diagram.
- Package diagrams and dimensions for the available package types.
The SN54/74LS373 and SN54/74LS374 are octal latch and flip-flop integrated circuits with 3-state outputs. The SN54/74LS373 has 8 transparent latches and the SN54/74LS374 has 8 D-type flip-flops. Both have common control inputs for latch/clock enable and output enable and are used in bus-oriented applications due to their 3-state outputs.
1. Sequential circuits produce an active output based on both past and present inputs, allowing the output to remain active even if the input that caused the initial response is no longer present. The output of a sequential circuit is referred to as its state.
2. There are three classes of multivibrators based on the feedback path between two inverters: bistable devices have two stable states and flip between them with a trigger input, monostable devices have one stable state and one quasi-stable state of a determined time length, and astable devices oscillate continuously between two quasi-stable states.
3. A latch is the simplest form of memory and can be thought of as a single bit
The document provides information about a seminar on embedded systems using the 8051 microcontroller. It discusses the introduction to embedded systems and their components. It then describes the features and architecture of the 8051 microcontroller, including its pins, addressing modes, and timers. Examples of embedded systems are also listed. The document concludes with discussing other integrated circuits like the 8085 microprocessor, 78XX voltage regulators, L293D motor driver, LCD displays, and logic level converters like the MAX232.
This document provides an overview of interfacing concepts and the Intel 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface. It discusses the basic concepts of memory mapped I/O and I/O mapped I/O. It then describes the architecture and functionality of the Intel 8255 PPI chip, including its ports, control word format, operating modes, and pin functions. Example programs are provided to initialize the 8255 ports in different configurations.
This document presents a design for an elastic buffer using tri-state buffers to reduce power consumption, area, and delay compared to an elastic buffer design using D flip-flops. It describes elastic buffer designs using D flip-flops and tri-state buffers, comparing their transistor counts, power, area, delay, and functionality. The proposed tri-state elastic buffer design is implemented using Cadence tools and shown to achieve a 48.68% reduction in total power, 5.62% reduction in delay, and 40.98% reduction in area over an elastic buffer design using D flip-flops.
combinational logic circuit and sequential logic circuit.pptxAhmedLakhwera
This document provides an introduction to combinational and sequential logic circuits. It defines combinational logic circuits as circuits made up of logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT that do not have memory elements. Their outputs depend only on present inputs. Examples given are adders and encoders. Sequential logic circuits use flip-flops as memory elements and their outputs depend on present inputs and state. They require a clock signal and can store past input states. A television channel selection is provided as an example of sequential logic. The document also describes characteristics of each type of circuit.
The document provides information on the DM7490A decade and binary counters integrated circuit. It includes general descriptions of the device, its features, and functions. The device contains four master-slave flip-flops and additional gating to provide a divide-by-two counter and a three-stage binary counter. It has inputs for gated zero reset and set-to-nine functions for BCD applications. Tables show the BCD and binary counting sequences and logic functions of the inputs and outputs. Electrical specifications and package information are also provided.
This document discusses different digital logic families and characteristics. It describes Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) which consists of resistors and transistors, with the emitters connected to ground and collectors tied through a resistor. Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) is also discussed, which depends solely on transistors. TTL uses multiple emitter transistors for inputs and a totem-pole output for high speed and low impedance. The document provides details on RTL and TTL gate operations.
The DM74LS47 is a BCD to 7-segment decoder/driver chip that accepts 4-bit binary coded decimal (BCD) input and decodes it to drive 7-segment displays directly. It has open-collector outputs that can sink up to 24mA each to power the segments of 7-segment displays. It also has additional inputs for blanking, lamp test, and cascading multiple displays while suppressing leading or trailing zeros.
TTL and CMOS are the two main logic families. TTL uses bipolar transistors and was previously dominant, while CMOS now dominates due to its lower power consumption. TTL provides high speed but uses more power, while CMOS is slower but more power efficient. Both have evolved over time with different sub-families for various applications.
This document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller architecture. It describes the basic components of the 8051 including 4K bytes of internal ROM, 128 bytes of internal RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two timers/counters, one serial interface, and other features. It also discusses the different addressing modes for 8051 assembly language programming including immediate, register, direct, register indirect, and external direct addressing.
This document discusses input/output interfaces in microprocessor systems. It begins by introducing I/O interfaces and their purpose of enabling communication between microprocessors and peripheral devices like keyboards, displays and printers. It then describes two common approaches to I/O - isolated I/O which uses separate I/O instructions, and memory-mapped I/O which treats I/O devices as memory locations. The document proceeds to discuss I/O instructions, providing examples for 8088 and 80x86 processors. It also discusses implementing I/O in high-level languages like Pascal, Delphi, C/C++ using inline assembly instructions. Finally, it provides examples of simple I/O circuits and software to interface switches and LED
This document presents a proposed zero-voltage transition fifth-order boost converter. A fifth-order boost converter has higher voltage gain but limitations at higher switching frequencies. Soft-switching techniques can remove these limitations. The proposed converter utilizes zero-voltage transition technique to achieve soft switching and improve efficiency. It analyzes the steady state operation and develops state-space models of the converter. The objective is to design a limitation free controller and simulate the complete system to validate the performance.
The document provides information on DM74LS373 and DM74LS374 3-STATE octal D-type transparent latches and edge-triggered flip-flops. It describes the features and functions of the devices, which include 3-STATE bus-driving outputs, full parallel access for loading, and buffered control inputs. Tables provide electrical characteristics, switching characteristics and ordering information for the latch and flip-flop devices in various packaging types.
Electrónica: Receptor DTMF integrado MT8870D/MT8870D-1 (Datasheet)SANTIAGO PABLO ALBERTO
The MT8870D/MT8870D-1 is a complete DTMF receiver integrated circuit that detects DTMF tones. It has a filter section that separates high and low group tones and a digital decoder that detects and decodes the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit output code. It has low power consumption and integrates the bandsplit filter and digital decoder functions onto a single chip. The chip can be configured to meet various system requirements by adjusting the external steering time constants to select the guard times for tone detection and interdigital pauses.
The CD4047BC is a low power monostable/astable multivibrator integrated circuit that can operate in either monostable (one-shot) or astable (free-running) modes using only one external resistor and capacitor. It has wide operating voltage and temperature ranges, low power consumption, and TTL compatibility. Its applications include timing circuits, time-delay, frequency generation/division, and envelope detection. It is available in 14-pin SOIC or PDIP packages.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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1. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
DATA SHEET
For a complete data sheet, please also download:
• The IC06 74HC/HCT/HCU/HCMOS Logic Family Specifications
• The IC06 74HC/HCT/HCU/HCMOS Logic Package Information
• The IC06 74HC/HCT/HCU/HCMOS Logic Package Outlines
74HC/HCT373
Octal D-type transparent latch;
3-state
Product specification September 1993
File under Integrated Circuits, IC06
2. Philips Semiconductors Product specification
Octal D-type transparent latch; 3-state 74HC/HCT373
FEATURES input and an output enable (OE) input are common to all
latches.
• 3-state non-inverting outputs for bus oriented
applications The “373” consists of eight D-type transparent latches with
• Common 3-state output enable input 3-state true outputs. When LE is HIGH, data at the Dn
inputs enters the latches. In this condition the latches are
• Functionally identical to the “563”, “573” and “533” transparent, i.e. a latch output will change state each time
• Output capability: bus driver its corresponding D-input changes.
• ICC category: MSI When LE is LOW the latches store the information that was
present at the D-inputs a set-up time preceding the
GENERAL DESCRIPTION HIGH-to-LOW transition of LE. When OE is LOW, the
contents of the 8 latches are available at the outputs.
The 74HC/HCT373 are high-speed Si-gate CMOS devices When OE is HIGH, the outputs go to the high impedance
and are pin compatible with low power Schottky TTL OFF-state. Operation of the OE input does not affect the
(LSTTL). They are specified in compliance with JEDEC state of the latches.
standard no. 7A.
The “373” is functionally identical to the “533”, “563” and
The 74HC/HCT373 are octal D-type transparent latches “573”, but the “563” and “533” have inverted outputs and
featuring separate D-type inputs for each latch and 3-state the “563” and “573” have a different pin arrangement.
outputs for bus oriented applications. A latch enable (LE)
QUICK REFERENCE DATA
GND = 0 V; Tamb = 25 °C; tr = tf = 6 ns
TYPICAL
SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS UNIT
HC HCT
tPHL/ tPLH propagation delay CL = 15 pF; VCC = 5 V
Dn to Qn 12 14 ns
LE to Qn 15 13 ns
CI input capacitance 3.5 3.5 pF
CPD power dissipation capacitance per latch notes 1 and 2 45 41 pF
Notes
1. CPD is used to determine the dynamic power dissipation (PD in µW):
PD = CPD × VCC2 × fi + ∑ (CL × VCC2 × fo) where:
fi = input frequency in MHz
fo = output frequency in MHz
∑ (CL × VCC2 × fo) = sum of outputs
CL = output load capacitance in pF
VCC = supply voltage in V
2. For HC the condition is VI = GND to VCC. For HCT the condition is VI = GND to VCC − 1.5 V
ORDERING INFORMATION
See “74HC/HCT/HCU/HCMOS Logic Package Information”.
September 1993 2
3. Philips Semiconductors Product specification
Octal D-type transparent latch; 3-state 74HC/HCT373
PIN DESCRIPTION
PIN NO. SYMBOL NAME AND FUNCTION
1 OE 3-state output enable input (active LOW)
2, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15, 16, 19 Q0 to Q7 3-state latch outputs
3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14, 17, 18 D0 to D7 data inputs
10 GND ground (0 V)
11 LE latch enable input (active HIGH)
20 VCC positive supply voltage
Fig.1 Pin configuration. Fig.2 Logic symbol. Fig.3 IEC logic symbol.
September 1993 3
4. Philips Semiconductors Product specification
Octal D-type transparent latch; 3-state 74HC/HCT373
FUNCTION TABLE
OPERATING INPUTS INTERNAL OUTPUTS
MODES OE LE Dn LATCHES Q0 to Q7
enable and L H L L L
read
register L H H H H
(transparent
mode)
latch and L L l L L
read register L L h H H
latch register H X X X Z
and disable H X X X Z
outputs
Notes
Fig.4 Functional diagram.
1. H = HIGH voltage level
h = HIGH voltage level one set-up time prior to the
HIGH-to-LOW LE transition
L = LOW voltage level
I = LOW voltage level one set-up time prior to the
HIGH-to-LOW LE transition
X = don’t care
Z = high impedance OFF-state
Fig.5 Logic diagram (one latch).
Fig.6 Logic diagram.
September 1993 4
5. Philips Semiconductors Product specification
Octal D-type transparent latch; 3-state 74HC/HCT373
DC CHARACTERISTICS FOR 74HC
For the DC characteristics see “74HC/HCT/HCU/HCMOS Logic Family Specifications”.
Output capability: bus driver
ICC category: MSI
AC CHARACTERISTICS FOR 74HC
GND = 0 V; tr = tf = 6 ns; CL = 50 pF
Tamb (°C) TEST CONDITIONS
74HC
SYMBOL PARAMETER UNIT V WAVEFORMS
+25 −40 to +85 −40 to +125 CC
(V)
min. typ. max. min. max. min. max.
tPHL/ tPLH propagation delay 41 150 190 225 ns 2.0 Fig.7
Dn to Qn 15 30 38 45 4.5
12 26 33 38 6.0
tPHL/ tPLH propagation delay 50 175 220 265 ns 2.0 Fig.8
LE to Qn 18 35 44 53 4.5
14 30 37 45 6.0
tPZH/ tPZL 3-state output enable time 44 150 190 225 ns 2.0 Fig.9
OE to Qn 16 30 38 45 4.5
13 26 33 38 6.0
tPHZ/ tPLZ 3-state output disable time 47 150 190 225 ns 2.0 Fig.9
OE to Qn 17 30 38 45 4.5
14 26 33 38 6.0
tTHL/ tTLH output transition time 14 60 75 90 ns 2.0 Fig.7
5 12 15 18 4.5
4 10 13 15 6.0
tW LE pulse width 80 17 100 120 ns 2.0 Fig.8
HIGH 16 6 20 24 4.5
14 5 17 20 6.0
tsu set-up time 50 14 65 75 ns 2.0 Fig.10
Dn to LE 10 5 13 15 4.5
9 4 11 13 6.0
th hold time 5 −8 5 5 ns 2.0 Fig.10
Dn to LE 5 −3 5 5 4.5
5 −2 5 5 6.0
September 1993 5
6. Philips Semiconductors Product specification
Octal D-type transparent latch; 3-state 74HC/HCT373
DC CHARACTERISTICS FOR 74HCT
For the DC characteristics see “74HC/HCT/HCU/HCMOS Logic Family Specifications”.
Output capability: bus driver
ICC category: MSI
Note to HCT types
The value of additional quiescent supply current (∆ICC) for a unit load of 1 is given in the family specifications.
To determine ∆ICC per input, multiply this value by the unit load coefficient shown in the table below.
INPUT UNIT LOAD COEFFICIENT
Dn 0.30
LE 1.50
OE 1.00
AC CHARACTERISTICS FOR 74HCT
GND = 0 V; tr = tf = 6 ns; CL = 50 pF
Tamb (°C) TEST CONDITIONS
74HCT
SYMBOL PARAMETER UNIT V WAVEFORMS
+25 −40 to +85 −40 to +125 CC
(V)
min. typ. max. min. max. min. max.
tPHL/ tPLH propagation delay 17 30 38 45 ns 4.5 Fig.7
Dn to Qn
tPHL/ tPLH propagation delay 16 32 40 48 ns 4.5 Fig.8
LE to Qn
tPZH/ tPZL 3-state output enable time 19 32 40 48 ns 4.5 Fig.9
OE to Qn
tPHZ/ tPLZ 3-state output disable time 18 30 38 45 ns 4.5 Fig.9
OE to Qn
tTHL/ tTLH output transition time 5 12 15 18 ns 4.5 Fig.7
tW LE pulse width 16 4 20 24 ns 4.5 Fig.8
HIGH
tsu set-up time 12 6 15 18 ns 4.5 Fig.10
Dn to LE
th hold time 4 −1 4 4 ns 4.5 Fig.10
Dn to LE
September 1993 6
7. Philips Semiconductors Product specification
Octal D-type transparent latch; 3-state 74HC/HCT373
AC WAVEFORMS
(1) HC : VM = 50%; VI = GND to VCC.
HCT : VM = 1.3 V; VI = GND to 3 V.
(1) HC : VM = 50%; VI = GND to VCC.
HCT : VM = 1.3 V; VI = GND to 3 V.
Fig.8 Waveforms showing the latch enable input
Fig.7 Waveforms showing the input (Dn) to output (LE) pulse width, the latch enable input to
(Qn) propagation delays and the output output (Qn) propagation delays and the
transition times. output transition times.
(1) HC : VM = 50%; VI = GND to VCC.
HCT : VM = 1.3 V; VI = GND to 3 V.
Fig.9 Waveforms showing the 3-state enable and disable times.
The shaded areas indicate when the input is permitted to
change for predictable output performance.
(1) HC : VM = 50%; VI = GND to VCC.
HCT : VM = 1.3 V; VI = GND to 3 V.
Fig.10 Waveforms showing the data set-up and hold times for Dn input to LE input.
September 1993 7