7 shaft shafts subjected to axial load in addition to combined torsion and bending loads
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Shafts are designed to withstand axial loads in addition to combined torsion and bending loads. Designing shafts to handle multiple load types is challenging but important for many mechanical applications that require rotating shafts like motors and transmissions. Engineers must carefully consider all expected load cases and stresses when specifying shaft dimensions, materials, and support bearings.
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1. The document discusses the design of shafts that are subjected to both twisting moments and bending moments.
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1 b, evaluation of project
This document discusses evaluation of projects. It defines evaluation as judging the worth, value or quality of a project to make necessary decisions. Key aspects of evaluation include relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and impact. Formative evaluation is intended to improve performance during design/implementation, while summative evaluation determines outcomes at the end. Types of evaluation include participatory, process-based, outcome-based, self-evaluation and goal-based. Evaluation provides strategic, operational and learning information. Principles, stages, criteria, types, methods and views of evaluation are also outlined.
1 a, monitoring and evaluation of PM
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation of projects. It defines a project as having a rationale, goal, objectives, action plan, beneficiaries, time frame, budget, and outputs. It states that monitoring involves systematically recording observations, gathering information, analyzing data, documenting findings, reflecting on progress, and taking action or re-planning if needed. The goal of monitoring is to ensure inputs, activities, and outputs proceed according to plan and that the right things are being delivered to the right people at the right time through the correct processes.
3 industrial hydraulic circuits shapping, milling, drilling
The document describes several hydraulic circuits used in industrial machinery. It summarizes the hydraulic circuits for a milling machine, shaper machine, surface grinder, hydraulic press, hydraulic power steering, dump trucks, and excavators. For each, it outlines the key components of the circuit such as pumps, valves, cylinders, and how fluid flow is directed to enable the motion of machine parts like tables, rams, and booms.
2 maintenance of hydraulic systems
This document discusses best practices for maintaining hydraulic systems. It emphasizes that contamination control is the number one priority, and outlines various causes of contamination and failures in hydraulic systems. The document recommends developing an effective preventative maintenance and predictive maintenance program for hydraulic systems, with a focus on failure mode identification and mitigation. It also stresses the importance of education in hydraulic fundamentals, maintenance, and troubleshooting. Measurement of hydraulic system reliability is advised.
1 hydraulic troubleshooting
The document provides guidance on troubleshooting hydraulic systems. It discusses developing a systematic process including following safety procedures, obtaining documentation, isolating issues, and making predictive checks. Common problems involve pumps, valves, actuators, and overheating. Pump issues include noise, pressure/flow problems. Valves and actuators may cause low/erratic pressure or slow movement. Overheating can indicate contamination, relief settings, or internal leaks. Electrical issues can similarly impact hydraulics. Accumulators and proportional valves require specialized documentation. The key tools are the senses - sight, sound, touch, and smell.
3 c. industrial pneumatic circuit logic
This document discusses various pneumatic logic circuits that can be created using spool valves. It describes logic AND, OR, NOT, memory/latch circuits and how they function. Diagrams are provided to illustrate 3/2 valves that can be used for normally open, normally closed, selection, and diversion applications. Circuits for OR, AND, NOT logic functions and single pulse creation are also depicted.
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6 fixed assets, current assets, depreciation methods
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