7. hematopoiesis
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The document discusses hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell production. It covers the discovery of hematopoietic stem cells, their development and migration during embryogenesis, and their residence in the bone marrow in adults. It also details the cytokines and growth factors that control hematopoiesis, including early-acting and later-acting factors. Additionally, it examines cytokine receptors, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and the hematopoietic microenvironment including the stem cell niche in the bone marrow.
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Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis refers to the production and development of blood cells. In the early stages of embryonic development and gestation, red blood cells are produced in the yolk sac, liver, spleen and lymph nodes. After birth, red blood cell production occurs exclusively in the bone marrow. The bone marrow contains pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into committed stem cells and then mature blood cells through growth and differentiation inducers like erythropoietin. Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen states.
Hematopoiesis
Simplified PowerPoint on the topic - Hematopoiesis.
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Quick notes on Hematopoiesis and brief into about the types of cells are forming during the process.
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Different colors, themes and video is used to make it more interesting and easy to go through the contents.
Site of haemopoiesis
The process of formation of blood cells i.e. RBC’S, WBC’S and platelets is called as haematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis: Origin and development of blood cells
The document discusses the origin and development of blood cells through the process of hematopoiesis. It describes how hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into the various blood cell lineages through regulated stages of proliferation and maturation. Key points covered include the major sites of hematopoiesis, growth factors involved in lineage commitment and differentiation, and the morphological changes that occur as progenitors mature into red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets or megakaryocytes. The process of hematopoiesis is tightly controlled to maintain blood cell homeostasis.
Hematopoiesis by SOlomon Suasb
The document discusses hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell production. Key points include:
- Hematopoiesis occurs through hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to all other blood cell types.
- Early in development the yolk sac and liver are sites of hematopoiesis, but later it mainly occurs in the bone marrow.
- Hematopoietic stem cells self-renew and differentiate into progenitor cells through regulation by growth factors, transcription factors, adhesion molecules and other components of the bone marrow microenvironment.
- Hematopoiesis is controlled to balance cell production, differentiation and apoptosis/cell death.
Red blood cell - Erythropoiesis
This document discusses erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell formation. It outlines the stages of erythropoiesis from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells to mature red blood cells, including proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromatophilic erythroblasts, orthochromatic erythroblasts, reticulocytes, and mature red blood cells. It also describes the key factors that regulate erythropoiesis, particularly erythropoietin produced by the kidneys in response to tissue oxygen levels. Vitamin B12 and folic acid also support red blood cell formation.
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Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis refers to the production and development of blood cells. In the early stages of embryonic development and gestation, red blood cells are produced in the yolk sac, liver, spleen and lymph nodes. After birth, red blood cell production occurs exclusively in the bone marrow. The bone marrow contains pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into committed stem cells and then mature blood cells through growth and differentiation inducers like erythropoietin. Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen states.
Hematopoiesis
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By: Ms. S. ANGELINE OLIVE
M.Sc. Hematology & Blood Transfusion
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Quick notes on Hematopoiesis and brief into about the types of cells are forming during the process.
For UG and PG students.
Different colors, themes and video is used to make it more interesting and easy to go through the contents.
Site of haemopoiesis
The process of formation of blood cells i.e. RBC’S, WBC’S and platelets is called as haematopoiesis
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The document discusses hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell production. Key points include:
- Hematopoiesis occurs through hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to all other blood cell types.
- Early in development the yolk sac and liver are sites of hematopoiesis, but later it mainly occurs in the bone marrow.
- Hematopoietic stem cells self-renew and differentiate into progenitor cells through regulation by growth factors, transcription factors, adhesion molecules and other components of the bone marrow microenvironment.
- Hematopoiesis is controlled to balance cell production, differentiation and apoptosis/cell death.
Red blood cell - Erythropoiesis
This document discusses erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell formation. It outlines the stages of erythropoiesis from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells to mature red blood cells, including proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromatophilic erythroblasts, orthochromatic erythroblasts, reticulocytes, and mature red blood cells. It also describes the key factors that regulate erythropoiesis, particularly erythropoietin produced by the kidneys in response to tissue oxygen levels. Vitamin B12 and folic acid also support red blood cell formation.
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The document discusses blood cell production and erythropoiesis, the formation of red blood cells. It notes that red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow at a baseline rate of about 20% of total capacity to maintain health. Approximately 2.4 million red blood cells must be replaced every second to make up for the 120-day lifespan of red blood cells. Prolonged oxygen depletion in the blood, like severe blood loss, anemia, clogged blood vessels, or low atmospheric oxygen, stimulates the kidneys to secrete erythropoietin, which targets the bone marrow and increases red blood cell production.
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This document discusses leukopoiesis, the process by which white blood cells are formed. It explains that all blood cells, including white blood cells, are formed from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. These stem cells can differentiate into either myeloid or lymphoid stem cells. Myeloid stem cells go on to produce red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, or granulocytes, while lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes. Leukopoiesis involves the maturation of these stem cells into the various types of white blood cells.
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Anemia class for BDS students
Hematopoiesis occurs in different sites throughout development. In fetuses and infants, hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen before transitioning to the bone marrow. The bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into various blood cell lineages through committed progenitor cells. Hematopoietic growth factors regulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. Disorders of white blood cells include leukopenia, characterized by low white blood cell counts, and leukocytosis, characterized by high white blood cell counts. Reactive changes in the bone marrow and lymph nodes can occur during infections and inflammation.
Neoplasia part ii
This document discusses the molecular basis of cancer. It states that genetic damage underlies carcinogenesis and tumors are monoclonal, arising from a single damaged cell. Four classes of genes are commonly mutated in cancer - proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes regulating apoptosis, and DNA repair genes. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving accumulation of multiple genetic mutations over time that result in cancer hallmarks like self-sufficiency in growth signals and evasion of programmed cell death.
Pathophysiology of cancer spread
Cancer progression involves multiple physiological changes that allow tumor cells to proliferate uncontrollably, evade growth suppression, resist cell death, replicate indefinitely, induce angiogenesis, and activate invasion and metastasis. Key mechanisms driving these changes include autocrine and paracrine signaling, alterations in growth factor pathways and overexpression of receptors, evading tumor suppressors like pRb, resisting apoptosis through pathways like Bcl-2, maintaining telomere length for replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis through VEGF/FGF, and activating invasion through degradation of extracellular matrix and cell adhesion changes.
The cytogenetic study in hematological malignancies
Cytogenetic studies involve testing samples of tissue, blood, or bone marrow to look for chromosomal abnormalities such as broken, missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes. Cytogenetic plays a key role in detecting chromosomal abnormalities associated with hematological malignancies and characterizing new alterations to further research and knowledge. Chromosome analysis has become critical in diagnosing and prognosing hematopoietic cancers as well as identifying genes responsible for leukemias and other cancers. Cytogenetic studies provide information for patient care, treatment response monitoring, and determining prognosis.
making sperm reproductive Physiology zoology
This document summarizes the process of spermatogenesis. It discusses that spermatogenesis consists of mitotic proliferation, meiotic division, and cytodifferentiation. Mitotic proliferation increases the number of germ cells through stem cell divisions. Meiosis results in halving of the chromosome number and genetic diversity. Cytodifferentiation involves morphological changes to form mature sperm. The process is coordinated by the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and interactions between germ cells and Sertoli cells.
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17. updates and new entities in salivary gland tumors who classification
The document summarizes updates to the WHO classification of salivary gland tumors between 2005 and 2017. Key changes include reclassifying polymorphous adenocarcinoma as a single entity rather than low-grade, recognizing intraductal carcinoma and secretory carcinoma as distinct diagnoses, and grouping poorly differentiated carcinomas together. New entities in the 2017 classification include intraductal carcinoma and secretory carcinoma. The document reviews the clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical features of these tumors.
16. symposium adenocarcinoma esophagus
1) Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction arises from glandular epithelium in the lower third of the esophagus or at the gastroesophageal junction.
2) It is diagnosed using endoscopy and biopsy and staged using the TNM system. Grading is based on the proportion of glandular structures in the tumor.
3) Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies like trastuzumab for HER2-positive cancers. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, grade, and response to neoadjuvant therapy.
15. lab diagnosis of hiv
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on laboratory diagnosis of HIV. It discusses specimen collection, storage and transport. Screening tests covered include ELISA and rapid tests. Confirmatory tests discussed are Western blot and nucleic acid-based tests like PCR. Molecular assays for detecting HIV RNA are also summarized, including quantitative PCR and viral load determination. National testing strategies, reference laboratories, legal and ethical issues are also briefly covered.
13. role of icc in body fluids
This document discusses the role of immunocytochemistry in body fluids. It begins by introducing immunocytochemistry techniques for body fluids and their importance in diagnostic cytopathology. It then covers topics like specimen types, fixation methods, standardization issues, antigen retrieval, controls, and the interpretation and limitations of immunocytochemistry. The document also discusses the application of immunocytochemistry to specific organ cytology like effusion cytology and breast cytology. It notes important site-specific markers and their role in determining the primary site of carcinomas of unknown primary. In conclusion, the document emphasizes that immunocytochemistry continues to play an important role as an adjuvant tool in diagnostic cytopathology and
14.tyrosine kinase
Tyrosine kinases are enzymes that mediate cell signaling pathways involved in processes like proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. They are classified as receptor tyrosine kinases, which are transmembrane proteins, or non-receptor tyrosine kinases, which are cytoplasmic. Oncogenic activation of tyrosine kinases can occur through autocrine activation, mutations, rearrangements or amplifications. Tyrosine kinases are targets for anticancer agents, including small molecule inhibitors that bind the ATP site, monoclonal antibodies, and inhibitors of heat shock proteins. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors include Gleevec, Iressa, and Tarceva.
12.mds 22.4.2019
This document provides an overview of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). It discusses the introduction, history, classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of MDS. Some key points:
- MDS is a group of clonal stem cell diseases characterized by cytopenia, dysplasia, ineffective hematopoiesis, genetic abnormalities and risk of AML.
- The 2016 WHO classification categorizes MDS based on dysplastic lineages, cytopenias, ring sideroblast percentage, blast percentage and cytogenetics. Subtypes include MDS with single lineage dysplasia, multilineage dysplasia, ring sideroblasts, isolated del 5q, excess blasts and unclassifiable.
11. light chain immunofluoresence in various nephropathies
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on renal pathology related to monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases. It discusses various types of renal biopsy techniques and processing methods. It then covers light chain structure and metabolism and various renal diseases associated with increased light chains, including light chain cast nephropathy, proximal tubulopathies, tubulointerstitial nephritis, and deposition diseases such as amyloidosis. Special staining techniques like immunofluorescence and pathologic features of different diseases are outlined.
10. pathology of liver transplantation
This document summarizes the pathology of liver transplantation as presented in a seminar. It discusses various post-transplant complications that can be seen on liver biopsy including rejection, recurrence of primary disease, infections, and vascular/biliary complications. Different types of rejection are described like acute, chronic, and humoral rejection. The timing, histological features, and grading of rejection are outlined. A variety of recurrent and de novo diseases and their biopsy findings are also summarized.
9. automation in urine analysis
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8. flow cytometry
Flow cytometry is a technique used to analyze physical and chemical characteristics of single cells suspended in a fluid stream. It provides valuable information for diagnosis and classification of hematolymphoid malignancies by assessing cell antigens. The principle involves hydrodynamic focusing to pass single cells through a laser beam for light scattering and fluorescence detection. Samples are prepared using lysis and staining with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies before analysis using gating strategies to identify abnormal cell populations and determine lineage, maturity, and antigenic profiles for diagnosis. Flow cytometry has many clinical applications including detection of minimal residual disease and monitoring response to therapy.
5. breast carcinoma histopathology types and clinical features
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6. platelet function_tests
This document summarizes platelet function tests. Platelets play an important role in hemostasis. Various tests are used to evaluate platelet adhesion, aggregation, granule content and secretion in response to agonists. Adhesion tests include retention in a glass bead column and PFA-100, which measures closure time. Aggregation tests use turbidometric techniques to measure response to agonists like ADP, collagen and thrombin. Secretion of ATP, serotonin and granule proteins can be measured. Flow cytometry analyzes surface protein expression. Together these tests provide information on platelet function and identify defects.
2. fixatives and fixation seminar
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3. approach to_bleeding_disorders_seminar
This document summarizes a seminar on hemostasis and bleeding disorders. It begins with an overview of hemostasis and the process of forming blood clots. It then discusses different types of bleeding disorders, including disorders of blood vessels, platelets, and coagulation factors. The document outlines an approach to diagnosing bleeding disorders, including screening tests like complete blood count, bleeding time, and clotting time tests. It also discusses specific tests used to evaluate platelet function, coagulation factors, and fibrinolysis. The seminar provided an in-depth review of hemostasis and approaches for diagnosing underlying causes of bleeding disorders.
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1. pap smear seminar
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7. hematopoiesis
- 1. Presenter: Dr G Santhi priya Moderator: Dr Rajeev
- 2. Contents 1. Introduction and development 2. Hematopoiesis 3. Cytokines and the Control of Hematopoiesis 4. Cytokine Receptors, Signaling Pathways, and Transcription Factors 5. Hematopoietic Microenvironment 6. References
- 3. • The pioneering work of Till and McCulloch began to define the hierarchy of hematopoietic precursor cells using in vivo clonal assays. • Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) develop in discrete anatomical niches, migrating during embryogenesis from the aorta-gonadmesonephros (AGM) region to the fetal liver, and finally to the bone marrow, where most HSCs reside throughout adult life. 1. Introduction and development
- 5. 2. Hematopoiesis •Defination :“The processes involved in the production of all of the various cells of the blood from the HSCs are collectively called hematopoiesis” •Highly regulated process to maintain circulating cell numbers within relatively constant levels and to respond rapidly to conditions requiring extra cells . •Maintains balance between self renewal, terminal differentiation, migration, and cell death.
- 8. Stem Cells • Multipotential precursors • Stem Cell Phenotype: CD34+Thy-1+CD49f +CD38-Lin-HLADR-Rh123Lo
- 10. The Stem Cell Compartment “age hierarchy” long-term repopulating cells (LTRs) short-term repopulating cells (STRs)
- 11. Stem Cell Niches • Ligand signaling pathway • Growth factor receptor interactions
- 12. Progenitor Cells •Populations of differentiating cells that have an increasingly limited capacity to self-renew and are gradually more restricted in differentiation options. •Lineage-specific transcription factors are thought to play essential roles in this process
- 15. 3. Cytokines and the Control of Hematopoiesis Growth factors / Cytokines
- 17. 3. Cytokines and the Control of Hematopoiesis Growth factors / Cytokines Early-Acting (Multilineage) Growth Factors Stem Cell Factor (SCF) Flt3 Ligand (FL) Interleukin 3 GM-CSF Interleukin 6 Interleukin 11 Later-Acting (Lineage-Restricted) Growth G-CSF Factors M-CSF EPO Indirect-Acting Growth Factors TPO Other Stem Cell Regulators IL-5 IL-2,-4, -7, -10, -12, -13, -14, -15
- 18. 4. Cytokine Receptors, Signaling Pathways, and Transcription Factors Cytokine Receptors: homodimers/ heterodimers or heterotrimers Receptors with Intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase Domains Hematopoietic Growth Factor Receptor Superfamily Receptor Functional Domains
- 21. Transcription Factors •TFs associated with the activation of a particular lineage-specific differentiation program often simultaneously inhibit alternate lineage-specific transcription factors. •Interestingly, more than half of the hematopoietic transcription factors identified have been shown to be dysregulated in hematologic malignancies (translocations, point mutations of TF genes) •Thus, the impaired differentiation seen in leukemia is likely due to abnormalities of critical, discrete pathways of transcriptional control.
- 22. Clinical Use of Hematopoietic Growth Factors
- 25. HSC niche players in the adult bone marrow
- 26. The aging HSC niche
- 27. • McKenzie SB, Williams JL. Hematopoiesis.In: Clinical labouratory hematology, 3rd ed.Pearson;2016 p71-91. •Singh T. Normal hematopoiesis and evaluation of bone marrow and peripheral blood film. In: Atlas and Text of Haematology,3rd ed.Delhi:2014.P.1- 4 •Diseases of white blood cells, lymph nodes,spleen and thymus. In Kumar V, Abbas A K, Aster J C, Robbins and cotran patholology basis of disease. 9th ed. Elsevier Inc: 2016. P.579-82. References
- 28. • Gao X, Xu C, Asada N, Frenette PS. The hematopoietic stem cell niche: from embryo to adult. Development 2018;145:1-12 • Laffan M A, Manning R , Investigation of hemostasis, Bain B.J, Bates I, Laffan M.A, Lewis S.M, Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology. 11th ed. London: 2012. P.424-39 • Mathur SC,Hutchison RE,Mahi G. Hematopoiesis .In Bain B.J, Bates I, Laffan M.A, Lewis S.M, Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology. 11th ed. London: 2012. P.540-58 References
- 29. Thank you!!!