6.literature review lecture .PhD Education 2016
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The nature of qualitative research formulating research questio.docx
The nature of qualitative research: formulating research questions and developing a literature review
Dr Jo Cartwright
Outline for today
Research aims and objectives
Literature reviews
Exercises
Analyse good and bad examples of aims and objectives
Handout – developing your own aims and objectives
Analyse good and bad examples of student literature reviews
Literature review analysis of 5-10 journal articles of your choice
Thinking about your research area
Will be conducting a dissertation next year
Seems a long way off but it is worth giving yourself a good deal of time to think about what you want to conduct your research on
Also can use this module as a ‘testing ground’ to develop your initial ideas and receive feedback
Importance of research questions
Guide your literature search
Guide your decisions about the kind of research design to employ
Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from whom
Guide your analysis of the data
Guide your writing up of the data
Stop you from going off on tangents
Possible sources of research questions
Opposing theoretical perspectives
Contrasting perspectives on women’s choice or structural barriers explaining their lack of progression into SM jobs.
The existing literature
Gaps in the gender equality literature on barriers of SPL for homosexual couples in the workplace
Different organisational structures
Barriers for SPL take-up in flexible vs traditional organisational structures
New methods or theories in new settings
Barriers for SPL take up in the gig economy
New social and technical developments
The role of Brexit on recruitment and retention in xxx industry, or organisational responses to the ageing workforce in xxx industry.
Personal experience
Aesthetic labour in retail
SM = SENIOR MANAGEMENT; SPL = SHARED PARENTAL LEAVE
6
Formulating research questions
Most students want to conduct research into areas that are of personal interest to them
Start out with a general research area or objective
This should then be narrowed down to develop a tighter focus out of which research questions can be developed
Very open ended research is risky and leads to too much data and confusion when writing up
No or poor research questions = poor research
Framework for crafting research questions
Identifying a research question flow - chart
I don’t have a research question, where do I start? Narrow down a research area of interest
1) Narrow down an area of interest (i.e. Growth theory, monetary policy, fiscal policy etc.)
2) Within that area of interest try to answer a research question that:
Has either not been addressed before;
Or has been addressed but that you could extend in a significant way (i.e. new data-set, different econometric/theoretical approach etc.);
Or pioneer a new research area of economics (not recommended)
Note: before you identify a research question it is crucial that you narrow down a research area of interest!
Literature review ( when I don’t have a research q.
The nature of qualitative research formulating research questio.docx
The nature of qualitative research: formulating research questions and developing a literature review
Dr Jo Cartwright
Outline for today
Research aims and objectives
Literature reviews
Exercises
Analyse good and bad examples of aims and objectives
Handout – developing your own aims and objectives
Analyse good and bad examples of student literature reviews
Literature review analysis of 5-10 journal articles of your choice
Thinking about your research area
Will be conducting a dissertation next year
Seems a long way off but it is worth giving yourself a good deal of time to think about what you want to conduct your research on
Also can use this module as a ‘testing ground’ to develop your initial ideas and receive feedback
Importance of research questions
Guide your literature search
Guide your decisions about the kind of research design to employ
Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from whom
Guide your analysis of the data
Guide your writing up of the data
Stop you from going off on tangents
Possible sources of research questions
Opposing theoretical perspectives
Contrasting perspectives on women’s choice or structural barriers explaining their lack of progression into SM jobs.
The existing literature
Gaps in the gender equality literature on barriers of SPL for homosexual couples in the workplace
Different organisational structures
Barriers for SPL take-up in flexible vs traditional organisational structures
New methods or theories in new settings
Barriers for SPL take up in the gig economy
New social and technical developments
The role of Brexit on recruitment and retention in xxx industry, or organisational responses to the ageing workforce in xxx industry.
Personal experience
Aesthetic labour in retail
SM = SENIOR MANAGEMENT; SPL = SHARED PARENTAL LEAVE
6
Formulating research questions
Most students want to conduct research into areas that are of personal interest to them
Start out with a general research area or objective
This should then be narrowed down to develop a tighter focus out of which research questions can be developed
Very open ended research is risky and leads to too much data and confusion when writing up
No or poor research questions = poor research
Framework for crafting research questions
Identifying a research question flow - chart
I don’t have a research question, where do I start? Narrow down a research area of interest
1) Narrow down an area of interest (i.e. Growth theory, monetary policy, fiscal policy etc.)
2) Within that area of interest try to answer a research question that:
Has either not been addressed before;
Or has been addressed but that you could extend in a significant way (i.e. new data-set, different econometric/theoretical approach etc.);
Or pioneer a new research area of economics (not recommended)
Note: before you identify a research question it is crucial that you narrow down a research area of interest!
Literature review ( when I don’t have a research q.
Research design dr. raj agrawal
This document discusses key aspects of research design and methodology. It covers determining a research problem, conducting a literature review, and selecting an appropriate research design such as exploratory, descriptive, or causal research. Exploratory research aims to gain background information and clarify problems, descriptive research describes phenomena, and causal research identifies cause-and-effect relationships. The document also discusses experimental design, stages of the research process including defining a problem, planning, data collection and analysis, and reporting conclusions.
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Here are potential research questions that could be formulated for each setting:
A. Rural community and available health facilities:
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This document provides an overview of general research methodology. It defines key terms like research methods and methodology. It discusses the objectives, types, and requirements of research like developing a problem statement, reviewing literature, and study design. It describes different types of studies like descriptive, analytical, and applied. The document emphasizes that research must be systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable to be considered good. It provides examples of various parts of the research process and criteria for evaluating research.
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This document provides tips and strategies for effectively reading academic papers. It discusses deciding what papers to read based on relevance and credibility. It recommends making best use of academic resources like preprint sites, blogs, and mailing lists to stay updated. It explains the importance of reading for breadth to understand the big picture and reading for depth to critically examine assumptions, methods, statistics and conclusions. The document concludes by discussing how to take notes and think creatively after reading papers to develop new research ideas.
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The document provides an overview of grounded theory methodology for analyzing qualitative data. It discusses open, axial, and selective coding as the three stages of coding in grounded theory. Open coding involves preliminary labeling of raw data. Axial coding identifies relationships between open codes. Selective coding identifies broader themes by focusing on a core category and relating other categories to it. Coding frames, memos, and constant comparison are also important aspects of grounded theory analysis.
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This document outlines the research methodology process in 15 steps: (1) formulating the research problem, (2) reviewing literature, (3) specifying a hypothesis, (4) explaining the research design, (5) arranging the sample, (6) collecting data, (7) analyzing data, (8) testing the hypothesis, (9) proposing interpretations, (10) writing a report, (11) oral defense, (12) manuscript compilation, (13) expert evaluation, and (14) manuscript submission and selection. It discusses key aspects of several steps, including defining the research problem, reviewing conceptual and empirical literature, developing research, null, and alternative hypotheses, and determining sample selection methods.
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1. Research is defined as any systematic investigation aimed at increasing knowledge or solving problems. It involves studying materials and sources to establish new facts or reach conclusions.
2. Research can be exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, or predictive depending on its goal, and can be theoretical or applied depending on whether findings are tested.
3. Primary research collects original data while secondary research uses existing sources; research may also be basic or pure in nature or aimed at solving practical problems.
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The document discusses the purpose and process of conducting a literature review. It outlines that a literature review compares previous studies on a topic, provides background, and establishes importance and familiarity with prior work. A literature review develops a theoretical and conceptual framework. Key steps include researching and selecting relevant literature, reviewing sources, summarizing findings, synthesizing information, and critiquing past studies. The document also discusses evaluating literature reviews based on adequacy, clarity, impartialness, recency, and relevance.
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This document provides guidance for students on conducting a literature review as part of a professional inquiry module. It discusses choosing relevant literature sources, analyzing their content through critical reading, and effectively documenting sources. Key points covered include searching for workplace or discipline-specific sources on the topic of inquiry, using critical thinking to examine different viewpoints, and properly citing any quoted or paraphrased words or images.
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This document provides guidance on searching and reviewing literature for a practitioner inquiry project. It discusses reviewing available published and unpublished documents on the topic to understand different perspectives. When choosing sources, it's important to consider the level of criticality and where the knowledge is coming from. The document also discusses reading literature critically and capturing an author's position, as well as tips for effective searching, such as using specific search terms, Boolean operators, and databases available through the university library.
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This document provides guidance on building the foundations of a research proposal by outlining seven key steps: 1) deciding on a research focus area, 2) accumulating relevant literature, 3) becoming an expert in the topic area, 4) identifying potential project titles and a long-term research program, 5) selecting the most viable project for a thesis/dissertation proposal, 6) pursuing additional projects after completing the thesis/dissertation, and 7) publishing research findings in refereed journals. It emphasizes the importance of thoroughly reviewing existing literature to identify gaps and formulating a clear problem statement to guide quality research. The problem statement should address what the problem is, its impact, and its conceptual basis while being supported by current peer-reviewed
writing a research proposal.pdf
This document provides guidance on developing a research methodology and proposal. It outlines key components to consider such as refining a topic of research, identifying a problem statement and research questions. It also discusses developing objectives, reviewing relevant literature, and describing the proposed research design, methods, population and data analysis plan. Researchers are advised to clearly explain their study and ensure their proposed methodology can adequately answer the research questions. The document emphasizes developing a coherent proposal that demonstrates understanding of the field and makes a significant research contribution.
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Research involves systematically gathering knowledge through objective methods. It aims to solve problems by defining issues, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. The key types of research are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. Research requires carefully determining the scope, objectives, methods, and design to efficiently obtain reliable results and further knowledge.
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Research involves systematically gathering knowledge through objective methods. It aims to solve problems by defining issues, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The key types are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. Research requires carefully determining the objectives, scope, design and methods to efficiently obtain reliable results. It is an important process for advancing knowledge across many fields.
The nature of qualitative research formulating research questio.docx
The nature of qualitative research: formulating research questions and developing a literature review
Dr Jo Cartwright
Outline for today
Research aims and objectives
Literature reviews
Exercises
Analyse good and bad examples of aims and objectives
Handout – developing your own aims and objectives
Analyse good and bad examples of student literature reviews
Literature review analysis of 5-10 journal articles of your choice
Thinking about your research area
Will be conducting a dissertation next year
Seems a long way off but it is worth giving yourself a good deal of time to think about what you want to conduct your research on
Also can use this module as a ‘testing ground’ to develop your initial ideas and receive feedback
Importance of research questions
Guide your literature search
Guide your decisions about the kind of research design to employ
Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from whom
Guide your analysis of the data
Guide your writing up of the data
Stop you from going off on tangents
Possible sources of research questions
Opposing theoretical perspectives
Contrasting perspectives on women’s choice or structural barriers explaining their lack of progression into SM jobs.
The existing literature
Gaps in the gender equality literature on barriers of SPL for homosexual couples in the workplace
Different organisational structures
Barriers for SPL take-up in flexible vs traditional organisational structures
New methods or theories in new settings
Barriers for SPL take up in the gig economy
New social and technical developments
The role of Brexit on recruitment and retention in xxx industry, or organisational responses to the ageing workforce in xxx industry.
Personal experience
Aesthetic labour in retail
SM = SENIOR MANAGEMENT; SPL = SHARED PARENTAL LEAVE
6
Formulating research questions
Most students want to conduct research into areas that are of personal interest to them
Start out with a general research area or objective
This should then be narrowed down to develop a tighter focus out of which research questions can be developed
Very open ended research is risky and leads to too much data and confusion when writing up
No or poor research questions = poor research
Framework for crafting research questions
Identifying a research question flow - chart
I don’t have a research question, where do I start? Narrow down a research area of interest
1) Narrow down an area of interest (i.e. Growth theory, monetary policy, fiscal policy etc.)
2) Within that area of interest try to answer a research question that:
Has either not been addressed before;
Or has been addressed but that you could extend in a significant way (i.e. new data-set, different econometric/theoretical approach etc.);
Or pioneer a new research area of economics (not recommended)
Note: before you identify a research question it is crucial that you narrow down a research area of interest!
Literature review ( when I don’t have a research q.
The nature of qualitative research formulating research questio.docx
The nature of qualitative research: formulating research questions and developing a literature review
Dr Jo Cartwright
Outline for today
Research aims and objectives
Literature reviews
Exercises
Analyse good and bad examples of aims and objectives
Handout – developing your own aims and objectives
Analyse good and bad examples of student literature reviews
Literature review analysis of 5-10 journal articles of your choice
Thinking about your research area
Will be conducting a dissertation next year
Seems a long way off but it is worth giving yourself a good deal of time to think about what you want to conduct your research on
Also can use this module as a ‘testing ground’ to develop your initial ideas and receive feedback
Importance of research questions
Guide your literature search
Guide your decisions about the kind of research design to employ
Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from whom
Guide your analysis of the data
Guide your writing up of the data
Stop you from going off on tangents
Possible sources of research questions
Opposing theoretical perspectives
Contrasting perspectives on women’s choice or structural barriers explaining their lack of progression into SM jobs.
The existing literature
Gaps in the gender equality literature on barriers of SPL for homosexual couples in the workplace
Different organisational structures
Barriers for SPL take-up in flexible vs traditional organisational structures
New methods or theories in new settings
Barriers for SPL take up in the gig economy
New social and technical developments
The role of Brexit on recruitment and retention in xxx industry, or organisational responses to the ageing workforce in xxx industry.
Personal experience
Aesthetic labour in retail
SM = SENIOR MANAGEMENT; SPL = SHARED PARENTAL LEAVE
6
Formulating research questions
Most students want to conduct research into areas that are of personal interest to them
Start out with a general research area or objective
This should then be narrowed down to develop a tighter focus out of which research questions can be developed
Very open ended research is risky and leads to too much data and confusion when writing up
No or poor research questions = poor research
Framework for crafting research questions
Identifying a research question flow - chart
I don’t have a research question, where do I start? Narrow down a research area of interest
1) Narrow down an area of interest (i.e. Growth theory, monetary policy, fiscal policy etc.)
2) Within that area of interest try to answer a research question that:
Has either not been addressed before;
Or has been addressed but that you could extend in a significant way (i.e. new data-set, different econometric/theoretical approach etc.);
Or pioneer a new research area of economics (not recommended)
Note: before you identify a research question it is crucial that you narrow down a research area of interest!
Literature review ( when I don’t have a research q.
Research design dr. raj agrawal
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6.literature review lecture .PhD Education 2016
- 1. Literature Reviews Find out what is known about the subject Find out whether the research has been done before Build a base for carrying out research Show your expertise in the subject
- 2. Literature Reviews: Field Work Projects Read a chapter of a well known textbook Note references Formulate some questions Use questions to direct further reading Jot down answers to questions Use answers to build an argument
- 3. Literature Reviews: Development Projects Read general textbook to identify key concepts, authorities Carry out an author/subject search Read a number of books, papers and synthesise key points Write up what you have found out and explain how it relates to YOUR project
- 4. Research Methods: Field Work Projects Surveys Case Studies Action Research Scientific Experiments
- 5. Surveys A means of data collection, usually in the form of a questionnaire or interview schedule, that enables a large amount of data to be gathered about a particular subject
- 6. When to Use Surveys To explore a topic about which relatively little is known To replicate/test/extend findings of a piece of research To collect large amounts of data so that statistical analysis can be carried out To make generalisations based on quantifiable findings
- 7. Case Studies (1) “A strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence” (Robson, 1993, p.52)
- 8. Case Study (2) A case study can be conducted at any level of analysis An individual Pairs, groups Sections, departments, divisions within a company An entire company or several companies in the same or different sectors Different industrial sectors Entire nations
- 9. Case Studies (3) Use multiple methods of data collection Observation Questionnaires Interviews Document Analysis Diary Method
- 10. Action Research A research method that involves researcher(s) and practitioner(s) collaborating to bring about a change/improve a particular situation
- 11. Plagiarism – Just Don’t Do IT! Plagiarism involves: Intentionally copying someone else’s ideas or words and not attributing them Colluding(work together) with other students on work when prohibited from doing so Cutting and pasting text from the Internet and passing it off as your own Purchasing someone else’s work and describing it as your own