technicaltermsusedinresearch

1. Technical Terms
Used in Research

2. Directions: Read each statement or question carefully and write the letter of the correct
answer on a sheet of paper.
Let’s Try
1. Mean, Median and Mode are:
A. Measures of deviation B. Ways of sampling
C. Measures of control tendency D. None of the above
2. What is research?
A. Searching again and again
B. Finding solution to any problem
C. Working in a systematic way to search for truth of any problem
D. None of the above

3. 3. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
A. Searching sources of information to locate problem.
B. Survey of related literature
C. Identification of problem
D. Searching for solutions to the problem
4. A common test in research demands much priority on
A. Reliability B. Usability
C. Objectivity D. All of the above
5. Action research means
A. A longitudinal research B. An applied research
C. A research initiated to solve an immediate problem D. A research with
socioeconomic objective
6. A reasoning where we start with certain statements and conclude with a
universal statement is called
A. Deductive Reasoning B. Inductive Reasoning
C. Abnormal Reasoning D. Transcendental Reasoning

4. Let’s Explore
Research Definition.
 Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or
issue using the scientific method. ... This is best accomplished by turning the
issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer the question.
 Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous, and precise process employed to
gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts and
relationships. - (Kothari 2006)
 Research is the process of solving problems and finding facts in an organized
way. Sometimes, Research is used for challenging or making contribution to
generalizable knowledge. ... Additional knowledge can be discovered by
proving existing theories, and by trying to better explain observations.

5. Research Terms and Definitions
Knowing common research terminology helps you understand how to read and interpret scholarly journal articles so you
can more effectively apply the results to real world human performance. The following are basic research terms and
definitions.
Abstract (summary) An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth
analysis of a particular subject and is often used to
Assignment- Random assignment is how you assign the sample that you draw to different groups or treatments in your study.
Background of the study- Research background is a brief outline of the most important studies that have been conducted so far
presented in a chronological order. Research background should also include a brief discussion of major theories and models related to
the research problem
Cause and effect- Cause and effect refers to a relationship between two phenomena in which one phenomenon is the reason
behind the other. ... The term effect has been used frequently in scientific research.
Conclusion - The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have
finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of your points or a re-statement of your research problem but a
synthesis of key points

6. Data- Research data is any information that has been collected, observed, generated, or created to validate
original research findings. Although usually digital, research data also includes non-digital formats such as laboratory
notebooks and diaries.
Experiment - An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
Findings - The principal outcomes of a research project; what the project suggested, revealed, or indicated. This
usually refers to the totality of outcomes, rather than the conclusions or recommendations drawn from them.
Hypothesis - A hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete (rather than theoretical)
terms what you expect will happen in your study. Not all studies have hypotheses.
Manuscript- A manuscript is the work that an author submits to a publisher, editor, or producer for publication. ...
An accepted manuscript, reviewed but not yet in a final format, distributed in advance as a preprint.
Methodology - Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process,
and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to critically
evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability.

7. Questionnaire- A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a
series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview.
Recommendation- Recommendations are based on the results of your
research and indicate the specific measures or directions that can be taken. ...
Therefore, implications signify the impact of your research and recommendations
might be concrete steps/actions that the research proposes.
Reference- A references page is the last page of an essay or research paper
that has been written in APA style. It lists all the sources you have used in your
project, so readers can easily find what you have cited.
Relationship- A relationship refers to the correspondence between two
variables.
Research- The systematic investigation into and study of materials and
sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
Research questions- A research question is an answerable inquiry into a
specific concern or issue. It is the initial step in a research project.

8. Research Problem - A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be
improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in
practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
Researcher- A researcher is someone who conducts research, i.e., an organized and systematic
investigation into something.
Scope and limitation- Scope and limitations are two terms that address the details of a research project. The
term scope refers to the problem or issue that the researcher wants to study with the project. Limitations is the
term used for constraints that impact the researcher’s ability to effectively study the scope of the project.
Solution- Answer(s) suggested or implemented to try and solve a question or problem. A solution can be
either simple or complex and may require few resources or many resources.
Statistical tool- Statistical methods involved in carrying out a study include planning, designing, collecting
data, analyzing, drawing meaningful interpretation, and reporting of the research findings. The statistical analysis
gives meaning to the meaningless numbers, thereby breathing life into a lifeless data.

9. Title- The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good title contains the fewest possible
words that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose of your research paper.
Validity- Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If research has
high validity that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in
the physical or social world.
Google.com
Research-methodology.net

10. Let’s Elaborate
Using Formal Language in Writing the Research Paper
In writing parts of your research paper, remember to use formal language all throughout its development. Remember the following
conventions:
1. Do not use contractions.
Contractions (shortened form of words: e.g., it’s for it is, we’ve for we have) are used in very informal or conversational types of
writing. In your research paper, words should not be contracted.
2. Do not use abbreviations.
Text messages use a lot of abbreviations and short codes. Never abbreviate words in your paper because it is a formal document.
Words must be spelled out correctly.
3. Use the third person point of view in presenting your paper.
The third person is used in writing formal documents. It provides a more objective tone to the paper. Avoid using the first person
and second person points of view. You may refer to yourself as “the researcher.”
4. Use the passive voice as needed.
In writing your paper, use the passive voice for a more formal and objective tone.

11. Let’s Dig In
1. Why is research an important undertaking?
2. Why is it essential for a researcher to delimit his/her topic on a particular subject?
3. When a research considered a research? When is it not?
4. How do you choose a subject to write about?
5. How would the readers react when they read your work? If they disagree with your
topic, what would you do to defend your work?

12. Let’s Remember
Widening your Vocabulary/Constructing Sentences
Directions: Recall the meaning of the words below then, use them in sentences.
1. research
Meaning:__________________________________________
Sentence:__________________________________________
2. validity
Meaning:__________________________________________
Sentence:__________________________________________

13. 3. data
Meaning:__________________________________________
Sentence:__________________________________________
4. abstract
Meaning:__________________________________________
Sentence:__________________________________________
5. recommendation
Meaning:_______________________________________
Sentence:__________________________________________

14. Let’s Apply
Directions: Write the letter of your choice before each number.
1. It is a brief overview of a study.
A. Abstract B. Data
C. Research Questions D. Statistical Tool
2. This refers to the information that can be numbers or words that is used in research
writing.
A. Abstract B. Data
C. Research Questions D. Statistical Tool
3. It refers to the game plan or method for finding out what you want to know.
A. Abstract B. Data
C. Research Questions D. Statistical Tool
4. These are the mathematical tools based on the normal curse used to analyze data.
A. Abstract B. Data
C. Research Questions D. Statistical Tool

15. 5. This refers to the accuracy where the extent of which a test or study measures
what it is supposed to measure.
A. Abstract B. Validity
C. Scope and Limitation D. Statistical Tool
6. This refers to the target and limit of the research study.
A. Abstract B. Validity
C. Scope and Limitation D. Statistical Tool
7. This is a careful investigation or study of a subject.
A. manuscript B. research
C. Experiment D. assignment
8. This is anything that calls for a solution.
A. effect B. cause
C. problem D. calm

16. 9. This is a concept that needs to be proven through a thorough study.
A. hypothesis B. effect
C. solution D. relationship
10. This refers to the judgment or decision made by the researcher
based on the findings of the study.
A. recommendation B. conclusion
C. findings D. hypothesis
11. Data are the gathered information from the respondents.
A. True B. False
12. Questionnaires should be validated by an expert.
A. True B. False
13. The person or persons conducting a research is called researcher or
researchers.
A. True B. False

17. 14. Books, internet, published and unpublished thesis could be a reference
for a study.
A. True B. False
15. The significance of the study states the importance of the research
activity and to whom it is addressed.
A. True B. False
16. The learners of Fortunato F. Halili National Agricultural School
answered the questionnaires given by the researchers.
A. title B. research
C. conclusion D. researcher
E. reference F. background
17. Based on the gathered data, I therefore conclude that using cellphone is
one of the factors affecting the students’ performance.
A. title B. research
C. conclusion D. researcher
E. reference F. background

18. 18. Ms. Alana C. Brax prepares set of questions to be given to the students
of Grade 10 for the necessary information needed in her study.
A. title B. research
C. conclusion D. researcher
E. reference F. background
19. Celebrating Diversity through World Literature, Learner’s Material Pages
345-378.
A. title B. research
C. conclusion D. researcher
E. reference F. background
20. “Connecting the Disconnected English Classrooms through Offline
Learning Tools”
A. title B. research
C. conclusion D. researcher

19. Let’s Evaluate
The Writer as a Decision-Maker
Directions: Write a body of a research following this simple guide. (You may use another sheet of
paper for this activity).
Remember to apply what you have learned in using formal language in writing a research.
P: Purpose What do I really want to accomplish – to express ideas or feelings or to inform?
A: Audience What do my readers need to know?
S: Subject What information must I pull together on research?
S: Structure What is the most effective organization to accomplish my purpose?

20. Listening/Speaking
STEP 1 Watch a mystery or detective movies with your
classmates/siblings/parents. Discuss why the central characters were
not able to solve the mystery or crime sooner than they did. What
facts were concealed, disregarded, or overlooked? What facts finally
led to the solution of the mystery?
STEP 2 Watch a sports event such as basketball or baseball on YouTube.
Discuss the facts with your classmates/siblings/parents that explain
causes or effects of key events during the game.

21. Let’s Extend
It’s time to reflect…
Think of three (3) things you currently do to improve your writing.
Write three statements that represent ways you will try each of these
things one step beyond what you are currently doing.

22. Directions: Choose the correct definition of each statement from the word pool
below. Write your answer before each item.
_______________1. It is the description of an issue currently existing which
needs to
be addressed.
_______________2. These are the information they get or the conclusions they
come
to as the result of an investigation or some research.

23. _______________3. It is distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a
special way.
_______________4. It provides a precise summary of the paper’s content.
_______________5. It lists all the sources you have used in your project that
can easily find what you have cited.
_______________6. It is an indication of how sound your research is.
_______________7. It involves specific techniques that are adopted in
research process to collect, assemble and evaluate data.

24. _______________8. It/These is/are based on the results of your research
and indicate the specific measures or directions that can be taken.
_______________9. A person who carries out academic or scientific
research.
_______________10. It is the fuel that drives the scientific process, and is
the foundation of any research method and experimental design, from
true experiment to case study.

25. References
Dela Cruz, E. (2013, p.218). Journey to English 10. Bulacan: KLEALFS Publishing
Frodesen,J and Eyring,J. (2010, p397). Grammar Dimensions 4. Singapore: MG
Reprographics, Inc.
Gaza G. and Lazaro C. (2009, pp.139-140). Making Meaning in a Global Village
Activity Book. Manila: Trinitas Publishing, Inc.
Terminologies on Research. Retrieved June 15, 2020 from,
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/
Terminologies on Research. Retrieved June 15, 2020 from, http://research-
methodology.net/
Terminologies on Research. Retrieved June 15, 2020 from,
https://library.sacredheart.edu/
Terminologies on Research. Retrieved June 15, 2020 from,
http://www.businessdictionary.com/
Terminologies on Research. Retrieved June 15, 2020 from,