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2
3
INTRODUCTION
TO
RESEARCH
Lecture: 1
Code:
Dr Rahim Khan
Dr Rahim Khan is RM in AFAQ Peshawar Pakistan.
He is Ph.D in Educational Psychology from Srilanka and
M.A,M.Ed from Peshawar university while Diploma in “
The Global and Exploring Teacher” from Linkoping
university Sweden.
Dr Khan has designed and developed more than 24
Training manuals for teacher education and conducted
more than 500 workshops at national and abroad in
which round about 10, 000 teachers, principals and
managers participated.
He has a rich experience in providing educational
consultancies to national and international schools and
organizations such as UNICEF, Aga Khan and SRCS
etc.
Now a days Dr Khan is a lead auditor in Educational
Pre-audits as well as career counselor.
Recently two books of Dr Khan have been published
from Germany.
5
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Define Research
2. Identify components of Research process
3. Discuss kinds of Research
4. Introduction to basic terms of Research
6
ETYMOLOGY
• The word research is derived from
the Middle French "recherche", which
means "to go about seeking",
• the term itself being derived from the Old
French term "recerchier" a compound
word from "re-" + "cerchier", or "sercher",
meaning 'search‘. The earliest recorded
use of the term was in 1577.
7
What is Research?
• Research is an organized and systematic
way of finding answers to the questions or
to investigate a problem in a scientific way.
8
9
RESEARCH PROCESS:
1. Choosing the research problem
2. Reviewing relevant literature
3. Collection of data
4. Interpretation of data
5. Preparing the research report
9
Steps in conducting research
• Identification of research problem
• Literature review
• Specifying the purpose of research
• Determine specific research questions or
hypotheses
• Data collection
• Analyzing and interpreting the data
• Reporting and evaluating research
10
PROCESS COMPONENTS
1. Get started
2. Choose an area
3. Find research advisor
4. Begin research
5. Define your research (outline)
6. Identify thesis problem
7. Choose M.Phil/Ph.d committee
8. Complete dissertation (Thesis/paper/study)
9. Conduct research
10.Write dissertation
11
RESEARCH STYLES
• Modern Language Association (MLA) and
the American Psychological Association
(APA) are common style guides used for
writing academic papers.
• Where MLA is primarily used in the liberal
arts, and humanities;
• APA is used within social sciences (e.g.
psychology, education, sociology).
12
KINDS OF RESEARCH
Basic Research:
It is designed to understand principles
behind human behavior for example you
may try to understand what motivates
people to work hard at their jobs
13
Applied Research:
It is designed to solve a particular problem
in a particular circumstance such as
determining the cause of low morale in a
department.
14
KINDS OF RESEARCH
KINDS OF RESEARCH
Quantitative Research:
It measures variables with some precision
using numerical scales as you may
measures a person weight or height. You
may use likert scale to know the causes by
rating.
15
KINDS OF RESEARCH
Qualitative Research:
It is based on direct observation of
behavior or interviews and recordings. For
example you may interview ten teachers
about their teaching methods.
16
KINDS OF RESEARCH
Exploratory Research:
It researches into the unknown. It is used
when you are investigating something but
not completely sure what you are looking
for.
17
KINDS OF RESEARCH
Confirmatory Research:
where you have a pretty idea what’s going
on. That is you have a theory and the
objectives of the research is to find out if
the theory is supported by the facts.
18
19
BASIC TERMS
• synopsis
A brief summary or précis/abstract/outline
• Thesis
The original statement of an idea
• Antithesis
An argument to challenge a previous thesis
often draws on new data
• Synthesis
A new argument from existing sources
Typically, resolves the apparent contradiction
between a thesis and an antithesis
Difference between
Thesis And Dissertation
• A thesis involves conducting original
research.
• A dissertation is usually done with already
existing research work which may require
you to add your own thoughts to it.
20
If you are in the US: Dissertation is
written if your are pursuing your career in
PhD and you write a thesis if you are
doing your Master’s.
If you are in the UK: It is the reverse. You
write your thesis to obtain a Doctorate
degree and dissertation to complete your
Master's program.
21
BUT……………….
Conclusion
Dissertation and thesis are both meant to
be research papers which act as a ladder
to achieving your lower or higher degrees.
22

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1.what is research1. PhD Education 2016

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  • 4. Dr Rahim Khan is RM in AFAQ Peshawar Pakistan. He is Ph.D in Educational Psychology from Srilanka and M.A,M.Ed from Peshawar university while Diploma in “ The Global and Exploring Teacher” from Linkoping university Sweden. Dr Khan has designed and developed more than 24 Training manuals for teacher education and conducted more than 500 workshops at national and abroad in which round about 10, 000 teachers, principals and managers participated. He has a rich experience in providing educational consultancies to national and international schools and organizations such as UNICEF, Aga Khan and SRCS etc. Now a days Dr Khan is a lead auditor in Educational Pre-audits as well as career counselor. Recently two books of Dr Khan have been published from Germany.
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  • 6. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Define Research 2. Identify components of Research process 3. Discuss kinds of Research 4. Introduction to basic terms of Research 6
  • 7. ETYMOLOGY • The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherche", which means "to go about seeking", • the term itself being derived from the Old French term "recerchier" a compound word from "re-" + "cerchier", or "sercher", meaning 'search‘. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577. 7
  • 8. What is Research? • Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to the questions or to investigate a problem in a scientific way. 8
  • 9. 9 RESEARCH PROCESS: 1. Choosing the research problem 2. Reviewing relevant literature 3. Collection of data 4. Interpretation of data 5. Preparing the research report 9
  • 10. Steps in conducting research • Identification of research problem • Literature review • Specifying the purpose of research • Determine specific research questions or hypotheses • Data collection • Analyzing and interpreting the data • Reporting and evaluating research 10
  • 11. PROCESS COMPONENTS 1. Get started 2. Choose an area 3. Find research advisor 4. Begin research 5. Define your research (outline) 6. Identify thesis problem 7. Choose M.Phil/Ph.d committee 8. Complete dissertation (Thesis/paper/study) 9. Conduct research 10.Write dissertation 11
  • 12. RESEARCH STYLES • Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) are common style guides used for writing academic papers. • Where MLA is primarily used in the liberal arts, and humanities; • APA is used within social sciences (e.g. psychology, education, sociology). 12
  • 13. KINDS OF RESEARCH Basic Research: It is designed to understand principles behind human behavior for example you may try to understand what motivates people to work hard at their jobs 13
  • 14. Applied Research: It is designed to solve a particular problem in a particular circumstance such as determining the cause of low morale in a department. 14 KINDS OF RESEARCH
  • 15. KINDS OF RESEARCH Quantitative Research: It measures variables with some precision using numerical scales as you may measures a person weight or height. You may use likert scale to know the causes by rating. 15
  • 16. KINDS OF RESEARCH Qualitative Research: It is based on direct observation of behavior or interviews and recordings. For example you may interview ten teachers about their teaching methods. 16
  • 17. KINDS OF RESEARCH Exploratory Research: It researches into the unknown. It is used when you are investigating something but not completely sure what you are looking for. 17
  • 18. KINDS OF RESEARCH Confirmatory Research: where you have a pretty idea what’s going on. That is you have a theory and the objectives of the research is to find out if the theory is supported by the facts. 18
  • 19. 19 BASIC TERMS • synopsis A brief summary or précis/abstract/outline • Thesis The original statement of an idea • Antithesis An argument to challenge a previous thesis often draws on new data • Synthesis A new argument from existing sources Typically, resolves the apparent contradiction between a thesis and an antithesis
  • 20. Difference between Thesis And Dissertation • A thesis involves conducting original research. • A dissertation is usually done with already existing research work which may require you to add your own thoughts to it. 20
  • 21. If you are in the US: Dissertation is written if your are pursuing your career in PhD and you write a thesis if you are doing your Master’s. If you are in the UK: It is the reverse. You write your thesis to obtain a Doctorate degree and dissertation to complete your Master's program. 21 BUT……………….
  • 22. Conclusion Dissertation and thesis are both meant to be research papers which act as a ladder to achieving your lower or higher degrees. 22