3. Growth :
Refers to an increase in some quantity
over time. The quantity can be ;
Physical (e.g., growth in height )
Development:
Development is systematic and orderly
change, organisms experience as they
live and either gain or lose abilities.
4. 1) Physical structure or Physique -
It involves changes in terms of height,
weight, body proportions and general
physical appearance.
2)Internal organs –
It involves changes in the functions of
glands, nervous system, circulatory,
digestive, muscular, reproductive and etc.
5. 1) Continuity
2) Sequentially
3) Generality to Specificity
4) Differentially
5) Development proceeds from the head
downward
6) Development proceeds from the centre
of the body outward
7) Development depends on maturation
and learning
6. 8) Development proceeds from the
simple to more complex
9) Growth is a personal matter
10) Growth comes from within
11) Growth has certain characteristics
common at particular stages
12) Growth is gradual and orderly but
uneven
8. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
Intellectual development is all about
learning. It is about how individuals
organize their minds, ideas and thoughts to
make sense of the world they live in.
Cognitive development is the construction
of thought processes, including
remembering, problem solving, and
decision-making, from childhood
through adolescence to adulthood
10. Jean Piaget was born in 1896 in
Switzerland, and died in 1980.
At age 11, he wrote a paper on an
albino sparrow, which was published
and was the start of his famous
career.
11. After graduating high school, he attended
the University of Zurich, where he became
interested in psychoanalysis.
He married in 1923 and had three children,
Jacqueline, Lucienne and Laurent.
Piaget studied his children’s intellectual
development from infancy.
12. While studying his children,
Piaget developed theories
concerning how children learn.
His theory of Cognitive
Development consists of four
stages of intellectual
development.
13. Intellectual/Cognitive development
Cognitive development consists of
structural changes required to
accommodate new data.
The structural units are called schema
Schema is the unit of cognitive structure.
Schema is the important concept in his
theory of intellectual development.
14. Each stage is marked with a special schema
It is associated with motor activities
Physical development is related to this motor
activities which in turn decides his
intellectual development
15. Schema
Motor activities
Physical development
Intellectual development
16. Human beings inherit two basic tendencies
Organization and Adaptation
Organization: It is the tendency to
systematize responses (and combine
processes into coherent general system)
Adaptation : It refers to the tendency to
adjust to the environment
Both physical and mental functioning are
governed by these two tendencies
17. Adaptation
It is the process of creating a good fit
between one’s own schema and new
experiences one gets. It comprises two sub
processes
Assimilation
and
Accommodation
18. Assimilation : It is the fitting of new
experiences in the older stock of experiences
It is the process of responding to the
environment according to one’s existing
cognitive structure
It occurs when some thing new is drawn into
the old pattern and becomes a part of the
inner organization
Individual’s old schema does not change in
this process. It alone does not lead to
intellectual development
19. Accommodation :
It involves changing the existing experiences
(schema) to incorporate the new ones.
It involves modification of existing cognitive
structure
It is the major vehicle or means of
intellectual development
20. Equilibration
It is the innate tendency leading to the
organization of one’s experiences towards
maximal adaptation
It is a continuous drive towards equilibrium or
balance
It is proceeding towards better forms of
knowledge.
It is the dual mechanism of assimilation and
accommodation headed with equilibration which
leads to steady intellectual development.
21. Interiorisation
The process of decreasing dependence on
the physical environment and increased use
of cognitive structure is termed as
interiorisation.
22.
23. STAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Sensory – motor stage (from birth to
about two years)
2. Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7
years)
3. Concrete Operational Stage (About 7 to
11 years)
4. Formal operational Stage (about 12 to 15
years)
24.
25. STAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Sensory – motor stage (from birth to about
two years)
Characteristics
a) Absence of language
b)The stage is limited to direct sensory and
motor interactions with the environment
26. Pattern of development
At birth: Exhibits a limited number of
uncoordinated reflexes ;
e.g.,
Sucking,
Looking,
Reaching and
Grasping
27. Next four months: Uncoordinated reflexes are
coordinated in to simple schemas;
e.g.,
Trying to suck anything which is put in to its
mouth
Looking at what ever it sees
Reaching for everything
Grasping all that is put in to its hands
28. By the age of eight months:
The infant is able to react to objects outside
himself
The concept of object permanence evolves in
the cognitive structure of the infant
29. STAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
2. Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7 years)
Language development
Begins to utter words and
Development in thinking
Symbolic representation of images and
things
30. 2. Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7
years)
This stage can be further divided in to
Pre-Conceptual phase ( about 2 to 4 years)
Intuitive phase (app. 4 to 7 years)
33. 2. Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7
years)
2.2 Intuitive phase (app. 4 to 7 years):
In this stage
Concepts are formed at a more advanced
level
Thinking is carried out intuitively not
logically
34. 2. Pre- Operational Stage ( about 2 to 7
years)
Reversibility (ability to reverse)
and
Conservation (ability to see an object as
permanent even though its length, width or
shape changes)
are absent during this stage
35. 3.Concrete Operational Stage (About 7 to 11
years)
Characteristics
1. Thinking becomes quite systematic and
logical
2. Develop ability to Conserve in terms of
quantity and number of objects
3. The child is no longer ego centric
4. Develop Number concept in concrete form
36. 3.Concrete Operational Stage (About 7 to 11
years)
Characteristics
5. Learns to tackle complex concrete problems
6. Understands relationships and discrepancies
in things
7. Learns to classify things and arrange things
in the increasing and decreasing order of
size
37. 4. Formal operational Stage (about 12 to 15
years)
Characteristics
1. The child learns to deal with abstraction by
logical thinking
2. The child learns to use symbols effectively
3. The child begins to construct relationships
between symbols and concrete operations
38. 4. Formal operational Stage (about 12 to 15
years)
Characteristics
4. The child begins to appreciate hypothetical
problems
5. It begins to look at problems in many ways
6. It reflects the most advanced stage of
cognitive
functioning ( higher order intellectual
functioning)
39.
40. The teacher should. . .
Use concrete examples (mathematics using
sticks and stones)
Make directions explicit and precise, short
instructions and using action
Provide opportunity for student interactions
Give opportunity to children to do hands-on
practice
Provide a wide range of experiences (visit
interesting places)
41. The teacher should. . .
Continue to use concrete materials (use 3D
models)
Give opportunities for children to manipulate the
objects
Use technology to engage students in practicing
classroom skills
Presentations and readings are brief and well
organized (short stories>longer>complex stories)
Use familiar examples that are related to children’s
experience
Present problem solving that require logical and
analytical thinking. (discuss open-ended questions
that stimulate thinking)
42. The teacher should. . .
Continue to use concrete materials (use 3D
models)
Give opportunities for children to explore
alternative answers and develop hypothesis
Give opportunities for children to solve
problems and provide reasons scientifically
Do not concentrate on facts only but also
teach broad concept
