Ph.D Education

2. RESEARCH TOPIC
“Assessing the impact of Cultural
Factors on motivation and de-
motivation of Employees of the
Public & Private Organizations in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa”
Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Peshawar.

3. Reasons/Criteria for Selection of
Research Topic
1. Based on My MS Research
2. Relevancy
3. Importance/Scope
4. Policy Implications
Brief explanation of each is as
follows:-
Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Peshawar.

4. Basis
 Based on My MS Research
 MSThesis (An analysis of the motivational
and demotivational factors among
employees of the selected orgs. In KP).
 In PhD I would like to extend this research
work and would like to study the impact of
different macro-cultural factors like
economic, family, education, institutional
envioronment etc on the motivation and
demotivation of employees in different
organizations of KP.

5. Relevancy, Importance and Policy
Implications
 Relevancy. Relevant to my spcialization i.e.
HRM.
 Importance. Motivation, third important
function of HRM after HR Planning &
Staffing. Success of Managers depend upon
motivation of employees.
 Policy Implications: is really a practical
subject and my research findings will have
policy implications to different organizations.

6. Where I will do my Research?
 I would like to study motivation of employees
in different large public and private sector
organizations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
 Thus, all the large organizations in whole
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are proposed to be the
population of my study and employees in
some selected organizations would form
sample of my study.

7. Immediate requirements need to be
fulfilled in order to proceed further in
Research
 Some of the immediate requirements are:-
 Completion of CourseWork.
 Application for approval of supervisor.
 Discussion and finalization of ResearchTopic.
 Writing / Development of Synopsis of ResearchThesis.
 Approval fromGraduate Study Board
 Anti-pleasurism certification
 Approval fromASRB (Advance Study Research Board)
 Development of Interview schedule for data collection in
the field etc.

8. LITERATURE
REVIEW
Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Peshawar.

9. Introduction
Literature Review is one of the important requirements of
Research Thesis often required to be written after
introduction of the Research Topic.
Literature Review reflects the related research works
already conducted in your field of study, broadly speaking it
should consist of broader topics, sub-topics and studies like
yours.
Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Peshawar.

10. Structure of literature review
Introduction
Gives a quick idea of the topic of the
literature review, such as the central theme
or organizational pattern. (i.e. What it will
consist of)
Body
Contains your discussion of sources.
Conclusions/Recommendations
Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing
literature so far. Where might the discussion
proceed?
Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Peshawar.

11. Some Examples from Research “AN
ANALYSIS OF THE MOTIVATIONAL AND DE
MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AMONG EMPLOYEES
OF THE SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS AT
PESHAWAR”.
Introduction: Proper understanding of motivation
is not possible unless one has a profound knowledge
of motivation theories. Thus purpose of this chapter
is to review the relevant literature on motivation.
The critical analysis of the literature on the subject
will help in building the conceptual framework for
the research study.

12. Examples of Body/Discussion of
sources
 Abraham Maslow (1954) conducted a study
to analyze the different factors causing
motivation in people. He observed that in
each person there is a hierarchy of needs
which cause motivation.
 D.Mc Gregor (1960) focused his study on
two factors X &Y which were responsible
for de-motivation and motivation
respectively.

13. Examples
 Herzberg (1959) believed that a person’s
association with his job & his attitude towards
his work are the basic determinants of work
success or failure.
 Conclusion: It was observed that both
motivation and de-motivation are caused by
both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
 Hint. (Continuity in writing not quotations in
literature review)

14. Examples of Literature Review from Research 2
“Assessing socio-economic causes of Bonded
Child Labour in KP.
i) ILO Report 2006, “The end of child
labour: Within reach’, describes global
situation of child labour , as “the problem
of child labour at global level under three
categories a) economically active
children, b) child labour and c) children in
hazardous work.
ii) Khan (1982) carried out a survey of 100
children employed in a number of

15. commercial businesses in Lahore, Gujranwala
and Sialkot and found that main reasons of
child labour were poverty, demand of family,
struggle for survival and no other option for
sustainable livelihood.
iii) Ali & Hamid (1999) measured, “child labour as
a functional consequence of poverty, parent’s
demand/dependency and literacy level, size
of family, daily expenses and earnings of
mature labour”.

16. Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Peshawar.