5G aims to connect virtually everything and enable new types of services with different requirements than previous networks. It will require a network design that can:
1) Scale and adapt to the extreme variations in requirements of new use cases, such as mission critical services requiring high reliability and low latency, as well as billions of low-power connected devices.
2) Use a user-centric design that brings content, connectivity, and computing closer to users, treating users as integral parts of the network.
3) Provide a unified platform that can access all types of spectrum and support a wide range of new services through a scalable air interface.
Qualcomm's vision for a scalable, intelligent, and converged connectivity fabric to handle the extreme variations and requirements of this new era where the industry prepares for tens of billions of devices, machines, and things that will be wirelessly connected to the Internet and each other. At the heart of this vision are new, transformative technologies that are expanding LTE, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth to connect new industries, enable new services, and empower new user experiences. It also encompasses Qualcomm's 5G vision to meet the ever-expanding needs for this connectivity fabric in the next decade. Welcome to the future of wireless!
The essential role of Gigabit LTE and LTE Advanced Pro in the 5G WorldQualcomm Research
As the next phase in the evolution of LTE (3GPP Release 13 and beyond), LTE Advanced Pro does more than just push LTE capabilities closer towards 5G. It will also become an integral part of the 5G mobile network, providing many services essential to the 5G experience starting day one. Learn more at: https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/lte/advanced-pro
Qualcomm's vision for a scalable, intelligent, and converged connectivity fabric to handle the extreme variations and requirements of this new era where the industry prepares for tens of billions of devices, machines, and things that will be wirelessly connected to the Internet and each other. At the heart of this vision are new, transformative technologies that are expanding LTE, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth to connect new industries, enable new services, and empower new user experiences. It also encompasses Qualcomm's 5G vision to meet the ever-expanding needs for this connectivity fabric in the next decade. Welcome to the future of wireless!
The essential role of Gigabit LTE and LTE Advanced Pro in the 5G WorldQualcomm Research
As the next phase in the evolution of LTE (3GPP Release 13 and beyond), LTE Advanced Pro does more than just push LTE capabilities closer towards 5G. It will also become an integral part of the 5G mobile network, providing many services essential to the 5G experience starting day one. Learn more at: https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/lte/advanced-pro
LTE MTC: Optimizing LTE Advanced for Machine Type CommunicationsQualcomm Research
LTE MTC will significantly increase battery life, reduce cost/complexity, and enhance coverage by optimizing LTE Advanced for machine-type communications. These optimizations will empower innovative machine-to-machine (M2M) services across a wide range of use cases that demand the ubiquitous coverage, high reliability, and robust security of 4G LTE connectivity, without the high data rate requirements of mobile broadband.
For more information, please visit www.qualcomm.com/lte-mtc.
Download the presentation here: https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/lte-mtc-optimizing-lte-advanced-for-machine-type-communications.pdf
Transforming enterprise and industry with 5G private networksQualcomm Research
The 3GPP put the spotlight on industry expansion in July with 5G NR Release 16 and set the stage for enterprise and industry verticals to look at how to provide high-performance wireless connectivity with 5G private networks. With a variety of options for spectrum, different network architectures, a rich feature set to meet the demanding needs of the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and the privacy and security required for business assurance, 5G private networks are poised to transform enterprise and industry.
Watch the webinar at: https://pages.questexnetwork.com/Webinar-Qualcomm-Registration-101520.html?source=Qualcomm
This presentation is highlighting the architecture of 5G network and the need for a very efficient Management and Orchestration environnement, very automated and autonomous that monitors the network and services and trigger actions to optimize resources and meet quality of service.
This presentation provides an overview of important 5G innovations around new and enhanced use of spectrum. It also captures the current 5G spectrum status across the globe.
The Internet of Things is bringing a massive surge of smart, connected devices that will enable new services and efficiencies across industries. This requires wireless technologies to scale up or down depending on the application performance needs—to connect virtually anything. And now, LTE is evolving for low-throughput, delay-tolerant IoT use cases. The new narrowband LTE technologies (eMTC & NB-IoT) will deliver lower complexity, longer battery life, and deeper coverage for wide-area IoT applications.
Digital transformation is at a critical juncture, with a diverse range of industries making changes that signifi-
cantly transform the way people live and work. These shifts have been driving advancements in the financial,
transportation, manufacturing, governmental, and many more sectors. Innovative mobile broadband technologies,
an underlying infrastructure, are a key driving force behind the digitalization of all walks of life. With
the rapid development of 5G, an increasing number of new applications and business models will reshape
the social and economic formation.
Such changes will stimulate strategic planning regarding industry opportunities, technical evolution,
network architecture, and other areas. Telecom operators are growing increasingly concerned with the
creation of a new target network to maximize return on investment (ROI) and achieve business success while
maintaining a competitive edge for the future. Global operators are promoting early deployment of 5G and
innovative business models through continuous 4G evolution. This has led to today's business achievements
and has laid a solid foundation for the huge potential of 5G.
With a gradual consensus being formed for the entire industry, all related players in the industry chain will
develop close collaboration to embrace a brighter future for the wireless network industry.
Continuous 4G evolution, a road to 5G!
AirScale Radio Access reboots radio access for infinite capacity, invisible sites and instant innovation
Is your network ready for the 5G era? View our webinar on demand to find out how it can be done.
The mobile industry as we know it is going through a radical transformation. Just think about augmented reality, smart cities, mobile living, the Internet of Things with billions of sensors, connected cars, e-health – the list goes on.
As the future becomes ever more unpredictable, the key requirements for mobile networks are agility and adaptability. This adaptability is most effective if it takes place automatically, in the background. From network elements to mobile phone apps, we often take technology for granted, without realizing what really happens behind the scenes.
Nokia is responding to all the challenges with AirScale Radio Access, an entirely new way to build radio access networks that deliver services with unlimited capacity scaling and market-leading latency and connectivity
This presentation is focused on Automotive and 5G, the drivers, the current status and the challenges including network slicing and management and orchestration
Introducing new Cellular V2X technologies, designed to connect vehicles to each other (V2V), to pedestrians (V2P), to roadway infrastructure (V2I), to the network (V2N) — to basically everything (V2X).
Ericsson Technology Review: Leveraging LTE and 5G NR networks for fixed wirel...Ericsson
LTE and 5G New Radio are opening up significant commercial opportunities for operators to use fixed wireless access (FWA) to bring the internet to many of the more than one billion households around the world that are still unconnected, as well as to many small and medium-sized businesses. We believe that the most promising approach is shared investment with mobile broadband (MBB), using the same ecosystem, assets and spectrum bands.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article highlights the key principles for combined MBB and FWA deployments, and presents a use case that illustrates the recommended deployment approach. The actions we recommend are designed to benefit both MBB and FWA services simultaneously.
With all the potential that it holds, there is little doubt that 5G will be a game changer. Nevertheless, the business case for mobile operators remains difficult: huge spectrum and infrastructure capital investments are required and compelling economic models for monetisation are yet to be fully developed
Today, we take it for granted that our mobile devices and applications just work out of the box — smartphones can roam virtually anywhere in the world, laptops can seamlessly connect to any Wi-Fi access point & Bluetooth peripheral, and the videos recorded on one device can be played back perfectly on any other device.
The magic behind all this? Technology standards. Not only do they power a wide range of systems and devices but also bring many benefits to the broader technology ecosystem. At Qualcomm Technologies, we are leading the standardization of many key technologies that will move the world forward.
Download this presentation to learn:
- The value of technology standards, specifically in the areas of cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and video codecs
- Why standardized technologies are essential for industry growth and ecosystem development
- How standard bodies operate in a complex, challenging, and ever changing environment
- How Qualcomm is driving innovation in different technology standards
LTE MTC: Optimizing LTE Advanced for Machine Type CommunicationsQualcomm Research
LTE MTC will significantly increase battery life, reduce cost/complexity, and enhance coverage by optimizing LTE Advanced for machine-type communications. These optimizations will empower innovative machine-to-machine (M2M) services across a wide range of use cases that demand the ubiquitous coverage, high reliability, and robust security of 4G LTE connectivity, without the high data rate requirements of mobile broadband.
For more information, please visit www.qualcomm.com/lte-mtc.
Download the presentation here: https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/lte-mtc-optimizing-lte-advanced-for-machine-type-communications.pdf
Transforming enterprise and industry with 5G private networksQualcomm Research
The 3GPP put the spotlight on industry expansion in July with 5G NR Release 16 and set the stage for enterprise and industry verticals to look at how to provide high-performance wireless connectivity with 5G private networks. With a variety of options for spectrum, different network architectures, a rich feature set to meet the demanding needs of the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and the privacy and security required for business assurance, 5G private networks are poised to transform enterprise and industry.
Watch the webinar at: https://pages.questexnetwork.com/Webinar-Qualcomm-Registration-101520.html?source=Qualcomm
This presentation is highlighting the architecture of 5G network and the need for a very efficient Management and Orchestration environnement, very automated and autonomous that monitors the network and services and trigger actions to optimize resources and meet quality of service.
This presentation provides an overview of important 5G innovations around new and enhanced use of spectrum. It also captures the current 5G spectrum status across the globe.
The Internet of Things is bringing a massive surge of smart, connected devices that will enable new services and efficiencies across industries. This requires wireless technologies to scale up or down depending on the application performance needs—to connect virtually anything. And now, LTE is evolving for low-throughput, delay-tolerant IoT use cases. The new narrowband LTE technologies (eMTC & NB-IoT) will deliver lower complexity, longer battery life, and deeper coverage for wide-area IoT applications.
Digital transformation is at a critical juncture, with a diverse range of industries making changes that signifi-
cantly transform the way people live and work. These shifts have been driving advancements in the financial,
transportation, manufacturing, governmental, and many more sectors. Innovative mobile broadband technologies,
an underlying infrastructure, are a key driving force behind the digitalization of all walks of life. With
the rapid development of 5G, an increasing number of new applications and business models will reshape
the social and economic formation.
Such changes will stimulate strategic planning regarding industry opportunities, technical evolution,
network architecture, and other areas. Telecom operators are growing increasingly concerned with the
creation of a new target network to maximize return on investment (ROI) and achieve business success while
maintaining a competitive edge for the future. Global operators are promoting early deployment of 5G and
innovative business models through continuous 4G evolution. This has led to today's business achievements
and has laid a solid foundation for the huge potential of 5G.
With a gradual consensus being formed for the entire industry, all related players in the industry chain will
develop close collaboration to embrace a brighter future for the wireless network industry.
Continuous 4G evolution, a road to 5G!
AirScale Radio Access reboots radio access for infinite capacity, invisible sites and instant innovation
Is your network ready for the 5G era? View our webinar on demand to find out how it can be done.
The mobile industry as we know it is going through a radical transformation. Just think about augmented reality, smart cities, mobile living, the Internet of Things with billions of sensors, connected cars, e-health – the list goes on.
As the future becomes ever more unpredictable, the key requirements for mobile networks are agility and adaptability. This adaptability is most effective if it takes place automatically, in the background. From network elements to mobile phone apps, we often take technology for granted, without realizing what really happens behind the scenes.
Nokia is responding to all the challenges with AirScale Radio Access, an entirely new way to build radio access networks that deliver services with unlimited capacity scaling and market-leading latency and connectivity
This presentation is focused on Automotive and 5G, the drivers, the current status and the challenges including network slicing and management and orchestration
Introducing new Cellular V2X technologies, designed to connect vehicles to each other (V2V), to pedestrians (V2P), to roadway infrastructure (V2I), to the network (V2N) — to basically everything (V2X).
Ericsson Technology Review: Leveraging LTE and 5G NR networks for fixed wirel...Ericsson
LTE and 5G New Radio are opening up significant commercial opportunities for operators to use fixed wireless access (FWA) to bring the internet to many of the more than one billion households around the world that are still unconnected, as well as to many small and medium-sized businesses. We believe that the most promising approach is shared investment with mobile broadband (MBB), using the same ecosystem, assets and spectrum bands.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article highlights the key principles for combined MBB and FWA deployments, and presents a use case that illustrates the recommended deployment approach. The actions we recommend are designed to benefit both MBB and FWA services simultaneously.
With all the potential that it holds, there is little doubt that 5G will be a game changer. Nevertheless, the business case for mobile operators remains difficult: huge spectrum and infrastructure capital investments are required and compelling economic models for monetisation are yet to be fully developed
Today, we take it for granted that our mobile devices and applications just work out of the box — smartphones can roam virtually anywhere in the world, laptops can seamlessly connect to any Wi-Fi access point & Bluetooth peripheral, and the videos recorded on one device can be played back perfectly on any other device.
The magic behind all this? Technology standards. Not only do they power a wide range of systems and devices but also bring many benefits to the broader technology ecosystem. At Qualcomm Technologies, we are leading the standardization of many key technologies that will move the world forward.
Download this presentation to learn:
- The value of technology standards, specifically in the areas of cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and video codecs
- Why standardized technologies are essential for industry growth and ecosystem development
- How standard bodies operate in a complex, challenging, and ever changing environment
- How Qualcomm is driving innovation in different technology standards
Mobile Voice and Messaging: Global Trends and AnalysesAli Saghaeian
Please email me "saghaeian [at] gmail.com" for any research, consulting and training request on Mobile Voice and Messaging.
This presentation includes topics such as:
Analysis of Growth Curves in Mobile
Telco Voice Standards and Roadmap
Mobile Voice Revenue Growth Curves
Global VoLTE and VoWi-Fi Market
Messaging Case Studies Worldwide
Cannibalization of Voice and Messaging
OTT Messaging Traffic Worldwide
OTT Role in Telco’s Business Revolution
Over 1 billion more people will use mobile phones by 2020 compared to 2015. Ten countries will account for 70% of this growth, with India leading an Asian charge that will account for 55% of global subscriber growth. This will rebalance the concentration of consumer purchasing power and technology innovation. The platform economy uses smartphones, software and open APIs to create and scale new digital marketplaces for a huge range of services and products
Billions of connected devices and things. Billions of people. 5G will provide connectivity for all of these things and people as well as businesses and industry, bringing benefit to society. Operating machinery in hazardous environments from a remote control will be enabled through near-zero latency communication links that enable real-time video. Billions of video-enabled devices will be able to share bandwidth-hungry content. These are just a few applications that illustrate what 5G will be designed for.
Future European society and economy will strongly rely on 5G infrastructure.
The impact will go far beyond existing wireless access networks with the aim for communication services, reachable everywhere, all the time, and faster. 5G is an opportunity for the European ICT sector which is already well positioned in the global R&D race. 5G technologies will be adopted and deployed globally in alignment with developed and emerging markets’ needs.
The fifth generation (5G) technologies ushering in a new era of digital transformation across industries. With the promise of extreme bandwidth ( nearly 100 times faster than 4G),
ultra-low latency, high levels of security and reliability, 5G holds the promise to transform industries in ways we’re just
beginning to comprehend. The 5G technologies will change the way we connect, consume information and work. More importantly, it brings new capabilities to businesses, enabling them to deliver ground breaking solutions that reach across societies. This whitepaper provides a brief discussion on 5G technologies and importance of precise synchronization to enable 5G technologies for business transformation.
In the global telecom market, no technology has been as heavily hyped as much as 5G, with both service
providers and vendors predicting that 5G networks will enable a new generation of high-bandwidth,
ultra-reliable, massively scalable mobile services.
The fifth generation of wireless technology, commonly known as 5G, is poised to revolutionize connectivity by delivering faster speeds, lower latency, and higher capacity than its predecessors. This beginner's guide aims to provide an overview of 5G technology, its key features, potential applications, and its impact on various industries. By the end of this article, you'll have a solid understanding of 5G and its transformative potential
#5g #knowledgeculture #wireless
Wireless communication technology takes a leap about every ten years, and every generation has fundamentally changed the world. For the next-generation 5G communications technology, the industry's more consistent goal is to achieve commercial deployment in 2020. In 2015, the global development of 5G technology entered a crucial period for technical R&D and standardization preparation. It has completed the key content of the 5th generation of mobile communication naming, vision, and timetable, and initiated the 5G standard before this year. Compared to previous generations of networks, 5G will play a bigger role - create a connection framework for everything.
We have seen all the mobile broadband technologies like 1G, 2G, 3G and most recent 4G and upcoming is 5G. And they were very successful and motivated by the need to meet the requirement of the mobile users.
5G wireless networks will support 1,000-fold gains
in capacity, connections for at least 100 billion
devices, and a 10 Gb/s individual user experience
capable of extremely low latency and response times.
Deployment of these networks will emerge between
2020 and 2030.
5G is not just another number. It's the next generation of mobile technology that will revolutionize the way we live, work, and communicate. We'll move seamlessly among networks with download speeds 100 times faster than 4G LTE. We'll see an explosion of new applications for this technology, from connected vehicles to remote medical care. 5G will connect industries like manufacturing and logistics to the global digital economy.
Understanding 5G: Perspectives on future technological advancements in mobile.
1. What is (and what isn’t) 5G?
2. What are the real 5G use cases?
3. What are the implications of 5G for mobile operators?
Get up to date with the latest 5G knowledge.
The 80 page guide covers the following information and more:
5G mobile broadband objective
5G requirements
Air interfaces for high data rates
Future testing intruments
Introduction to the 5G waveform
Detailed analysis of FBMC waveforms
Generative AI models, such as ChatGPT and Stable Diffusion, can create new and original content like text, images, video, audio, or other data from simple prompts, as well as handle complex dialogs and reason about problems with or without images. These models are disrupting traditional technologies, from search and content creation to automation and problem solving, and are fundamentally shaping the future user interface to computing devices. Generative AI can apply broadly across industries, providing significant enhancements for utility, productivity, and entertainment. As generative AI adoption grows at record-setting speeds and computing demands increase, on-device and hybrid processing are more important than ever. Just like traditional computing evolved from mainframes to today’s mix of cloud and edge devices, AI processing will be distributed between them for AI to scale and reach its full potential.
In this presentation you’ll learn about:
- Why on-device AI is key
- Full-stack AI optimizations to make on-device AI possible and efficient
- Advanced techniques like quantization, distillation, and speculative decoding
- How generative AI models can be run on device and examples of some running now
- Qualcomm Technologies’ role in scaling on-device generative AI
As generative AI adoption grows at record-setting speeds and computing demands increase, hybrid processing is more important than ever. But just like traditional computing evolved from mainframes and thin clients to today’s mix of cloud and edge devices, AI processing must be distributed between the cloud and devices for AI to scale and reach its full potential. In this talk you’ll learn:
• Why on-device AI is key
• Which generative AI models can run on device
• Why the future of AI is hybrid
• Qualcomm Technologies’ role in making hybrid AI a reality
Qualcomm Webinar: Solving Unsolvable Combinatorial Problems with AIQualcomm Research
How do you find the best solution when faced with many choices? Combinatorial optimization is a field of mathematics that seeks to find the most optimal solutions for complex problems involving multiple variables. There are numerous business verticals that can benefit from combinatorial optimization, whether transport, supply chain, or the mobile industry.
More recently, we’ve seen gains from AI for combinatorial optimization, leading to scalability of the method, as well as significant reductions in cost. This method replaces the manual tuning of traditional heuristic approaches with an AI agent that provides a fast metric estimation.
In this presentation you will find out:
Why AI is crucial in combinatorial optimization
How it can be applied to two use cases: improving chip design and hardware-specific compilers
The state-of-the-art results achieved by Qualcomm AI Research
- There is a rich roadmap of 5G technologies coming in the second half of the 5G decade with the 5G Advanced evolution
- 6G will be the future innovation platform for 2030 and beyond building on the 5G Advanced foundation
- 6G will be more than just a new radio design, expanding the role of AI, sensing and others in the connected intelligent edge
- Qualcomm is leading cutting-edge wireless research across six key technology vectors on the path to 6G
3D perception is crucial for understanding the real world. It offers many benefits and new capabilities over 2D across diverse applications, from XR and autonomous driving to IOT, camera, and mobile. 3D perception with machine learning is creating the new state of the art (SOTA) in areas, such as depth estimation, object detection, and neural scene representation. Making these SOTA neural networks feasible for real-world deployment on mobile devices constrained by power, thermal, and performance has been a challenge. Qualcomm AI Research has developed not only novel AI techniques for 3D perception but also full-stack AI optimizations to enable real-world deployments and energy-efficient solutions. This presentation explores the latest research that is enabling efficient 3D perception while maintaining neural network model accuracy. You’ll learn about:
- The advantages of 3D perception over 2D and the need for 3D perception across applications
- Advancements in 3D perception research by Qualcomm AI Research
- Our future 3D perception research directions
5G is going mainstream across the globe, and this is an exciting time to harness the low latency and high capacity of 5G to enable the metaverse. A distributed-compute architecture across device and cloud can enable rich extended reality (XR) user experiences. Virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) are ready for deployment in private networks, while augmented reality (AR) for wide area networks can be enabled in the near term with Wi-Fi powered AR glasses paired with a 5G-enabled phone. Device APIs enabling application adaptation is critical for good user experience. 5G standards are evolving to support the deployment of AR glasses at a large scale and setting the stage for 6G-era with the merging of the physical, digital, and virtual worlds. Techniques like perception-enhanced wireless offer significant potential to improve user experience. Qualcomm Technologies is enabling the XR industry with platforms, developer SDKs, and reference designs.
Check out this webinar to learn:
• How 5G and distributed-compute architectures enable the metaverse
• The latest results from our boundless XR 5G/6G testbed, including device APIs and perception-enhanced wireless
• 5G standards evolution for enhancing XR applications and the road to 6G
• How Qualcomm Technologies is enabling the industry with platforms, SDKs, and reference designs
AI model efficiency is crucial for making AI ubiquitous, leading to smarter devices and enhanced lives. Besides the performance benefit, quantized neural networks also increase power efficiency for two reasons: reduced memory access costs and increased compute efficiency.
The quantization work done by the Qualcomm AI Research team is crucial in implementing machine learning algorithms on low-power edge devices. In network quantization, we focus on both pushing the state-of-the-art (SOTA) in compression and making quantized inference as easy to access as possible. For example, our SOTA work on oscillations in quantization-aware training that push the boundaries of what is possible with INT4 quantization. Furthermore, for ease of deployment, the integer formats such as INT16 and INT8 give comparable performance to floating point, i.e., FP16 and FP8, but have significantly better performance-per-watt performance. Researchers and developers can make use of this quantization research to successfully optimize and deploy their models across devices with open-sourced tools like AI Model Efficiency Toolkit (AIMET).
Presenters: Tijmen Blankevoort and Chirag Patel
Bringing AI research to wireless communication and sensingQualcomm Research
AI for wireless is already here, with applications in areas such as mobility management, sensing and localization, smart signaling and interference management. Recently, Qualcomm Technologies has prototyped the AI-enabled air interface and launched the Qualcomm 5G AI Suite. These developments are possible thanks to expertise in both wireless and machine learning from over a decade of foundational research in these complementing fields.
Our approach brings together the modeling flexibility and computational efficiency of machine learning and the out-of-domain generalization and interpretability of wireless domain expertise.
In this webinar, Qualcomm AI Research presents an overview of state-of-the-art research at the intersection of the two fields and offers a glimpse into the future of the wireless industry.
Qualcomm AI Research is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Speakers:
Arash Behboodi, Machine Learning Research Scientist (Senior Staff Engineer/Manager), Qualcomm AI Research Daniel Dijkman, Machine Learning Research Scientist (Principal Engineer), Qualcomm AI Research
How will sidelink bring a new level of 5G versatility.pdfQualcomm Research
Today, the 5G system mainly operates on a network-to-device communication model, exemplified by enhanced mobile broadband use cases where all data transmissions are between the network (i.e., base station) and devices (e.g., smartphone). However, to fully deliver on the original 5G vision of supporting diverse devices, services, and deployment scenarios, we need to expand the 5G topology further to reach new levels of performance and efficiency.
That is why sidelink communication was introduced in 3GPP standards, designed to facilitate direct communication between devices, independent of connectivity via the cellular infrastructure. Beyond automotive communication, it also benefits many other 5G use cases such as IoT, mobile broadband, and public safety.
5G is designed to serve an unprecedented range of capabilities with a single global standard. With enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive IoT (mIoT), and mission-critical IoT, the three pillars of 5G represent extremes in performance and associated complexity. For IoT services, NB-IoT and eMTC devices prioritize low power consumption and the lowest complexity for wide-area deployments (LPWA), while enhanced ultra-reliable, low-latency communication (eURLLC), along with time-sensitive networking (TSN), delivers the most stringent use case requirements. But there exists an opportunity to more efficiently address a broad range of mid-tier applications with capabilities ranging between these extremes.
In 5G NR Release 17, 3GPP introduced a new tier of reduced capability (RedCap) devices, also known as NR-Light. It is a new device platform that bridges the capability and complexity gap between the extremes in 5G today with an optimized design for mid-tier use cases. With the recent standards completion, NR-Light is set to efficiently expand the 5G universe to connect new frontiers.
Download this presentation to learn:
• What NR-Light is and why it can herald the next wave of 5G expansion
• How NR-Light is accelerating the growth of the connected intelligent edge
• Why NR-Light is a suitable 5G migration path for mid-tier LTE devices
Realizing mission-critical industrial automation with 5GQualcomm Research
Manufacturers seeking better operational efficiencies, with reduced downtime and higher yield, are at the leading edge of the Industry 4.0 transformation. With mobile system components and reliable wireless connectivity between them, flexible manufacturing systems can be reconfigured quickly for new tasks, to troubleshoot issues, or in response to shifts in supply and demand.
There is a long history of R&D collaboration between Bosch Rexroth and Qualcomm Technologies for the effective application of these 5G capabilities to industrial automation use cases. At the Robert Bosch Elektronik GmbH factory in Salzgitter, Germany, this collaboration has reached new heights.
Download this deck to learn how:
• Qualcomm Technologies and Bosch Rexroth are collaborating to accelerate the Industry 4.0 transformation
• 5G technologies deliver key capabilities for mission-critical industrial automation
• Distributed control solutions can work effectively across 5G TSN networks
• A single 5G technology platform solves connectivity and positioning needs for flexible manufacturing
3GPP Release 17: Completing the first phase of 5G evolutionQualcomm Research
This presentation summarizes 5G NR Release 17 projects that was completed in March 2022. It further enhances 5G foundation and expands into new devices, use cases, verticals.
AI firsts: Leading from research to proof-of-conceptQualcomm Research
AI has made tremendous progress over the past decade, with many advancements coming from fundamental research from many decades ago. Accelerating the pipeline from research to commercialization has been daunting since scaling technologies in the real world faces many challenges beyond the theoretical work done in the lab. Qualcomm AI Research has taken on the task of not only generating novel AI research but also being first to demonstrate proof-of-concepts on commercial devices, enabling technology to scale in the real world. This presentation covers:
The challenges of deploying cutting-edge research on real-world mobile devices
How Qualcomm AI Research is solving system and feasibility challenges with full-stack optimizations to quickly move from research to commercialization
Examples where Qualcomm AI Research has had industrial or academic firsts
Setting off the 5G Advanced evolution with 3GPP Release 18Qualcomm Research
In December 2021, 3GPP has reached a consensus on the scope of 5G NR Release 18. This is a significant milestone marking the beginning of 5G Advanced — the second wave of wireless innovations that will fulfill the 5G vision. Release 18 will build on the solid foundation set by Releases 15, 16, and 17, and it sets the longer-term evolution direction of 5G and beyond. This release will encompass a wide range of new and enhancement projects, ranging from improved MIMO and application of AI/ML-enabled air interface to extended reality optimizations and broader IoT support.
Cellular networks have facilitated positioning in addition to voice or data communications from the beginning, since 2G, and we’ve since grown to rely on positioning technology to make our lives safer, simpler, more productive, and even fun. Cellular positioning complements other technologies to operate indoors and outdoors, including dense urban environments where tall buildings interfere with satellite positioning. It works whether we’re standing still, walking, or in a moving vehicle. With 5G, cellular positioning breaks new ground to bring robust precise positioning indoors and outdoors, to meet even the most demanding Industry 4.0 needs.
As we look to the future, the Connected Intelligent Edge will bring a new dimension of positional insight to a broad range of devices, improving wireless use cases still under development. We’re already charting the course to 5G Advanced and beyond by working on the evolution of cellular positioning technology to include RF sensing for situational awareness.
Download the deck to learn more.
The need for intelligent, personalized experiences powered by AI is ever-growing. Our devices are producing more and more data that could help improve our AI experiences. How do we learn and efficiently process all this data from edge devices while maintaining privacy? On-device learning rather than cloud training can address these challenges. In this presentation, we’ll discuss:
- Why on-device learning is crucial for providing intelligent, personalized experiences without sacrificing privacy
- Our latest research in on-device learning, including few-shot learning, continuous learning, and federated learning
- How we are solving system and feasibility challenges to move from research to commercialization
This presentation outlines the synergistic nature of 5G and AI -- two disruptive areas of innovations that can change the world. It illustrates the benefits of adopting AI for the advancements of 5G, as well as showcases the latest progress made by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Data compression has increased by leaps and bounds over the years due to technical innovation, enabling the proliferation of streamed digital multimedia and voice over IP. For example, a regular cadence of technical advancement in video codecs has led to massive reduction in file size – in fact, up to a 1000x reduction in file size when comparing a raw video file to a VVC encoded file. However, with the rise of machine learning techniques and diverse data types to compress, AI may be a compelling tool for next-generation compression, offering a variety of benefits over traditional techniques. In this presentation we discuss:
- Why the demand for improved data compression is growing
- Why AI is a compelling tool for compression in general
- Qualcomm AI Research’s latest AI voice and video codec research
- Our future AI codec research work and challenges
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
3. 3
Contents
1 Executive summary — connecting, enabling, empowering 4
2 Not just a new generation, but a new kind of network 5
3 Scalability and adaptability across extreme variations of requirements 6
4 A user-centric design 8
4.1 User-centric connectivity — where devices are no longer just endpoints 8
4.2 User-centric network — distributed and virtualized 10
5 A unified platform for expanded connectivity needs 10
5.1 A Unified Air Interface for all spectrum and services 11
5.2 Leveraging 4G Investments, in parallel to 5 12
6 Driving 4G to its full potential, in parallel to 5G 13
7 Conclusion 15
5.2 Leveraging 4G Investments
4.1 User-centric connectivity — where devices are no longer just endpoints
4. 4
Generational shifts in the world of technology capture the imagination, and promising the opportunity to push the envelope and do
things in entirely new ways. The story of 5G is no different, it will be a transformational force that enables new services, connects
new industries, and empowers new user experiences for the next decade—and beyond.
5G promises to deliver much more than just higher data rates and more capacity. It targets new kinds of ultra-reliable, mission-
critical services. Examples include, applications that will allow doctors to remotely control medical procedures or give consumers
new levels of control over their homes or cars, and beyond. 5G aims to effectively connect virtually everything—from simple
sensors to complex robots, all while further enhancing traditional mobile broadband service. That means next generation of
applications, services and use cases will have extreme variation in requirements. To meet this challenge, 5G will require a whole
new user-centric design that can scale and adapt to billions of connected things, provide new ways of connecting everything, and
enhance cost and energy efficiency.
This user-centric design approach represents a new way of thinking about networks and devices. From a connectivity perspective,
users will no longer be mere end-points, they will be integral parts of the network, creating “edgeless” connectivity. But it’s not only
connectivity 5G is after, also computing and content need to be distributed closer to the actual user, be it, human, vehicle, machine
or “thing” as it is sometimes referred to as.
5G is envisioned to be a unified platform for all types of spectrum and bands, from low bands below 1 GHz to emerging higher
bands like mmWave, supporting a wide range of new kinds of services, while offering opportunity for new deployment, subscription,
charging and business models. A key enabler is a unified air interface design that is scalable and adaptable across all these
spectrum and service types.
While 5G continues to be defined, with commercialization anticipated around 2020, 4G continues to evolve in parallel.
Enhancements to 4G will bring new capabilities far beyond what is possible today, and steer LTE Advanced in the same
transformational path envisioned for 5G. Multimode devices and simultaneous 5G, 4G, and Wi-Fi connectivity will allow for a
seamless and phased 5G introduction. Furthermore, 5G’s single core network is envisioned to support 4G and Wi-Fi access,
ensuring that operators’ current and future investments are protected.
The mobile industry ecosystem is intently focused on making the 5G vision a reality, and is working together on many fronts to
invent the next generation of mobile experiences.
1 Executive summary — connecting, enabling, empowering
5. 5
Mobile is already the biggest technology platform in the history. 3G introduced the concept of mobile broadband, and the
popularity of smartphones combined with the advent of 4G resulted in the explosion of ever-increasing mobile data traffic that
we call the 1000x mobile data challenge. Thanks to the rapid development of mobile computing and the robust LTE Advanced
roadmap, the industry is on track to meet the challenge. The 1000x challenge is being addressed by 3G, 4G, and Wi-Fi, and through
the growing deployment of small cells along with more spectrum.
2 Not just a new generation, but a new kind of network
Given that positive prognosis for the future, the question arises, why do we need 5G, and what can it do for us that 4G can’t?
The answer is that the vision for 5G is to not only provide better broadband with higher capacity and higher data rates at much
lower cost, but also to address entirely new challenges that span far beyond, to enable new services, empower new types of user
experiences, and connect new industries.
Looking beyond today’s trends, 5G aims to connect virtually everything, to go beyond needs of what humans can currently
perceive, to meet requirements for new classes of services, with new levels of reliability and latency, and to bring new capabilities
for control, discovery, and awareness to life. A vision of this magnitude requires not just a new way of thinking but a different kind
of a network. 4G LTE initially provided better mobile broadband, but LTE Advanced in many ways is already heading in the same
transformational direction as 5G.
6. 6
So, what does this new kind of network entail? Such a network could be defined by three characteristics:
SCALABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY
5G will have the ability to scale and adapt across an extreme variation of use cases such as uniform, fiber-like broadband
everywhere (not just higher peak data rates) services; ultra-reliable, mission-critical services such as controlling the power
grid or remote medical procedures (where failure is not an option); and connecting everything from simple sensors to complex
robots, which also means supporting billions of ultra-low energy devices needing expansive coverage, at very-low data rates
and at ultra-low cost.
USER CENTRIC DESIGN
The design approach for 5G is rooted in keeping the user at its center. Whether the user is a human, a device, or a “thing,”
it will bring content, connectivity, and computing close to the user. For connectivity, users are more than mere end points,
they are integral parts of the network (offering “edgeless” connectivity). This distributed approach combined with virtualized
network functions will not only reduce latency, but also significantly improve cost and energy efficiency, which are key
objectives for any new-generation technology.
UNIFIED PLATFORM
5G will unify access across all types of spectrum and bands, unify all that has been added to 4G, (such as LTE broadcast),
and improve upon new, broader dimensions (beyond that of previous generations) to enable a wide range of new kinds of
services. And the unified platform needs to be scalable for new deployment, business and pricing models as well as be suited
for realizing new breeds of applications, services and use cases. A key enabler in this is the unified air interface that is scalable
and adaptable across all spectrum types and across an extreme variation of services.
As evidenced by its defining characteristics, 5G is not just a new generation of technology, but a fundamentally new kind of a
network needed to address the expanded connectivity needs of the next decade and beyond.
Scalability and adaptability across extreme variations of requirements3
The stated aim of 5G is to enable new kinds of services, connecting new industries, and empowering new user experiences. The
needs of existing and new use cases are vastly different on many dimensions. Extreme improvements in one dimension generally
requires a tradeoff in another dimension. In other words, one can’t get ultra-high reliability and ultra-low cost at the same time, so
5G has to scale up to right level of performance for one service, but scale down in cost for another service.
7. 7
For example, new mission-critical services need highly-reliable links because failure is not an option and down time is absolutely
not permissible. Ultra-low latency is a must because of the immediate nature of action needed. Finally, high security and flawless
mobility are absolute requirements for many of these kinds of services.
On the other hand, when you consider the massive number of connected “things” anticipated in the future (e.g., integrated sensors
in many personal, industrial, and enterprise applications), many of those things need to offer ultra-low energy consumption, years
of battery life, deep coverage to reach very unconventional places, and relatively slow data rates, all at an extremely low cost.
At the same time, the next generation of mobile broadband services will have the ability to scale up and aggregate much wider
spectrum in order to provide much higher performance and peak data rates, consistently high data rates uniformly across the
coverage area, along with the ability to incorporate other dimensions of improvement. The addition of contextual awareness will
enable differentiated services and enhance user experiences, but also allow the networks to be optimized for cost and energy
efficiency. Case in point, if the network knows how the connectivity is to be used, e.g., for stationary use cases only, then the
network does not need to provision for certain network functions needed for mobility. Having that capability will reduce costs
and save energy. The key is that 5G will allow extreme use cases like these to coexist in the same unified 5G design, without
compromising the performance of each other.
People have an uncanny ability to apply technology in unexpected ways; we are certainly not be able to imagine all the
opportunities the ultra reliable, ultra-low latency and secure 5G link will enable in 2020. So apart from addressing extreme varieties
of known use cases, it should also have the ability to scale and adapt to use cases that have yet to be imagined.
8. 8
4 A user-centric design
To scale for billions of connected things, reduce latency, and improve cost and energy efficiency, 5G needs a holistic approach
that keeps the user at the center. This means, bringing not only connectivity, but computing and content close to the user.
Depending on the use case, the user could be a human with a device or wearable, a connected thing such as a sensor, or a
connected vehicle such as a car. Bringing the connectivity, computing and content closer to the user is of paramount importance
to provide instant and immersive visual and audio experiences based on real-time input from on-device cameras and sensors,
on-device content (or content cached at the network edge), as well as a way to utilize new ways of discovering and connecting
directly to relevant things around the user.
User-centric connectivity — where devices are no longer just endpoints4.1
A good way to understand this user-
centric approach is to contrast it with
a traditional network-centric or cloud-
centric approach (a.k.a. hub and spoke
architecture). In these approaches, the
network centrally controls of the system
and orchestrates the connectivity to
endpoints, and content flow to and
between the endpoints, as well as with
the external world.
With the user-centric approach,
network intelligence and control are
also distributed closer to the users—
sometimes referred to as the “edge” of
the network.
In a world with billions of connected things, 5G will make it possible for the user to connect to relevant things that are nearby
and, in many cases that connection will be made directly, without having to go back and forth through a central network. In 5G
where connectivity is user-centric, the user is no longer the endpoint of the network, but rather an integral part of it. New ways of
connecting will be possible. Devices will connect with one another directly, for both discovery and communication.
9. 9
Devices will “multi-hop,” relaying connectivity to things around the user (and the device), as explained below.
• Device-to-device connectivity seeks out (discovers) relevant information within proximity of the user, and has the ability
to communicate directly with other devices. Already introduced in 4G, the proximal discovery concept will be leveraged
and expanded further in 5G.
• Multi-hop is a mode of connectivity where devices act as hubs and relays for other devices, even forming a mesh network.
It will be controlled by operators utilizing their licensed spectrum, as well as by users using unlicensed spectrum. A sample
use case is in machine-to-machine (m2m) communication where a simple device lacks the power needed to reach macro
towers or small cells. In such a scenario, other devices that are connected to the macros/small cell form a “multi-hop” or
mesh network to extend the coverage and connect the unconnected device.
• Base stations with integrated access and backhaul will be important for further small cell densification, helping solve the
challenges of installing fixed backhaul. Integrated access and backhaul is particularly useful for deployments that use
higher spectrum bands such as mmWave.
Leveraging the user-centric connectivity approach, 5G can bring truly “edgeless” connectivity where the coverage of macro towers
and small cells won’t be a limiting factor, and devices will no longer be mere endpoints.
10. 10
User-centric network — distributed and virtualized4.2
5 A unified platform for expanded connectivity needs
Network virtualization goes hand-in-hand with the distributed architecture approach, where network functions are virtualized
and, in many cases, distributed close to the user—in effect, closer to the “the network edge”. This user-centric approach reduces
cost, latency, backhaul needs, and energy consumption, and is essential to meeting the varying requirements of next-generation
applications, services, and use cases.
The 5G network needs to leverage network virtualization and software-defined networking, anticipated to be introduced in many
4G networks ahead of 5G. The processing ability could be dynamically balanced between centralized and distributed based on
the context—placing the control closer to the user for low-latency applications, and relying on centralized processing for other
applications.
A key example of the value of this flexibility is when a mobile-capable device is engaged in a stationary use case. Leveraging the
improved network awareness, the network understands the context and avoids the unnecessary setting up of network resources
for full mobility. At the same time, the network is ready to rapidly bring mobility functions whenever the need arises, setting up
control and user plane resources closer to the user to reduce latency. That virtualization enables more efficient scaling of the core
network so that nodes can scale based on data and signaling loads, and cater to various deployment models; from hotspots and
residential-type of deployments, to Local Area and Wide Area Networks.
In addition, edgeless connectivity will deliver a more uniform broadband experience everywhere—regardless of proximity to a base
station. That new level of uniform broadband experiences will likely be more meaningful to users than theoretical claims about
higher peak data rates. Other features that will help provide a more uniform broadband experience include spatial multiplexing
techniques and beam forming, coordinated across nodes on a massive scale, along with receiver advancements. Advancements
in these areas will also help increase network capacity—especially when combined with the ability to leverage more and wider
spectrum, and with further optimizations for hyper-dense unplanned small cells. All this will enable 5G to build on the progress
made by 4G in meeting the 1000x data challenge.
The basic design principle of 5G envisions a platform that will unify access across all types of spectrum and bands; unify all of
the types of connectivity that have been added to 4G (LTE broadcast, etc.). The unified platform will enable a range of new kinds
of services and use case—apart from improvements in classic dimensions such as capacity and data rates—it will also target
improvements on dimensions like security, reliability, awareness, and scalability. But, 5G will transform more than just technology. It
will also transform businesses and industries, enabling new deployment models, infrastructure, and service sharing models, as well
as new subscription models.
11. 11
Imagine a third party service provider implementing its own virtualized network functions hosted by a shared 5G network that
enables next-generation services to be quickly introduced. Or one, dynamic subscription for all of a user’s connectivity and lifestyle
needs such as his or her home, car, wearable device, etc. 5G could also enable new types of subscriptions for the massive number
of connected things that consume small amounts of data. And it could make new services possible that don’t need traditional
provisioning or subscriptions, but are instead paid through by either the application service provider, or by the value created by a
free services.
For operators, 5G will enable new business opportunities to host services and compete in the enterprise and residential
environment while reducing costs (similar to the Wi-Fi deployment model for example), while continuing to provide full control
5.1 A Unified Air Interface for all spectrum and services
and management of the network, users
and services. Additionally, 5G can decouple
different assets such as spectrum, network,
processing, and secure billing, etc., so
that operators can leverage these assets
individually or mix and match some or all
of those assets, to enable new business
models. For example, the coverage and
advanced processing capabilities of 5G
could be used to host a new, vertical
machine-to-machine service to compete
with other low-cost deployments.
The unified air interface concept is a key enabler to the unified 5G platform. It will be scalable and adaptable for all spectrum types,
be it licensed or unlicensed, for both higher and lower spectrum bands, and for all types of services and use cases. The unified air
interface will need to support bands below and above 6 GHz, including the much talked about mmWave bands. The bands below
1 GHz offer longer range, which is essential to reaching the massive number of connected “things” in a cost-effective way. The
bands below 6 GHz are needed for wide-area mobile broadband and mission-critical uses. The bands above 6 GHz are suitable for
shorter range mobile broadband and target capacity deployments such as those for public venues and city centers.
Unlike 3G, which was defined by CDMA, and 4G, which was defined by OFDMA, 5G will not be defined as one multiple access
variant, since it is envisioned to meet an extreme variation in services—to support all spectrum types and bands. However, the
foundation of the unified air interface is envisioned to be based on OFDM(A) adapted to these extremes, with support for FDD
and TDD to address paired and unpaired spectrum, but also support for shared and tiered spectrum approaches across licensed
12. 12
and unlicensed spectrum. The unified air interface will, for example, need to use the time and frequency domains, orthogonal, and
non-orthogonal domains, as well as synchronous and asynchronous domains to adapt and scale to different spectrum and services
types.
As mentioned earlier, the scalable and flexible 5G core network will follow the user-centric philosophy to reduce cost, latency,
backhaul needs, and energy consumption. One key contributor to these benefits is network virtualization, which goes hand-in-hand
with the distributed architecture approach. Taking advantage of these techniques for 4G and Wi-Fi access creates the opportunity
to achieve cost reductions. That is the vision—to have a single, common 5G core network that will also support 4G and Wi-Fi radio
access. This also allows for the continued evolution of 4G and Wi-Fi in parallel with 5G, without burdening operators with the need
to operate and maintain a legacy core network.
With a common core network and 3G/4G/5G/Wi-Fi multimode devices, comes the vision of simultaneous connectivity of 5G
with 4G and Wi-Fi. This simultaneous connectivity builds on the “dual-connectivity” paradigm introduced in 4G, which allows
the devices to connect and aggregate links from two networks at the same time (not just switching from one to the other or
aggregating spectrum, but from the same base station as is done with regular carrier aggregation).
Simultaneous connectivity and a single core network also makes possible the seamless and phased introduction of 5G, allowing
operators to continue to fully leverage their investments in 4G technology as well as Wi-Fi.
5.2 Leveraging 4G investments
13. 13
When it comes to deployment, as with previous generations, the availability of spectrum will govern how 5G networks are deployed.
Phased build-outs could start using dedicated 5G spectrum below 6 GHz, or re-farmed 2G spectrum as it becomes available,
and gradually add higher bands above 6 GHz (like mmWave) with hotspots for more targeted capacity deployments. However,
it is important to note that access to lower bands is crucial when offering new kinds of 5G services on a wider scale, across the
network.
To summarize, the vision of 5G is to not just provide incremental improvements and a few new capabilities—it is envisioned to
be a modular platform that will scale from hotspots and residential-types of deployments to Local Area and traditional Wide Area
Networks. It will also employ a fundamentally different approach, with a unifying platform to address the expanded connectivity
needs of the next decade and beyond.
4G LTE and LTE Advanced have had tremendous success and will continue to grow for the foreseeable future. While the definition
of 5G continues (commercialization is anticipated around 2020), 4G will continue to evolve in parallel—bringing new capabilities
that expand far beyond what is possible today. LTE Advanced is headed in the same transformational direction that 5G is headed,
enabling new services, connecting new industries, and empowering new user experiences.
The evolution of LTE Advanced brings new types of connectivity and services, taking it beyond the traditional objective of simply
providing enhanced mobile broadband. A few of the new flavors, such as LTE Direct, have already been standardized in Rel. 12, and
a few more such as LTE-MTC (Machine Type Communications) are slated for Rel. 13 and beyond.
LTE-MTC breaks the traditional path of progressively increasing data rates, data capacity, latency, etc. Instead, it optimizes LTE to
scale down in complexity to provide years of battery-life, low-data rates, and reduced device costs, which will enable even more
6 Driving 4G to its full potential, in parallel to 5G
14. 14
things (machines, sensors etc.) to connect. The Internet of Everything will not wait for 5G to happen, so LTE Advanced, along with
other connectivity solutions like Wi-F and Bluetooth, will be further optimized to connect a massive number of things ahead of the
advent of 5G.
LTE Direct brings an innovative, direct device-to-device discovery platform to market that can revolutionize proximity based apps
and services. By addressing the biggest hurdles of proximity awareness—privacy and scalability—LTE Direct opens a new world
of opportunities for many verticals such as social networking, mobile advertising, and more. Leveraging the power of user-centric
connectivity and direct communication between devices, LTE Direct will continue to evolve in parallel with the launch of 5G. The
evolution of LTE Broadcast goes beyond mobile TV. For instance, it’s being considered as the candidate for terrestrial broadcast in
Europe to address all kinds of TV receivers beyond just mobile devices such as TVs, set-top boxes, etc.
LTE in unlicensed spectrum (a.k.a. LTE-U and LAA in 3GPP Rel. 13) offers a unified and seamless option for operators to utilize
unlicensed spectrum, by leveraging carrier aggregation and functionality to harmoniously coexist with Wi-Fi on a fair basis. This
as an example of how LTE Advanced is progressing toward a unified platform for licensed and unlicensed spectrum, blazing the
path for the unified platform envisioned for 5G, which will encompass even more advanced techniques, and new spectrum bands
such as mmWave bands. The LTE Advanced evolution also has the opportunity to further reduce latency, which will be useful for
mission-critical services. Since many of these services, such as aviation and medical procedures, have new or different regulations
(other than telecomm regulations), the enhancements have to comply with them as well and help similar 5G services.
Spectrum sharing is another critically area of focus for both the evolution of 4G and the development of 5G. A case in point is
underutilized government spectrum that cannot be released in a timely fashion or at all locations. That spectrum can still be
utilized for 4G services through shared licensing regimes, on an exclusive basis. Licensed Shared Access (LSA) has already been
adopted in the European Union, using harmonized spectrum like 2.3 GHz, but LSA is also needed to gain access to many higher
bands such as spectrum around 3.5 GHz in the U.S.
So, while the conceptualization, definition and technology development of 5G is getting off the ground, LTE Advanced will continue
to evolve in the same transformational way envisioned for 5G. Many of the ideas and features from LTE Advanced will be natively
supported in 5G, and some new 5G ideas will also flow back to 4G. This, coupled with the seamless integration of 4G and Wi-Fi
access networks with the 5G core network, ensures that operators can fully leverage their current and future investments in both
technologies for a long time, even after introduction of 5G.
15. 15
At the dawn of the new generation of wireless, the vision for 5G is still aspirational, yet deeply rooted in the collective wisdom
gained though many years of technology development and commercialization. The extreme variations of anticipated needs for the
next-generation is guiding its development. The vision is to create a new generation of technology that is scalable and adaptable
enough to support new kinds (and levels) of services and use cases ranging from connecting simple sensors to mission-critical
applications like remote control medical procedures to complex robots. The goal is not only to make mobile broadband faster and
better, but to provide uniform, “fiber-like” broadband everywhere.
7 Conclusion
The same he user-centric approach is at the heart of
5G, where connectivity, computing, and content all come
together, close to the user, be it a human, a vehicle, a
machine, or a thing. From a connectivity perspective, these
users will no longer be mere end-points, they will be integral
parts of the network, creating “edgeless” connectivity.
5G is envisioned to be a unified platform to address the
expanded connectivity needs of the next decade and beyond,
not only providing the most appropriate connectivity, but also
offering opportunities for new deployment models, sharing
models, charging/subscription models. A key enabler is the
unified air interface that is scalable and adaptable across all
spectrum types, both below and above 6 GHz, licensed and
unlicensed spectrum, and across an extreme variation of
services.
Through its common single core network, 5G will support 4G and Wi-Fi access, as well as simultaneous 5G, 4G, and Wi-Fi
connectivity with multimode devices enabling seamless introduction of 5G services, and protecting operators’ investments. The
vision for 5G is to usher in a new era in which connectivity, computing, and content become inseparable parts of every “body”
and every “thing,” making invisible magic happen. It aims to be a transformational force in enabling new services, connecting
new industries, and empowering new user experiences of the next decade and beyond, where LTE Advanced is blazing a similar
path—a transformative path forward.