The document discusses concepts for 5G networks, including:
1. 5G aims to provide a unified system to support a wide range of use cases with enhanced connectivity, capacity, and low latency. It will build on LTE and introduce a new 5G radio and core network.
2. 5G will support enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT connectivity, and ultra-reliable low latency communications. Initial deployments may use LTE and 5G networks together before standalone 5G is available.
3. The 5G new radio will provide flexible design to support different use cases and improve efficiency over LTE. It will integrate with existing LTE networks during early deployments.
COMPARATIVE AND QOS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL-AERIAL PLATFORMS-SATE...IJCNCJournal
Wireless communications, nowadays, becomes a vital element of people’s daily life. Providing global connectivity in future communication systems via the heterogeneous network opens up many research topics to investigate potentialities, enabling technologies, and challenges from the perspective of the
integrated wireless systems. This paper aims to drive a comprehensive and comparative study on terrestrial-aerial platforms- satellite wireless communications systems, includes their characteristics and unravelling challenges. The comparison focuses on issues that reportedly can evaluate any wireless
systems for temporary events. These issues are altitude and coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) propagation, interference, handover, power supply constraints, deployment and maintenance challenges, reliability on special events or disaster relief, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. Last, Quality of service (QoS) performance is analysed for the four wireless communication systems from the temporary events
perspective using the OPNET Modeller simulation tool. Results infer that space-based wireless systems outperform terrestrial ones.
The relay stations are widely used in major wireless technologies such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE (Long term evolution) which provide cost effective service to the operators and end users. It is quite challenging to provide guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in WiMAX networks in cost effective manner.
COMPARATIVE AND QOS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL-AERIAL PLATFORMS-SATE...IJCNCJournal
Wireless communications, nowadays, becomes a vital element of people’s daily life. Providing global connectivity in future communication systems via the heterogeneous network opens up many research topics to investigate potentialities, enabling technologies, and challenges from the perspective of the
integrated wireless systems. This paper aims to drive a comprehensive and comparative study on terrestrial-aerial platforms- satellite wireless communications systems, includes their characteristics and unravelling challenges. The comparison focuses on issues that reportedly can evaluate any wireless
systems for temporary events. These issues are altitude and coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) propagation, interference, handover, power supply constraints, deployment and maintenance challenges, reliability on special events or disaster relief, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. Last, Quality of service (QoS) performance is analysed for the four wireless communication systems from the temporary events
perspective using the OPNET Modeller simulation tool. Results infer that space-based wireless systems outperform terrestrial ones.
The relay stations are widely used in major wireless technologies such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE (Long term evolution) which provide cost effective service to the operators and end users. It is quite challenging to provide guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in WiMAX networks in cost effective manner.
Cellular Internet of Things white paperBjörn Ekelund
GSM is widely used today for millions of devices, as its costs are relatively low, but mobile broadband technologies are more expensive, may have worse coverage, and take too much power for things that may have to work for years on small batteries. Though many “things” may be connected using short range wireless, many more will be beyond the reach of systems like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or Zigbee.
A group of industry players, including network and device suppliers, operators and academics, brought together by Vodafone, has been looking at the problem of supporting the “Internet of Things” for the past year and has recently published a White Paper outlining the options. These include further new features in LTE that would be defined through 3GPP; or an alternative “clean slate” cellular standard defined specifically to meet the needs of the IoT. Any future system will need to connect “things” that don’t have large amounts of data to communicate; can be in hard-to-reach locations such as manholes, meter closets, and in very isolated locations; and need to operate for years on small batteries.
We have seen all the mobile broadband technologies like 1G, 2G, 3G and most recent 4G and upcoming is 5G. And they were very successful and motivated by the need to meet the requirement of the mobile users.
Mobile technology g, e, 3 g, 3g +, h, h + or 4g _4g bd _ third and fourth gen...www.4g-bd.com
Those who use a smartphone ( especially those who do it for the first time ) at some time have wondered who those letters ( G, E, 3G, 3G +, H, H + or 4G ) displayed next to the time in top, which also shows other information such as call coverage, time, battery, etc ...
http://www.4g-bd.com/2014/09/mobile-technology-g-e-3g-h-4g.html#sthash.kDJLtxcq.dpbs
Performance Analysis and Optimization of Next Generation Wireless NetworksUniversity of Piraeus
The Fifth Generation (5G) networks, including the 5G Vehicular Cloud Computing (5G-VCC) systems, have evolved rapidly offering multiple services to users. The operating principles of vehicular networks, Cloud Computing (CC), Fog Computing (FC), Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and Software Defined Networks (SDN) are applied to 5G infrastructures. In a 5G-VCC system, the vehicles are equipped with On-Board Units (OBUs) which communicate with each other as well as with Road Side Units (RSUs). Each RSU interacts with a Cloud infrastructure which offers vehicular services with strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, including Driver Assistance (DA), Passengers Entertainment and Information (PEnI) and Medical (MED) services. Dense deployments of 5G access networks are also implemented, called Ultra Dense Networks (UDNs), aiming to support high data rates produced by an increased number of vehicular users. In this environment, heterogeneous technologies are used to transfer the network services to vehicles. Optimal manipulation of the communication resources is required, while at the same time vehicular users should always obtain connectivity to the most appropriate network access technology, in order the constraints of the vehicular services to be satisfied. In this thesis, existing schemes for resource allocation as well as for mobility management are studied, while novel solutions are proposed for each topic.
6G INTERNET - "Connecting Communities"
6G is an internet service provider positioned at the forefront of the digital revolution.
Using new, future-proof technologies, we supply superfast broadband services to the UK’s commercial and residential consumer markets.
Governed by Ofcom and adhering to the broadband industry’s code of practice, 6G’s unique network is constructed of wired and radio telecommunications that permit greater access, scalability and the rapid deployment of internet solutions from the single residential user to1000 + enterprise level users.
Fuelling innovation, we invest one third of our profits back into our R&D programme to ensure that our products and services remain ever-evolving within the telecommunications playing field.
Working with local councils, chambers of commerce and social housing providers, 6G Business is an active supporter of the government’s digital inclusion strategy and is an accredited partner of the Super Connected Cities voucher scheme for businesses.
Website: https://6gdsi.co.uk/
Read on to find out how 6G is committed to delivering digital inclusion in the real world
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
5G-Enabled Personal Computers Competitive Intelligence Report Netscribes
A deep dive competitive analysis of the top manufacturers of 5G-enabled PCs and how they stack up
To purchase the full report, write to us at info@netscribes.com
https://www.netscribes.com/subscriptions/5g/5g-enabled-personal-computers-competitive-intelligence-report/
Mobile networks are now dominated by data. If we rewind back to a decade ago, smartphones and application stores were unheard of. Twitter and Facebook were not in existence and YouTube wasn’t as popular. Culturally, consumers are valuing the need to be socially connected in the present day Internet.
The traditional cellular network cannot cope with the increase in data and signaling traffic that is generated and thus is driving carriers in the direction of offload. The Phase 1 approach was centered on immediately relieving congestion on the network by encouraging offload to any available Wi-Fi hotspot. In this second part of the five part offload series, we draw attention to Direct Internet Offload. The concept of Direct Internet Offload is nothing new, but has taken a slight shift considering Wi-Fi’s popularity. And the flexibility to integrate them into mainstream network design offers transformative opportunities for carriers without losing sight of the commitment to make the user experience secure and controlled.
5G–“connect anytime, anywhere, anyhow” promising everywhere network access at high speed to the end users, has been a topic of great interest mainly for the wireless telecom industry. 5G seems to be the solution for the growing user necessities of wireless broadband access and the boundaries of the existing wireless communication system. The wireless industry is busy with the standardization of the 4th generation (4G) cellular networks. 4G wireless system cannot exist in today’s market without standardization. The 4G concept shave already moved to the standardization phase, we must begin to work on the structure blocks of the 5G wireless networks. The major difference, from a user point of view, between current generations and expected 5G techniques must be something else than increased maximum throughput; other requirements include low battery consumption, more secure. We refer to this goal as enabling the 4A’s paradigm i.e. Any rate, Anytime, Anywhere and Affordable. In particular, this paper focuses on the features such as broadband internet in mobile phones with a possibility to provide internet facility in the computer by just connecting the mobile and with a speed of 10Gbps and more. In 5G researches are being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless World.
http://www.ericsson.com
Each decade since mobile communication was introduced in the 1980s, has brought with it a new generation of systems and technologies. The next evolution, 5G radio access, is set for commercialization around 2020, and will deliver 5G services in an environment that is shaping up to be a significant challenge.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
Cellular Internet of Things white paperBjörn Ekelund
GSM is widely used today for millions of devices, as its costs are relatively low, but mobile broadband technologies are more expensive, may have worse coverage, and take too much power for things that may have to work for years on small batteries. Though many “things” may be connected using short range wireless, many more will be beyond the reach of systems like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or Zigbee.
A group of industry players, including network and device suppliers, operators and academics, brought together by Vodafone, has been looking at the problem of supporting the “Internet of Things” for the past year and has recently published a White Paper outlining the options. These include further new features in LTE that would be defined through 3GPP; or an alternative “clean slate” cellular standard defined specifically to meet the needs of the IoT. Any future system will need to connect “things” that don’t have large amounts of data to communicate; can be in hard-to-reach locations such as manholes, meter closets, and in very isolated locations; and need to operate for years on small batteries.
We have seen all the mobile broadband technologies like 1G, 2G, 3G and most recent 4G and upcoming is 5G. And they were very successful and motivated by the need to meet the requirement of the mobile users.
Mobile technology g, e, 3 g, 3g +, h, h + or 4g _4g bd _ third and fourth gen...www.4g-bd.com
Those who use a smartphone ( especially those who do it for the first time ) at some time have wondered who those letters ( G, E, 3G, 3G +, H, H + or 4G ) displayed next to the time in top, which also shows other information such as call coverage, time, battery, etc ...
http://www.4g-bd.com/2014/09/mobile-technology-g-e-3g-h-4g.html#sthash.kDJLtxcq.dpbs
Performance Analysis and Optimization of Next Generation Wireless NetworksUniversity of Piraeus
The Fifth Generation (5G) networks, including the 5G Vehicular Cloud Computing (5G-VCC) systems, have evolved rapidly offering multiple services to users. The operating principles of vehicular networks, Cloud Computing (CC), Fog Computing (FC), Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and Software Defined Networks (SDN) are applied to 5G infrastructures. In a 5G-VCC system, the vehicles are equipped with On-Board Units (OBUs) which communicate with each other as well as with Road Side Units (RSUs). Each RSU interacts with a Cloud infrastructure which offers vehicular services with strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, including Driver Assistance (DA), Passengers Entertainment and Information (PEnI) and Medical (MED) services. Dense deployments of 5G access networks are also implemented, called Ultra Dense Networks (UDNs), aiming to support high data rates produced by an increased number of vehicular users. In this environment, heterogeneous technologies are used to transfer the network services to vehicles. Optimal manipulation of the communication resources is required, while at the same time vehicular users should always obtain connectivity to the most appropriate network access technology, in order the constraints of the vehicular services to be satisfied. In this thesis, existing schemes for resource allocation as well as for mobility management are studied, while novel solutions are proposed for each topic.
6G INTERNET - "Connecting Communities"
6G is an internet service provider positioned at the forefront of the digital revolution.
Using new, future-proof technologies, we supply superfast broadband services to the UK’s commercial and residential consumer markets.
Governed by Ofcom and adhering to the broadband industry’s code of practice, 6G’s unique network is constructed of wired and radio telecommunications that permit greater access, scalability and the rapid deployment of internet solutions from the single residential user to1000 + enterprise level users.
Fuelling innovation, we invest one third of our profits back into our R&D programme to ensure that our products and services remain ever-evolving within the telecommunications playing field.
Working with local councils, chambers of commerce and social housing providers, 6G Business is an active supporter of the government’s digital inclusion strategy and is an accredited partner of the Super Connected Cities voucher scheme for businesses.
Website: https://6gdsi.co.uk/
Read on to find out how 6G is committed to delivering digital inclusion in the real world
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
5G-Enabled Personal Computers Competitive Intelligence Report Netscribes
A deep dive competitive analysis of the top manufacturers of 5G-enabled PCs and how they stack up
To purchase the full report, write to us at info@netscribes.com
https://www.netscribes.com/subscriptions/5g/5g-enabled-personal-computers-competitive-intelligence-report/
Mobile networks are now dominated by data. If we rewind back to a decade ago, smartphones and application stores were unheard of. Twitter and Facebook were not in existence and YouTube wasn’t as popular. Culturally, consumers are valuing the need to be socially connected in the present day Internet.
The traditional cellular network cannot cope with the increase in data and signaling traffic that is generated and thus is driving carriers in the direction of offload. The Phase 1 approach was centered on immediately relieving congestion on the network by encouraging offload to any available Wi-Fi hotspot. In this second part of the five part offload series, we draw attention to Direct Internet Offload. The concept of Direct Internet Offload is nothing new, but has taken a slight shift considering Wi-Fi’s popularity. And the flexibility to integrate them into mainstream network design offers transformative opportunities for carriers without losing sight of the commitment to make the user experience secure and controlled.
5G–“connect anytime, anywhere, anyhow” promising everywhere network access at high speed to the end users, has been a topic of great interest mainly for the wireless telecom industry. 5G seems to be the solution for the growing user necessities of wireless broadband access and the boundaries of the existing wireless communication system. The wireless industry is busy with the standardization of the 4th generation (4G) cellular networks. 4G wireless system cannot exist in today’s market without standardization. The 4G concept shave already moved to the standardization phase, we must begin to work on the structure blocks of the 5G wireless networks. The major difference, from a user point of view, between current generations and expected 5G techniques must be something else than increased maximum throughput; other requirements include low battery consumption, more secure. We refer to this goal as enabling the 4A’s paradigm i.e. Any rate, Anytime, Anywhere and Affordable. In particular, this paper focuses on the features such as broadband internet in mobile phones with a possibility to provide internet facility in the computer by just connecting the mobile and with a speed of 10Gbps and more. In 5G researches are being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless World.
http://www.ericsson.com
Each decade since mobile communication was introduced in the 1980s, has brought with it a new generation of systems and technologies. The next evolution, 5G radio access, is set for commercialization around 2020, and will deliver 5G services in an environment that is shaping up to be a significant challenge.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
Future European society and economy will strongly rely on 5G infrastructure.
The impact will go far beyond existing wireless access networks with the aim for communication services, reachable everywhere, all the time, and faster. 5G is an opportunity for the European ICT sector which is already well positioned in the global R&D race. 5G technologies will be adopted and deployed globally in alignment with developed and emerging markets’ needs.
Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communicationijtsrd
The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things IoT is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next to come fifth generation 5G cellular systems will be a strong boost for the IoT deployment. Device to Device D2D appears as a key communication paradigm to support heterogeneous objects interconnection and to guarantee important benefits. Future research directions are then presented towards a fully converged 5G IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we analyze existing data about D2D communication systems and its relation of 5G IoT networks. The enhancement of such networks will bring several spheres to learn for. Nozima Musaboyeva Bahtiyor Qizi "Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47522.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/47522/correlation-between-terms-of-5g-networks-iot-and-d2d-communication/nozima-musaboyeva-bahtiyor-qizi
5G wireless networks will support 1,000-fold gains
in capacity, connections for at least 100 billion
devices, and a 10 Gb/s individual user experience
capable of extremely low latency and response times.
Deployment of these networks will emerge between
2020 and 2030.
The 5G architecture standard has changed the communications landscape, and it is now punctuated by real
opportunities for satellite to play an integral role. Acting as a banner for all standardization technologies,
including Network Function Virtualization (NFV), Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Metro Ethernet
Forum (MEF), the 5G architecture standard potentiates both satellite’s place in mainstream connectivity, and
full interoperability within the end-to-end 5G network.
The transport network for 5G is much more than just backhaul; it’s the critical backbone connecting the core network all the way to the service layer at the edge via the midhaul and fronthaul. For more details, please visit: https://www.fujitsu.com/us/products/network/products/
A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Sample-by-sample and block-adaptive robust constant modulus-based algorithmsDr. Ayman Elnashar, PhD
In this study, a robust sample-by-sample linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) and a robust adaptive block-Shanno constant modulus algorithm (BSCMA) are developed. The well-established quadratic inequality constraint approach is exploited to add robustness to the developed algorithms. The LCCMA algorithm is implemented using a fast steepest descent adaptive algorithm, whereas the BSCMA algorithm is realised using a modified Newton’s algorithm without the inverse of Hessian matrix estimation. The developed algorithms are exercised to cancel the multiple access interference in a loaded direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) system. Simulations are presented in a rich multipath environment with a severe near-far effect to evaluate the robustness of the proposed DS/CDMA detectors. Finally, a comprehensive comparative analysis between the sample-by-sample and block-adaptive constant modulus-based detectors is presented. It has been demonstrated that the developed robust BSCMA detector offers rapid convergence speed and very low computational complexity, whereas the developed robust LCCMA detector engenders about 5 dB improvement in the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio over the BSCMA detector.
A novel low computational complexity robust adaptive blind multiuser detector, based on the minimum output energy (MOE) detector with multiple constraints and a quadratic inequality (QI) constraint is developed in this paper. Quadratic constraint has been a widespread approach to improve robustness against mismatch errors, uncertainties in estimating the data covariance matrix, and random perturbations in detector parameters. A diagonal loading technique is compulsory to achieve the quadratic constraint where the diagonal loading level is adjusted to satisfy the constrained value. Integrating the quadratic constraint into recursive algorithms seems to be a moot point since there is no closed-form solution for the diagonal loading term. In this paper, the MOE detector of DS/CDMA system is implemented using a fast recursive steepest descent adaptive algorithm anchored in the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) structure with multiple constraints and a QI constraint on the adaptive portion of the GSC structure. The Lagrange multiplier method is exploited to solve the QI constraint. An optimal variable loading technique, which is capable of providing robustness against uncertainties and mismatch errors with low computational complexity is adopted. Simulations for several mismatch and random perturbations scenarios are conducted in a rich multipath environment with near–far effect to explore the robustness of the proposed detector.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithy
5G design concepts
1. 1
Head – Core and Cloud Planning (du)
2
Sr. Regional Manager – Carriers Account at MediaTek
WHITE PAPER 2016
5G FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT
GENERATION NETWORKS
Mobile communication technologies have been evolving for many years
with each generation transforming the way we experience new services.
As the Smartphone market has significantly expanded in recent years and
expected to grow more in years to come, the network evolution must
continue to keep up the pace with users’ demand even beyond the
common usage connectivity. The envisioned market space for the next
generation technology is driven by requirements to enhance mobile
broadband connectivity, reach a massive range of machine type
communication (MTC), and target services with ultra-reliable and low
latency (URLLC) communications. To deliver these requirements, 5G must
be designed with scalability and diversity across many components from
spectrum, core network, radio access and devices.
Jointly Authored by: Ayman Elnashar1
and Mohamed Elsaidny2
2. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
2
CONTENTS
1. 5G Evolution Concepts: Getting Ready for 5G .................................................................. 3
Definition & Use Cases for 5G ...........................................................................................................3
LTE Evolution to Enable 5G Use Cases ...............................................................................................4
Massive Machine TYPE Communication............................................................................................5
2. 5G New Radio & Air Interface.......................................................................................... 6
What is Next for LTE-A Pro Evolution? ..............................................................................................9
3. 5G Spectrum View..........................................................................................................10
4. UAE 5G Innovation Gate (U5GIG) Initiative.....................................................................12
5. du 5G and IOT Roadmap.................................................................................................13
6. Conclusion......................................................................................................................14
References and Further Reading............................................................................................16
About MediaTek....................................................................................................................16
About du...............................................................................................................................16
3. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
3
1. 5G EVOLUTION CONCEPTS: GETTING READY FOR 5G
The envisioned market space for 5G technology is targeting a design that has the capability to unify
the system needed by various use cases. New use cases keep evolving according to the need for higher
peak data rates, reduced end-to-end service latency, and increased network capacity in terms of user
traffic and density. In addition, use cases suitable for the commercial 4G LTE network capabilities keep
arising beyond today’s usage and potentially even beyond what the network and devices are designed
for. A wide range of new applications and use cases require advanced connectivity capabilities that can
be both intense and diverse by its own requirements, including high capacity and data rate connectivity
(3D video and virtual reality connectivity), real-time communications with low latencies (interactive
video, automotive, critical type control, and tactile Internet), and massive Internet-of-Things
connectivity (sensor networks, smart metering).
Definition & Use Cases for 5G
At the moment, whenever any potential market space opens up, it require significant design change
to the existing technologies, and in some cases, a total new radio access and core network. For
example, when the M2M type applications for different types of industries started to materialize, a
total new Internet-of-Things technology design was realized to be needed which did not help in
accelerating the deployment of new services. A revamped radio access called Narrowband Internet of
Things, NB-IOT, had to be designed by 3GPP to address the emerging adjacent industries.
All these factors require a new system designed to handle any new use case at any time without the
need to re-dimension, re-design or even invest heavily in a total new network and technology
components for each and single use case. 5G is promising on delivering a unified system that can be
considered all-in-one; more than just developing new radio technology, it is for new possibilities and
use cases. It aims at accelerating new business cases that keep promoting continuous costly and non-
trivial changes into the existing ecosystem, from new cellular towers, to investing in new cloud
computations and core networks, and devices that users can efficiently utilize for their everyday life.
FIGURE 1: 5G AND THE INDUSTRY DRIVING FORCE – ALL-IN-ONE SYSTEM
4. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
4
In order to enable services for a wide range of users and industries with new requirements, the
capabilities of 5G must extend beyond those of previous wireless access generations. These capabilities
will include enhanced mobile broadband connectivity, massive system capacity for machine type
communications, very high data rates everywhere, very low latency, ultra-high reliability and
availability, and low device cost, as figure 1 shows.
LTE Evolution to Enable 5G Use Cases
The major differences expected in 5G compared to legacy 4G generation will not only be at the level
of combining an old and new radio access technologies; 5G will also enable new use cases and
requirements of mobile communication beyond 4G systems. It will be an integration of existing cellular
standards and technologies, including new disruptive technologies like millimeter-wave (mmWave)
and spectrum sharing among other new concepts like network slicing. These concepts will facilitate
the integration of vertical industries into the mobile ecosystem, whilst opening up new business
models and revenue streams for operators.
Mobile broadband access and service availability with low latencies are key use cases driving the
requirements for 5G, especially at the initial phase of deployment. The key enabler for any new design
in 5G will be the spectrum and how to utilize concepts from previous technologies in order to
accelerate the migration to 5G.
In order to meet the 5G requirements and bring this visionary system to reality, the future 5G network
will be one that is built upon the small cell backbone either in standalone or non-standalone
deployment. As spectrum suitable for mobile communication becomes more and more scarce,
densification is the only way to meet the area traffic capacity demand. Even for millimeter wave band
where spectrum is abundant, the channel’s propagation characteristics will likely limit its range for
mobile access to that of a small cell, at least in the early phase of 5G before device technology matures
[1].
5G design targets to also bring the radio access point closer to the end device, thereby, shortening the
last and most challenging segment of an end-to-end communication link and consequently reducing
latency and increasing reliability. Many of the massive number of machine type communications can
also benefit from the extended battery life resulting from shorter uplink distance.
Figure 2 shows an example of traffic distribution from both Smartphone-centric and router-centric LTE
networks. This commercial network deployment example shows that the disproportionate traffic
across cells may require to re-design network concepts in future evolution. It shows that in
Smartphone-centric LTE network, 62% of users are camping on 38% of cells and generating 57% of
traffic with an average user throughput being less than 6 Mbps; with 1/3 of cells generate ~ 50% of
traffic to handle 60% of users. On the other hand, the router-centric LTE network has a traffic
distribution where 66% of users are camping on 42% of cells and generating 59% of traffic with an
average user throughput being less than 3 Mbps.
5. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
5
FIGURE 2: LTE-A TRAFFIC & THROUGHPUT CORRELATION
In the current LTE network deployment, the available use cases for connectivity leads to having
concentrated traffic in a small area impact end-user experience. Moving towards small cells is
important in order to have contiguous network with diversity of traffic and utilize a uniform network
resources rather than deploying different networks to handle different types of traffic. Additionally,
the Smartphone type traffic requires that the network to be dimensioned differently so that more cells
are needed to ensure coverage everywhere while the cell resources are less utilized because of the
bursty traffic nature of the Smartphone data connectivity. In this example, the overall downlink bit
rate per Resource Block (RB = 180 KHz) is 0.22 Mbps only. The maximum theoretical bit rate per RB is
1.42 Mbps in LTE. This means that only 15.5% of a single RB throughput is utilized on downlink across
cells in such network; leading to a waste of OFDM capacity.
To facilitate the deployment of a future mobile network that has small cell as its primary traffic bearing
workhorse, the current radio access architecture needs to undergo some major revamps and new
technologies need to be introduced.
Initially, the common layer could use LTE waveform (OFDM) but the dedicated layer uses the new 5G
waveform. Therefore, 5G devices can be served by LTE for the locations where 5G service is not
available. Over time, 5G coverage will be improved and 5G UE becomes popular. Therefore, the
bandwidth of LTE-based network can be reduced or even replaced by 5G capabilities; which is the
expected migration plan from a non-standalone deployment into a standalone one. This is discussed
in next section.
Massive Machine TYPE Communication
The Internet of Things (IoT) defines the way for intelligently connect devices and systems to leverage
and exchange data between small devices and sensors in machines and objects. IoT concepts and
working models have started to spread rapidly which is expected to provide a new dimension for
services that improve the quality of consumer’s life and the productivity of enterprises. The IoT effort
started from the concept of Machine to Machine (M2M) solutions to use wireless networks to connect
devices to each other and through the Internet, in order to deliver services that meet the needs of a
wide range of industries.
6. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
6
Next to eMBB radio access, 5G will incorporate systems that enable massive machine-type
communications (MTC). In 3GPP Release-13, NB-IoT was defined to operate within a 200 kHz
bandwidth. In the work on 5G specifications, this is expected to be further optimized toward a high
number of supported devices, low device cost, and ultra-low power consumption.
In order to support different types of deployments, NB-IOT targets three different modes of operations
such as utilizing the spectrum currently being used by GERAN systems as a replacement of one or more
GSM carriers (Stand-alone operation). The second mode utilizes the unused resource blocks within a
LTE carrier’s guard-band (Guard-band operation). The third mode utilizes resource blocks within a
normal LTE carrier (In-band operation). The NB-IoT shall support the following main objectives:
• OFDMA on the downlink with 15 KHz subcarrier spacing
• SC-FDMA on the uplink with Single and Multi Tone of 3.75kHz and 15kHz subcarrier spacing
• A single synchronization signal design for the different modes of operation, including
techniques to handle overlap with legacy LTE signals while reducing the power consumption
and latencies
• Utilize the existing LTE procedures and protocols and relevant optimizations to support the
selected physical layer and core network interfaces targeting signaling reduction for small data
transmissions
• The supported deployment bands are: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 28, and 66. Other
bands not supported in Rel-13 are being studied to add for NB-IoT in REL-14
3GPP Release-14 introduces further enhancements to NB-IoT network and device capabilities in order
to extent the solution to more use cases and applications [2]:
• Positioning Enhancements
o Support of Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA), or Uplink-Time Difference
of Arrival (UTDOA) for better positioning accuracy, without adding significant device
complexity or power consumption impact
• Multicast Support
o Efficient software and firmware upgrade for massive devices with the introduction of
enhancements to support narrowband operation
• Mobility Enhancements
o Support connected mode mobility for service continuity for both user and control
planes
• Lower Power Support
o Lower Transmit power class (e.g. 14dBm) to support lower current consumption that
are suitable for small form-factor batteries (e.g. for wearable devices)
• Higher Data Rate Support
o Multiple HARQ process support and higher Transport Block Size (TBS) to increase
downlink data rate from ~28kbps to ~112kbps
2. 5G NEW RADIO & AIR INTERFACE
The evolution of LTE in Release 14 is expected to offer a first step toward 5G by enabling wireless
access for frequency bands below 6 GHz (sub-6). Hence, LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) might be
7. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
7
considered a special case of 5G in those frequency bands. For higher bands, a new radio-access
technology (RAT) and inherent supporting and integration solutions will be introduced. Therefore, the
5G architecture will be an integration of Multi-RAT, supporting the simultaneous operation of multiple
heterogeneous technologies.
It is therefore expected that 5G will initially work on three areas of improvements taking the LTE-A Pro
design concepts into considerations:
• Radio Access that is providing service multiplexing for eMBB, mMTC and URLLC. This
requirement is expected to provide scalable numerology and Flexible time-frequency grid. The
target is to design a waveform that can be flexible for different sub-systems within the same
carrier where the same spectrum resource to deploy new services;
• Radio Access that is designed to have lossless physical layer transmission reduce the pilot
overhead and utilize connectionless transmission to reduce the control channel overhead,
similar to that in NB-IOT. This requirement is expected to provide a reduction in overhead and
achieve high efficiency in 5G networks. In the current LTE deployment, the overhead of control
and pilot channel in 20 MHz bandwidth deployment can reach up to 28%. Therefore, 5G may
aim at reducing the transmission overhead of the control/pilot channels, restricting the
necessary overhead in the narrowband for initial access and configure dynamically a wider
bandwidth operation for eMBB;
• Radio Access that is capable of low latency transmission. This can be achieved by having
shorter OFDM symbol length, shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI), contention-based
uplink, and a modified carrier spacing in order to meet latency requirements of < 10 ms for
eMBB services.
Therefore, 5G is a portfolio of access and connectivity solutions addressing the demands and
requirements of mobile communication for a wide range of services and applications. Current and
future mobile networks have to overcome several challenges:
• How to manage highly diverse deployment strategies and topologies;
• How to maintain a consistent user experience across all network layers and locations in
densely interference environments;
• How to reduce cost per bit, increase the capacity and at the same time maximize the return
on investment.
In order to accelerate the next generation mobile technology that is capable of meeting these
challenges, a coexistence with LTE-A Pro (eLTE in its Release-15 version) network is expected to be a
key enabler to 5G. There is strong industry interest in completing the non-standalone (NSA) version of
the 5G new radio specifications on the basis of the legacy LTE architecture (EPS) before March 2018.
Several options are under discussions including the ones shown in figure 3. The deployment strategy
(among 11 possible strategies) suggests that the 5G design will consist of Next Generation Radio (or
New Radio – NR) at the access side and Next Generation Core (NGCN) at the core network side. These
two entities can be deployed as standalone or combined with LTE radio and core network. 3GPP is
taking the direction of independent radio and core migrations whereby NR and NGCN do not
necessarily come together. The key aspect of NGCN will be slicing. Therefore, some operators may
want slicing for accommodating new businesses without introducing a new radio (i.e. use the existing
LTE radio but with NGCN).
8. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
8
The NSA architecture will have a radio access that is LTE assisted (LTE as an anchor layer) with 5G radio
in a dual connectivity mode, while the core network will remain on the top of the legacy Evolved Packet
Core (EPC) as in LTE [3].
FIGURE 3: 5G MIGRATION SCENARIOS IN 3GPP – NON-STANDALONE (NSA) OPTIONS
On the other hand, it is also affirmed that there is another strong industry interest in completing the
Standalone (SA) option 2 and option 4/4a/5/7/7a by the agreed deadline of June 2018. Figure 4 shows
the possible deployment options under further study now. However, both cases will initially deal with
eMBB and URLLC related use-cases [3].
FIGURE 4: 5G MIGRATION SCENARIOS IN 3GPP – STANDALONE (SA) OPTIONS
9. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
9
What is Next for LTE-A Pro Evolution?
From now until 5G realizes real deployment tractions in 2020, much of the available mobile network
coverage will continue to be provided by LTE. Because the 5G will most likely coexist with LTE and
other technologies such as Wi-Fi access, it becomes important that operators with deployed 4G
networks have the opportunity to manage the existing network efficiently and provide a good
underlying access layer into 5G, especially for NSA type 5G deployment.
The evolution of LTE to LTE-A introduced three main categories: carrier aggregation above 20 MHz
bandwidth, higher order modulation beyond 64QAM, and higher order MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) beyond 2x2. These features can be deployed in order to improve the peak data rates and
spectral efficiency.
The theoretical peak data rates increased from 300 Mbps in the downlink and 75 Mbps in uplink
(Release 8) to 3 Gbps in the downlink and 1.5 Gbps in the uplink (Release 12). The most important
feature LTE-A introduced to meet those requirements was carrier aggregation (CA) to enable peak data
rates above 150 Mbps on downlink and above 50 Mbps on uplink. The current common deployment
uses up to three component carriers (CCs) in downlink and two CCs in uplink with up to 450 Mbps and
100 Mbps. Furthermore, 3GPP specifies MIMO extensions to 4x4 in the downlink and also add higher
order modulation with 256QAM on downlink and 64QAM on uplink.
LTE-Advanced Pro maximum downlink data rates are expected to exceed 600 Mbps when combining
these features together as in Category 15 and 16 deployments shown in various scenarios in figure 5.
FIGURE 5: LTE-ADVANCED PRO PEAK THROUGHPUT DEPLOYMENT SCNEARIOS
Packet latency is another performance metric used by mobile network operators and end-users to
measure end-to-end quality of service. There are many existing applications that would benefit from
reduced latency by improving perceived quality of experience, including real-time applications like
Voice over LTE (VoLTE), video telephony, and gaming. Furthermore, the number of delay-critical
applications will increase: we will see remote control and autonomous driving of vehicles, augmented
reality applications, and specific machine communications requiring low latency as well as highly
reliable communications. 3GPP has specified work items in order to improve latencies in LTE network
with concepts that are expected to be carried over to 5G developments at a later stage.
10. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
10
All these improvements in LTE-A deployments will reflect positively into the evolution to 5G. It is
therefore good to summarize the current gaps in 4G LTE network and how 5G will bridge them over
the next few years.
FIGURE 6: 5G AND LTE GAP ANALYSIS
3. 5G SPECTRUM VIEW
One of the significant design concept changes coming into 5G is enabling cellular transmission with all
types of spectrum and bands to support a wide range of new services with different deployment
requirements. In order to meet the demand of the increasing traffic capacity, enable the transmission
bandwidths needed to support very high data rates at one end, and a diversity of use cases at the other
end, the 5G design will extend the range of frequencies used for cellular bands. This includes utilizing
new and existing spectrum below 6GHz (sub-6), as well as defining new spectrum for cellular use in
higher frequency bands (above 6GHz).
The standardization and regulation bodies worldwide are defining 5G roadmaps with input from 4G
Americas including USA, 5G Forum Korea, 5GMF Japan, 5G-PPP Europe, and the IMT-2020 5G
Promotion Group China. The typical alignment mostly takes place between ITU-R (the International
Telecommunication Union, Radiocommunication sector) and 3GPP. In early 2012, ITU-R initiated a
program to develop International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) system for 2020 and beyond (IMT-
2020), thereby officially kicked off the global race toward a yet to be defined 5G mobile network. The
vision of this next-generation system began taking shape with ITU-R WP5D by proposing a work plan
on spectrum and technology timelines [4].
The key ITU-R IMT-2020 roadmap is shown in figure 7. ITU-R will open the evaluation criteria as of
October 2017, open the window of proposal submissions as of June 2019, and finally set the
specification details as of October 2020. In the meantime, 3GPP set up its roadmap to address 5G into
two phases, with the final phase in 2019 having its specifications ready for submission to ITU-R as part
of IMT-2020 in February 2020. 3GPP started work on 5G in September 2015. The 3GPP specifications
for 5G will come in two phases:
11. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
11
• 5G Phase 1 to be completed towards the end of 2018 (3GPP Release-15) and set up the
priorities for:
o Spectrum and waveforms up to 40GHz for both eMBB and low latency use cases
o Radio Migration to/from LTE as discussed in previous section with Non-standalone
being the feasible operation, network slicing, mobility session management, basic core
network policies and security, and IMS (voice/SMS)
• 5G Phase 2 to be completed towards the beginning of 2020 (3GPP Release-16) and set up the
priorities for:
o Spectrum and waveforms above 40GHz and adding mMTC, URLLC for Vehicle to
Vehicle/Everything (V2V and V2X) use cases
o Shared and unlicensed spectrum including interworking with other cellular systems
o Additional uses cases and services including proximity services, multimedia broadcast
services, public warning/emergency alert, Satellite communication, etc..
FIGURE 7: TIMELINE FOR IMT-2020 (5G) DEVELOPMENT
From now until the first phase of 3GPP is completed, the industry needs to address the available
spectrum and technical capabilities to address the initial stage of deployment. Therefore, the ITU
World Radio communication Conference 2015 (WRC-15), addressed extra level of harmonized
spectrum for different industries including mobile and wireless communications. One of the key
achievements in this context was the allocation of an additional IMT spectrum within 470 MHz to 6
GHz. For example WRC-15 defined the largest contiguous range of 200 MHz between 3400 and 3600
MHz, known as C-Band. Then in WRC-19, it is expected that it will deal with the range of bands above
6 GHz for IMT-2020 within the 24.25-86 GHz, as shown in figure 8.
12. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
12
FIGURE 8: WRC SPECTRUM DEFINITIONS
4. UAE 5G INNOVATION GATE (U5GIG) INITIATIVE
The U5GIG has been envisioned to be a consortium of technical and academic organizations in the UAE
as well as global telecom vendors to plan and use their expertise to define and develop a global 5G
network that will radically change lives across the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, U5GIG
allows universities and technical organizations across the UAE to work together and participate in the
development of the 5G ecosystem, and for academia and industry to test applications and technologies
in a real-world setting. Moreover, U5GIG will deliver innovative communications solutions in order to
generate social and economic value. As a result, U5GIG puts UAE at forefront of mobile innovation and
at the heart of networking development.
du is taking the lead to build a UAE 5G Innovation Lab to prototype, test and validate early 5G and IoT
equipment and services. The aim of this initiative is to bridge the gap between telecom industry and
academia in UAE by establishing and maintaining close, productive collaborations with academic
institutions, industry and the community. The ultimate goal is to adopt a collaborative approach to the
development of the 5G ecosystem and assess 5G solutions via real-life smart use cases and
applications.
In order to achieve this, du, as well as other consortium members, including MediaTek, will jointly
supervise 5G research programs with the major UAE universities and based on carefully selected
practical 5G research topics. Accordingly, the UAE will contribute to and participate in the
standardizations and development of 5G in forums such as 3GPP, ITU, and GSMA. We plan to work
closely with suppliers and SMEs and eventually train future UAE academic and industry leaders to bring
UAE’s voice to the technology development debate.
U5GIG will host vast number of IoT use cases and IoT platforms to have an open forum for application
development in UAE. We are proud to build the 1st of its kind open standard 5G and IoT lab in UAE for
applications and use cases development. UAE enterprises and universities will have access to this great
13. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
13
and unique innovation center to develop customized and innovative IoT applications. We will have
three streams in the 5G innovation lab: massive MIMO stream for sub-6 GHz, millimeter wave
(mmWave) stream with 3D beamforming, and IoT stream. The Massive MIMO and mmWave streams
will realize the extreme broadband experience of the 5G while the IoT stream will build and develop
IoT use cases and application on top of existing and new technologies.
5. DU 5G AND IOT ROADMAP
du has rich wireless and fixed broadband portfolios. Figure 9 summarizes the portfolio of du’s
broadband technologies. 5G is expected to be a unified network that can cater for different use cases.
The 5G access network will be designed in a flexible manner to accommodate different application
requirement such as extreme mobile broadband, Multi-Giga Fixed Wireless access, massive MTC and
URLLC IoT applications and use cases. du offers comprehensive broadband connectivity that covers
different segments and different applications. At du we always search for new technologies and we
are leading the region in terms of technology innovation and introduction of new technologies.
FIGURE 9: PORTFOLIO OF DU’S BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES
Having said that, du is leading the mobile broadband evolution in the Middle East. Du’s major
milestones in the journey of mobile broadband are summarized as follows:
• 5G prototype based on mmWave with peak TP of 10 Gbps (highest throughput in the region)
in GITEX 2015;
• LTE-A with peak throughput of 900Mbps with three component carrier (3xCC) and MIMO 4x4
in GITEX 2014;
• LTE-A with Carrier Aggregation, and another one with LTE MIMO 4x4 demonstrated with peak
downlink of 300Mbps in GITEX 2013, 2012, respectively;
Distance/Topology/Segments
Dense
Urban Urban
Industrial
Suburban
Residential
Suburban
Rural
100 Gbps
3 Gbps
1Gbps
10 Mbps
Short <1km Short/Medium 1-2km Medium 2-5 km Medium/Long >5 km Long >10 km
Wireless PTP/PTMP at sub 6 GHz
600Mbps
Fiber Optics (FTTx/GPON)
PTP eband 71-86GHz Up to 3Gbps
4G: LTE/LTE-A
up to 600Mbps
WiFi
802.11ac/ad
1.3Gbps (ac W1)
3.6Gbps (ac W2)
7Gbps (ad)
PTP MW up to 1Gbps
10 Gbps
5G/5GTTH (Mobile/Fixed)
MW PTMP unlicensed
60GHz up to 1Gbps
14. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
14
• LTE 150 Mbps with CAT 4 devices and demonstrated it at GITEX 2011 at the same time the LTE
network has been commercially deployed;
• DC-HSPA+ with peak TP of 42Mbps at GITEX 2010.
du has successfully tested and demonstrated the first ‘true' IoT network in the Middle East using
unlicensed LPWA network in 2015. Several use cases were demonstrated such as smart parking, smart
environment and smart tracking. In addition, we are currently testing 3GPP NB-IoT technology for
future IoT use cases. du have successfully built several IoT use cases on existing technologies (e.g. 2G,
3G, LTE, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, PLC, and LPWAN) including smart parking, smart meter, smart waste
management, smart environment, smart building, smart lighting, and smart fleet management. From
the experience gained in deploying such platforms, the main challenge in IoT implementation is
building an end-to-end use case and being ready with the required infrastructure to provide bottom-
up approach for use cases including radio connectivity, sensors, applications, IoT platform, analytics,
big data mining and machine learning. This is a fundamental part of our integrated digital strategy to
go beyond connectivity with the strategy set as follows [5]:
• Offers multiple and hybrid technologies according to the use case requirements including:
throughput, coverage, power, latency, cost, and spectrum;
• The existing networks (2G, 3G, LTE, Wi-Fi) will meet the applications that need long range and
high data rates, expected to constitute 10% of the IoT market volume,
• Technologies such as ZigBee, RF Mesh (802.15.4), PLC, Wi-Fi will be used for short range
applications such as smart meter, smart home, smart parking , expected to constitute 30% of
the IoT market volume;
• Introduce Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) based on 3GPP’s NB-IoT for nationwide
use cases. This will be the main stream for critical IoT applications while the LPWA unlicensed
network can be used for non-critical application and for on specific use cases, expected to
constitute 60% of the IoT market volume.
6. CONCLUSION
3GPP has started the 5G discussion in RAN 5G Workshop September 2015, and has reached a
substantial progress since then, consolidated an accelerated timeline for early NR deployments and is
on-course to start normative work on the overall architecture in December 2016 and on the new radio
technology in March 2017. As defined to be a unified system to cover a wide range of use cases, 5G is
expected to cover a diversity deployment that is scalable and adaptable for different spectrum types;
low and high bands. It is generally agreed by the industry that 5G standardization will take two main
releases, spanning over Release-15 and Release-16. The first phase will prioritize spectrum and
waveforms up to 40GHz for both eMBB and low latency use cases, while the second phase will continue
with waveforms above 40GHz and adding mMTC and URLLC use cases. At the same time, ITU-R
extended the sub-6 GHz bandwidth for IMT at a nearly global scale in WRC-15 covering new range of
bands like the C-Band, while considering the 24 to 33GHz spectrum for mmWave technologies as the
range considered for the potential global harmonized band. The envisioned market space for 5G
technology is targeting a design that has the capability to unify the system needed by various use cases.
In order to enable services for a wide range of users and industries with new requirements, the
capabilities of 5G must extend beyond those of previous wireless access generations. These capabilities
will include enhanced mobile broadband connectivity, massive system capacity for machine type
communications, very high data rates everywhere, very low latency, ultra-high reliability and
15. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
15
availability, and low device cost. 4G has transformed the internet making it mobile and with it enabling
countless services to flourish. 5G will leverage this further and make internet truly ubiquitous whilst
enabling new disruptive use cases even beyond what is feasible today. Therefore, in order to accelerate
the next generation mobile technology that is capable of meeting these requirements, a coexistence
with LTE-A Pro network (eLTE in its Release-15 version) is expected to be a key enabler to 5G
deployments.
MediaTek and du are dedicated to the success of 5G. With a technology leadership spanning through
multimedia, mobile communications, connectivity and computing technologies – all of which set to
play an essential role in bringing 5G to life by 2020, MediaTek and du are well positioned to be a
pioneer of the brand new world enabled by 5G.
16. 5G FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
WHITE PAPER 2016
16
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
[1]. TAICS Technical Report “Taiwan 5G White Paper by MediaTek and ITRI,” September 2015.
[2]. 3GPP RP-161901 “Revised work item proposal: Enhancements of NB-IoT,” 3GPP TSG RAN
Meeting #73, September 2016.
[3]. 3GPP RP-161266 “5G architecture options,” 3GPP RAN/SA meeting, June 2016.
[4]. ITU-R WP5D/TEMP/548-E: IMT Vision – “Framework and overall objectives of the future
development of IMT for 2020 and beyond,” February 2015.
[5]. Ayman Elnashar, “Building IoT Network for Smart City”, Forum on Internet of Things:
Empowering the New Urban Agenda Geneva, Switzerland, 19 October 2015.
[6]. Ayman Elnashar et. al. “Design, Deployment, and Performance of 4G-LTE Networks: A practical
Approach,” Wiley, May 2014.
[7]. Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed Elsaidny “Extending the Battery Life of Smartphones and
Tablets: A Practical Approach to Optimizing the LTE Network,” IEEE Vehicular Technology
Magazine, pp. 38:49, Issue 2, June 2014
[8]. Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed Elsaidny “Looking at LTE in Practice: A Performance Analysis of
the LTE System based on Field Test Results,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, Vol. 8, Issue
3, pp. 81:92, Sept. 2013.
ABOUT MEDIATEK
The World-class team of experts at MediaTek has been actively involved in exploring, defining and
validating technology for the fifth-generation mobile communications system, whilst also engaged in
related local and international collaboration efforts and fully committed to its timely standardization
in 3GPP. In order to prevent technology fragmentation, to guarantee competition and compatibility,
to channel investments and enable economies of scale for operators and users alike, global standards
are needed. MediaTek is therefore dedicated and committed to bring 5G to reality by 2020.
ABOUT DU
du has rich wireless and fixed broadband portfolios. du offers comprehensive broadband connectivity
that covers different segments and different applications. At du we always search for new technologies
and we are leading the region in terms of technology innovation and introduction of new technologies.
du is taking the lead to contribute to the 5G ecosystem by building a UAE 5G Innovation Gate (U5GIG)
lab to prototype, test and validate early 5G and IoT equipment and services. The aim of this initiative
is to bridge the gap between telecom industry and academia in UAE by establishing and maintaining
close, productive collaborations with academic institutions, industry and the community. The ultimate
goal is to adopt a collaborative approach to the development of the 5G ecosystem and assess 5G
solutions via real-life smart use cases and applications.