5cd checkpoints and cancer
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Cells undergo checkpoints to ensure DNA is properly replicated and any damage is repaired before dividing. Checkpoints monitor several criteria including chromosome alignment and nutrient levels. If issues are detected, the cell will either fix the problem or self-destruct. Cancer can occur if a mutation disrupts checkpoint proteins, allowing damaged cells to divide uncontrollably and form tumors. Unregulated growth leads to abnormal cell piles that attract blood vessels and can metastasize to other areas.
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Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and division. It arises due to genetic mutations and can be influenced by environmental factors like tobacco, diet, sun exposure, and other carcinogens. Common symptoms include abnormal growths or sores that don't heal. Treatment depends on the cancer type and stage, and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, or palliative care. Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells, but can cause side effects like fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and infections. The main types of chemotherapy drugs target DNA, cell division, or specific cancer cell processes and pathways.
Biology - Chp 10 - Cell Growth And Reproduction - PowerPoint
The document discusses cell growth and reproduction. It explains that cells divide through the cell cycle to replace old or damaged cells and allow organisms to grow. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and prepares to divide, and mitosis, where the cell nucleus and cytoplasm divide. During mitosis, the genetic material in chromosomes is replicated and then separated, with one set of chromosomes going to each new daughter cell. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by internal and external factors to control cell division and stop growth when needed, such as during wound healing. Cancer occurs when cells lose control over the cell cycle and divide uncontrollably.
Stem cells and_cancer_ppt
This document discusses stem cells and their relationship to cancer. It defines stem cells as unspecialized cells that can renew themselves and give rise to specialized cell types. Cancer stem cells are stem cells that have acquired mutations, allowing uncontrolled growth and improper differentiation. These cancer stem cells are able to regenerate tumors even after conventional chemotherapy, which targets rapidly dividing cells but not slow-dividing stem cells. Researchers are working to develop targeted drugs that can specifically kill cancer stem cells in order to eliminate the source of tumors.
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Structure and Characteristics of Normal and Cancerous cells.pptx
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Vaccines and immunity
Vaccines contain weakened or killed pathogens that stimulate the body's immune response by producing antibodies and memory cells specific to the disease. This provides immunity, protecting individuals from illness if exposed to the pathogen again. Vaccinating a significant portion of the population also provides indirect protection to those who cannot develop immunity through herd immunity. The first vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner who observed cowpox provided protection from smallpox, hypothesized this could be tested by inoculating people with cowpox, tested his hypothesis, and concluded vaccination provided acquired immunity.
viral evolution 2016
Viral evolution theories suggest that viruses did not come from a single common ancestor. There are three main hypotheses for the origin of viruses: that they devolved from cellular organisms like bacteria and lost components over time; that genetic material escaped from cells wrapped in a protein coat; or that self-replicating particles co-evolved alongside cells and adapted to new cell types.
Seeds 2016
Seeds consist of an embryo surrounded by a protective seed coat. The seed develops from fertilization, with one sperm cell fusing with the egg to form a zygote. When conditions are right, the seed will germinate by breaking through the seed coat. Germination begins with the root emerging, followed by the shoot and stem. Seeds contain parts that will mature into the adult plant, such as the radicle developing into the root and hypocotyl into the stem. Angiosperm seeds are enclosed in fruits while gymnosperm seeds are bare. Monocot seeds have one thin cotyledon while dicot seeds have two fleshy cotyledons that store food.
Angiosperms 2016
This document discusses the characteristics of vascular plants, specifically angiosperms. It describes that angiosperms have enclosed seeds protected inside a fruit. They have flowers, vascular tissue, and alternate between generations. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots. Monocots have one cotyledon and parallel veins, while dicots have two cotyledons and branching veins. The document outlines the structures and functions of floral parts and how angiosperms reproduce through a process called double fertilization.
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are seed plants that reproduce through cones and do not have flowers. They have woody stems and needles or scales instead of broad leaves. Their adaptations for life on land include woody growth for support, needles with less surface area for photosynthesis and water retention, and seeds that enclose embryos with stored food for greater survival. Their life cycle involves heterosporous male and female cones that produce pollen and ovules, with fertilization occurring through pollen tubes leading to the formation of seeds containing a sporophyte embryo.
Roots, shoots, leaves
Vascular plants contain transport tissues called xylem and phloem that allow movement of water and nutrients throughout the plant. They are divided into seedless vascular plants like ferns and seed vascular plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms. Key structures include roots that absorb water and nutrients, stems that provide support, and leaves, which are the primary site of photosynthesis and have adaptations like stomata to regulate gas exchange while preventing water loss. Growth occurs through meristem tissue at the tips of roots and shoots and laterally along stems.
Phylum tracheophyta 2016
Phylum Tracheophyta includes vascular plants such as ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. It contains plants that have true roots, stems, and leaves due to vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients. Within Tracheophyta there are four subphyla: Lycophyta containing club mosses, Sphenophyta containing horsetails, Psilophyta containing whisk ferns, and Pterophyta containing the largest group of ferns. Ferns reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through rhizomes, with the sporophyte generation being dominant.
Moss project
This document outlines the requirements for a Moss Project assignment. Students will create an informational booklet about the phylum Bryophyta (mosses). The booklet should include:
1) Point form notes on the characteristics of Bryophyta on page one.
2) A hand drawn life cycle of a moss on page two, labeling structures and processes.
3) Biological drawings from prepared microscope slides of moss structures on page three.
4) A drawing from a collected moss sample under a microscope on page four, with labels of moss structures.
5) Answers to lab application questions on page five.
Kingdom plantae introduction
This document provides information about the kingdom Plantae. It describes the major groups of plants including algae, bryophytes, tracheophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. It discusses key plant characteristics like being eukaryotic, undergoing photosynthesis, and having cell walls containing cellulose. It also explains the process of alternation of generations in plants and provides details about plant cells, photosynthesis, and the evolution of plants from single-celled algae to terrestrial plants. Specific sections cover algae characteristics, types of asexual and sexual reproduction in algae, and alternation of generations.
control of fungus
This document discusses three methods to control fungus: 1) Using fungicides like sulphur, lime, mercury, selenium, and copper compounds to chemically kill fungi. Fabrics can be treated with fungicides to prevent rot. 2) Breeding plants that are resistant to certain fungi like wheat that is resistant to rust. 3) Altering environmental conditions like moisture levels to make conditions unfavorable for fungal growth by keeping areas dry. The document also notes that overuse of antibiotics can lead to fungal infections because antibiotics kill bacteria in the body that normally keep fungi in check, and that fungi produce antibiotics to protect themselves from bacteria.
Classification of fungi 2016
Fungi are classified based on their reproductive structures. The three phyla are Mastigomycota, which have motile spores; Amastigomycota, which have non-motile spores and include the classes Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes; and Deuteromycota, which reproduce asexually. Ascomycetes have both sexual and asexual reproduction and include many plant pathogens. Basidiomycetes only reproduce sexually and include mushrooms. Fungi play many important roles as decomposers, sources of antibiotics, food, and medicine.
I kingdom fungi –characteristics & reproduction 2016
This document provides vocabulary and concepts related to the Kingdom Fungi. It defines key terms like haploid and diploid chromosomal numbers, sporangium, spores, gametangium, and gametes. It describes the characteristics of fungi, including their eukaryotic cell structure, preference for dark moist environments, and heterotrophic nutrition. The document outlines the four types of asexual reproduction in fungi: fission, budding, fragmentation, and spore production. It also describes the single type of sexual reproduction, including the dikaryotic stage and life cycle involving haploid gametes, zygote formation, and meiosis. Finally, it outlines the three main fungal body plans: typical mold
Special features for flight,3 mammal reprod groups & endoskeleton vs exoskeleton
This document covers three main topics:
1. Class Aves (birds) including two early bird species, Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis, and special features for flight such as hollow bones and feathers.
2. Class Mammalia, which has three reproductive groups - placental mammals, marsupials, and monotremes. Placental mammals have placentas, marsupials give birth to immature young that develop further in pouches, and monotremes are egg-laying mammals.
3. The differences between endoskeletons and exoskeletons, with endoskeletons being internal skeletons made of cartilage or bone that allow for
Chordate classes
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the major vertebrate classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. It describes their distinguishing features such as respiration, circulation, fertilization, eggs/young, metabolism, skin/covering, and other defining traits. The classes generally increase in complexity from jawless fish to mammals, with mammals exhibiting the most advanced adaptations including fur/hair, mammary glands, and internal gestation/live birth.
Chordate characteristics 2016
This document describes the characteristics of the phylum Chordata, which includes humans and other vertebrate animals. Chordata are defined by having a notochord or backbone during development. The phylum contains five subphyla: Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. Vertebrata are further divided into seven classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. The document provides details on characteristics and examples for each group.
Arthropod classification
This document classifies arthropods into three subphyla: Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata. Trilobites were diverse marine invertebrates that lived 500-250 million years ago. Chelicerates include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and sea spiders and have two body segments, pedipalps for holding prey, and book lungs. Mandibulatans include insects, centipedes, millipedes, and crustaceans and have mandibles for chewing and three body segments in insects.
Arthropod classification
This document classifies arthropods into three subphyla: Trilobitomorpha, which includes trilobites that lived 500-250 million years ago and have a well-preserved fossil record; Chelicerata, which includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and sea spiders that have two body segments and use chelicerae and pedipalps to feed; and Mandibulata, which includes insects, crustaceans, and myriapods such as centipedes and millipedes.
Phylum arthropoda characteristics
Phylum Arthropoda includes insects, crustaceans, arachnids and makes up over 82% of all living things. They are characterized by having a segmented body, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton made of chitin. Arthropods have a head with sensory organs and mouthparts, a thorax for appendage attachment, and some have an abdomen. Their exoskeleton provides protection but limits growth, requiring molting. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and have open circulatory, digestive and nervous systems adapted for their habitat.
Phylum echinodermata 2016
Phylum Echinodermata includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. They are radially symmetrical with a pentamerous body plan and have a water vascular system and endoskeleton. The phylum contains four classes: Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Echinoderms are found on the ocean floor and have tube feet, spines or plates, and can regenerate lost body parts. Their water vascular system is unique and used for movement, structure, and respiration.
Squid dissection
This document provides a detailed overview of the external and internal anatomy of squid through a squid dissection lab. It describes the key external features like arms, tentacles, eyes, mantle, fins, siphon and beak. Internally, it outlines the reproductive organs that differ between male and female squid, as well as other internal structures like the stomach, caecum, gills, hearts, pen and ink sac. The purpose is to familiarize students with the physical form and functioning of squid through a hands-on dissection experience.
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- 1. 5c & d: Checkpoints in the Cell & Cancer
- 2. Checkpoints While preparing for division, a cell does a self-check to see if everything is proceeding as normal. A cell will not divide if: There are not enough nutrients available to support continued growth The DNA has not been replicated The DNA is damaged If an issue is detected the cell either repairs or destroys itself.
- 3. Checkpoints Chromosomes attached to spindle fibers? Chromosomes split evenly during anaphase? Enough nutrients to support cell? Damaged DNA? DNA replicated? Damaged DNA?
- 4. Cancer If a mutation occurs in a gene that produces instructions for a checkpoint protein, cell cycle control will be lost. Damaged cells divide without control – uncontrolled division is called cancer. Instead of division stopping after a single layer of cells is produced, cancer cells grow in multiple layers called a tumor
- 5. Cancer Cancer cells are abnormal and do not carry out the normal functions of the tissue where the tumor has grown Cancer cells have large abnormal nuclei due to uncontrolled cell division from lack of regulation by checkpoints Cancer cells attract blood vessels to supply the tumor with nutrients for continued growth Some cancer cells can enter the blood stream and spread to other parts of the body and form new tumors – Metastasize