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Compaction


           ‫الدمك‬
04/05/12    Soil Compaction   1
Compaction Effect


                          Air
                      Water                                   Water
                                                                   Air



                      Solid                                  Solid


           Loose soil                             Compacted soil
             ‫تربة سائبة‬                              ‫تربة مدموكة‬



                                Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                                 2
Compaction Advantages
                     ‫مزايا الدمك‬
    As compaction increases, the
           following occurs:
            Increasebearing capacity
                              ‫ زيادة قدرة تحمل التربة‬
            Decrease potential for settlement

                                 ‫ تقليل إمكانية الهبوط‬
            Reduction in hydraulic conductivity

                                   ‫ تقليل نفاذية التربة‬

                              Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                   3
?What is compaction
  A simple ground improvement technique, where the
    soil is densified using external compactive effort.
    Densification is done through reducing voids.
   ‫الدمك: هو طريقة بسيطة لتحسين خواص التربة حيث يتم زيادة كثافتها‬
   ‫باستخدام جهد دمك خارجى. وزيادة الكثافة يتم عن طريق تقليل حجم‬
Compactive                                            .‫الفراغات‬
effort


                               + water =

                                Soil Compaction
         04/05/12                                               4
?What is compaction
The object of compaction is to improve
 the properties of the soil that is used as
 sub grade material for roads, fills of
 dams, embankments or under shallow
 foundations.
  ‫يهدف الدمك إلى تحسين خواص التربة المستخدمة فى‬
      ‫كطبقة أساس فى الطرق والمواد المستخدمة فى‬
     ‫السدود والجسور وكتربة إحلل أسفل الساسات‬
                                      .‫السطحية‬

                      Soil Compaction
  04/05/12                                   5
Purpose of Compaction?
 The compaction of soils and fills will result in
  improving the shear strength and reduce
  permeability and settlements.
      ‫ يهدف الدمك لتحسين مقاومة القص وتقليل النفاذية‬
                                            ‫والهبوط‬
 Field compaction of soil is assessed in terms
  of the dry density of the soil, which is the
  weight of soil solids per unit bulk volume.
             ‫ يتم تقييم الدمك الحقلى باستخدام قيمة وزن وحدة‬
  04/05/12
                                           .‫الحجوم الجاف‬
                                Soil Compaction
                                                          6
Relationship between γ dry and γ bulk
                              Ww
                         wc =
                              Wd
               air                   Ww + Wd W
                            1 + wc =        =
           water       ww   wc         Wd     Wd
V
                                   W
           soil             Wd =
                       wd   1    1 + wc
                                 Wd     W        γb
                            γd =    =         =
                                 V ( 1 + wc )V 1 + wc
                                 Soil Compaction
    04/05/12                                           7
Laboratory Compaction Test


- To obtain the compaction curve and define
the optimum water content and maximum dry
density for a specific compactive effort.

         ‫-يتم إجراء الختبار لتحديد محتوى المياه المثل‬
     .‫وأقصى كثافة جافة وذلك تحت تأثير جهد دمك محدد‬



                         Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                           8
Standard Proctor Compaction Test
    The standard was originally developed to
     simulate field compaction in the lab, for
     small and medium loads.
    Standard Proctor ‫اختبار بروكتور القياسى‬
              Mold: 945 (1000 cm3) or 1/30 ft3 ‫حجم القالب‬
              Hammer: 2.50 Kg or 5.50 lb hammer
                                     ‫ وزن المطرقة 05.2 كجم‬
              Drop Height = 30 cm or 12” ‫ارتفاع السقوط03 سم‬
              No. of Soil Layers = 3 ‫عدد الطبقات3 طبقات‬
              No. of Blows = 25 layer 25 ‫ضربة لكل طبقة‬
                                Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                       9
Modified Proctor Test
    The modified was developed to simulate
     larger compaction effort for more serious
     loads and bigger equipment
    Modified Proctor ‫اختبار بروكتور المعدل‬
              Mold: 945 (1000 cm3) or 1/30 ft3
              Hammer: 4.50 Kg or 10 lb hammer
                                     ‫ وزن المطرقة = 05.4 كجم‬
              Drop Height = 45 cm or 18” ‫ارتفاع السقوط54 سم‬
              No. of Soil Layers = 5 ‫عدد الطبقات5 طبقات‬
              No. of Blows = 25 layer ‫عدد الضربات52 ضربة‬
                                Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                    10
Specification for Field Compaction
 Relative to what?
          Proctor Test – standard or modified
 % Relative Compaction                                       ‫نسبة الدمك‬
                        γ d ( field )
             R( %) =                     × 100            R ~ (95 – 100%)
                       γ d max ( lab )
 If R > 95%, the compaction is accepted in
  most cases. ‫أكبر من59% ناجحة‬
 R > 98% could be required in some cases.
 R > 100% could be reached.
    .‫ ممكن أن تزيد نسبة الدمك عن 001% فى بعض الحالت‬
                                            Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                                    11
Zero Air Voids Line


                   γd max               Modified Proctor Test
Dry Density, γ d




                   γd max                      Standard Proctor Test




                         Rock Breaker
                        O.M.C O.M.C                  Water Content, wc

                                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                                 12
Required Equipment                Add pre-measured amounts
      and tools                         of water to soil sample
                           Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                       13
Mix Sample thoroughly                     Put mixed soil in mold in
                                                 3 layers (Standard Proctor)
                               Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                                14
Modified Proctor Test




                        Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                  15
Compact each layer using             Remove collar and trim
  Rammer, 25 blows per layer           the top
                         Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                        16
Weigh mold and sample

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             17
Take Samples for wc
      Extrude the sample
                                             determination
                           Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                           18
Field Compaction
Hand Held Vibrating Plates




                for compacting very small areas

                effective for granular soils
                                Soil Compaction
  04/05/12                                         19
Vibratory Roller




For very thin lifts and small areas




                               Soil Compaction
   04/05/12                                      20
Smooth-wheel roller




        Compacts effectively only to 200-300 mm;
       therefore, place the soil in shallow layers (lifts)
                            Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                 21
Pneumatic Rubber Tired Roller




               Soil Compaction
04/05/12                          22
Sheep foot Roller




 Provides kneading action; “walks out” after compaction

 Very effective on clays

                            Soil Compaction
     04/05/12                                       23
Impact Roller




 Provides deeper (2-3m) compaction. e.g., air field
                       Soil Compaction
 04/05/12                                         24
FIELD COMPACTION TESTS

 1- Sand Cone Test.

                       .‫ 1- اختبار المخروط الرملى‬
 2- Rubble Balloon Test.

                       .‫ 2- اختبار البالون المطاطى‬
 3- Nuclear Test.

                       .‫ 3- اختبار بالطرق النووية‬

                        Soil Compaction
  04/05/12                                            25
Sand Cone Test
                   ‫اختبار المخروط الرملى‬
 Performed in the Field.

                         .‫ اختبار للدمك يجرى فى الموقع‬
 Using sand cone and uniform (standard) sand.

            .‫ يتم باستخدام جهاز المخروط والرمل القياسى‬
 Uniform sand: Passing through sieve No. 20 and
   retained on No. 40
           20 ‫ رمل منتظم الحبيبات هو المار من منخل رقم‬
                         .40 ‫والمحجوز على منخل رقم‬
                           Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                            26
Field Measurement of Compaction

       Sand Cone
       ‫المخروط الرملى‬
                                                             W



                                                  V


                                          γd,field = W / V


                        Soil Compaction
04/05/12                                                         27
Measurement of Field Compaction
 Most common methods are
   Nuclear Method
   Sand Cone method
   Rubber Balloon method




                    Soil Compaction
 04/05/12                             28
Modified Proctor Test




             Rock Breaker

                     Soil Compaction
04/05/12                               29
Rock Breaker

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             30
Rock Breaker

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             31
Rock Breaker

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             32
Rock Breaker

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             33
Rock Breaker

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             34
Rock Breaker

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             35
Rock Breaker

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             36
Rock Breaker

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             37
Rock Breaker

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             38
Rock Breaker

                   Soil Compaction
04/05/12                             39
Soil Compaction
04/05/12                     40

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5 compaction

  • 1. Compaction ‫الدمك‬ 04/05/12 Soil Compaction 1
  • 2. Compaction Effect Air Water Water Air Solid Solid Loose soil Compacted soil ‫تربة سائبة‬ ‫تربة مدموكة‬ Soil Compaction 04/05/12 2
  • 3. Compaction Advantages ‫مزايا الدمك‬  As compaction increases, the following occurs:  Increasebearing capacity ‫ زيادة قدرة تحمل التربة‬  Decrease potential for settlement ‫ تقليل إمكانية الهبوط‬  Reduction in hydraulic conductivity ‫ تقليل نفاذية التربة‬ Soil Compaction 04/05/12 3
  • 4. ?What is compaction A simple ground improvement technique, where the soil is densified using external compactive effort. Densification is done through reducing voids. ‫الدمك: هو طريقة بسيطة لتحسين خواص التربة حيث يتم زيادة كثافتها‬ ‫باستخدام جهد دمك خارجى. وزيادة الكثافة يتم عن طريق تقليل حجم‬ Compactive .‫الفراغات‬ effort + water = Soil Compaction 04/05/12 4
  • 5. ?What is compaction The object of compaction is to improve the properties of the soil that is used as sub grade material for roads, fills of dams, embankments or under shallow foundations. ‫يهدف الدمك إلى تحسين خواص التربة المستخدمة فى‬ ‫كطبقة أساس فى الطرق والمواد المستخدمة فى‬ ‫السدود والجسور وكتربة إحلل أسفل الساسات‬ .‫السطحية‬ Soil Compaction 04/05/12 5
  • 6. Purpose of Compaction?  The compaction of soils and fills will result in improving the shear strength and reduce permeability and settlements. ‫ يهدف الدمك لتحسين مقاومة القص وتقليل النفاذية‬ ‫والهبوط‬  Field compaction of soil is assessed in terms of the dry density of the soil, which is the weight of soil solids per unit bulk volume. ‫ يتم تقييم الدمك الحقلى باستخدام قيمة وزن وحدة‬ 04/05/12 .‫الحجوم الجاف‬ Soil Compaction 6
  • 7. Relationship between γ dry and γ bulk Ww wc = Wd air Ww + Wd W 1 + wc = = water ww wc Wd Wd V W soil Wd = wd 1 1 + wc Wd W γb γd = = = V ( 1 + wc )V 1 + wc Soil Compaction 04/05/12 7
  • 8. Laboratory Compaction Test - To obtain the compaction curve and define the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a specific compactive effort. ‫-يتم إجراء الختبار لتحديد محتوى المياه المثل‬ .‫وأقصى كثافة جافة وذلك تحت تأثير جهد دمك محدد‬ Soil Compaction 04/05/12 8
  • 9. Standard Proctor Compaction Test  The standard was originally developed to simulate field compaction in the lab, for small and medium loads.  Standard Proctor ‫اختبار بروكتور القياسى‬  Mold: 945 (1000 cm3) or 1/30 ft3 ‫حجم القالب‬  Hammer: 2.50 Kg or 5.50 lb hammer ‫ وزن المطرقة 05.2 كجم‬  Drop Height = 30 cm or 12” ‫ارتفاع السقوط03 سم‬  No. of Soil Layers = 3 ‫عدد الطبقات3 طبقات‬  No. of Blows = 25 layer 25 ‫ضربة لكل طبقة‬ Soil Compaction 04/05/12 9
  • 10. Modified Proctor Test  The modified was developed to simulate larger compaction effort for more serious loads and bigger equipment  Modified Proctor ‫اختبار بروكتور المعدل‬  Mold: 945 (1000 cm3) or 1/30 ft3  Hammer: 4.50 Kg or 10 lb hammer ‫ وزن المطرقة = 05.4 كجم‬  Drop Height = 45 cm or 18” ‫ارتفاع السقوط54 سم‬  No. of Soil Layers = 5 ‫عدد الطبقات5 طبقات‬  No. of Blows = 25 layer ‫عدد الضربات52 ضربة‬ Soil Compaction 04/05/12 10
  • 11. Specification for Field Compaction  Relative to what?  Proctor Test – standard or modified  % Relative Compaction ‫نسبة الدمك‬ γ d ( field ) R( %) = × 100 R ~ (95 – 100%) γ d max ( lab )  If R > 95%, the compaction is accepted in most cases. ‫أكبر من59% ناجحة‬  R > 98% could be required in some cases.  R > 100% could be reached. .‫ ممكن أن تزيد نسبة الدمك عن 001% فى بعض الحالت‬ Soil Compaction 04/05/12 11
  • 12. Zero Air Voids Line γd max Modified Proctor Test Dry Density, γ d γd max Standard Proctor Test Rock Breaker O.M.C O.M.C Water Content, wc Soil Compaction 04/05/12 12
  • 13. Required Equipment Add pre-measured amounts and tools of water to soil sample Soil Compaction 04/05/12 13
  • 14. Mix Sample thoroughly Put mixed soil in mold in 3 layers (Standard Proctor) Soil Compaction 04/05/12 14
  • 15. Modified Proctor Test Soil Compaction 04/05/12 15
  • 16. Compact each layer using Remove collar and trim Rammer, 25 blows per layer the top Soil Compaction 04/05/12 16
  • 17. Weigh mold and sample Soil Compaction 04/05/12 17
  • 18. Take Samples for wc Extrude the sample determination Soil Compaction 04/05/12 18
  • 19. Field Compaction Hand Held Vibrating Plates  for compacting very small areas  effective for granular soils Soil Compaction 04/05/12 19
  • 20. Vibratory Roller For very thin lifts and small areas Soil Compaction 04/05/12 20
  • 21. Smooth-wheel roller Compacts effectively only to 200-300 mm; therefore, place the soil in shallow layers (lifts) Soil Compaction 04/05/12 21
  • 22. Pneumatic Rubber Tired Roller Soil Compaction 04/05/12 22
  • 23. Sheep foot Roller  Provides kneading action; “walks out” after compaction  Very effective on clays Soil Compaction 04/05/12 23
  • 24. Impact Roller  Provides deeper (2-3m) compaction. e.g., air field Soil Compaction 04/05/12 24
  • 25. FIELD COMPACTION TESTS  1- Sand Cone Test. .‫ 1- اختبار المخروط الرملى‬  2- Rubble Balloon Test. .‫ 2- اختبار البالون المطاطى‬  3- Nuclear Test. .‫ 3- اختبار بالطرق النووية‬ Soil Compaction 04/05/12 25
  • 26. Sand Cone Test ‫اختبار المخروط الرملى‬  Performed in the Field. .‫ اختبار للدمك يجرى فى الموقع‬  Using sand cone and uniform (standard) sand. .‫ يتم باستخدام جهاز المخروط والرمل القياسى‬  Uniform sand: Passing through sieve No. 20 and retained on No. 40 20 ‫ رمل منتظم الحبيبات هو المار من منخل رقم‬ .40 ‫والمحجوز على منخل رقم‬ Soil Compaction 04/05/12 26
  • 27. Field Measurement of Compaction Sand Cone ‫المخروط الرملى‬ W V γd,field = W / V Soil Compaction 04/05/12 27
  • 28. Measurement of Field Compaction  Most common methods are  Nuclear Method  Sand Cone method  Rubber Balloon method Soil Compaction 04/05/12 28
  • 29. Modified Proctor Test Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 29
  • 30. Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 30
  • 31. Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 31
  • 32. Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 32
  • 33. Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 33
  • 34. Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 34
  • 35. Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 35
  • 36. Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 36
  • 37. Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 37
  • 38. Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 38
  • 39. Rock Breaker Soil Compaction 04/05/12 39