The document discusses early childhood development from birth to age 18. It covers the factors that influence development, including nature (genetics) and nurture (environment). Development occurs across four main areas: physical, cognitive/intellectual, emotional, and social. Key theorists like Piaget are mentioned in regards to stages of cognitive development. Preschool-aged children from ages 3-6 are characterized, with examples of typical abilities and behaviors at different ages. Overall principles of growth and development are outlined such as maturation, progression from simple to complex, and variability in individual rates of development.

1. Step 2
Early Childhood Development
(Konsep Perkembangan Awal Kanak-kanak)
- Factors influencing Development - Nature
vs Nurture
- Child Development in four areas (PMES)

2. Early Childhood Development
• Physical Growth – size, height, weight
• Skills Development – mind & intelligence &
personality

3. Nature vs Nature
• Major changes in growth and development
occur from birth to about 18 years of age
• Two main factors that influence growth and
development are
– hereditary and
– environment

4. Hereditary (Baka)
• Hereditary or genes factor consists of genetic
influences on the physical body, intelligence,
sociability and emotions
• Some visible effects of nature
– physical features such as the colour of eyes and
hair which are inherited from parents and
grandparents
What other genetic influences can you list?

5. Environment (Persekitaran)
• Influences from family, peers, teachers, mass
media, and society
• Factors include home background, school,
socio-economic levels and culture heritage
• Biological factors such as nutritional intake,
medical care and exposure to hazards /
pollution also affect growth
Make a list of factors influencing the child as
he /she grows?

6. Factors Affecting Growth &
Development:
Genes – inherited
from parents
Social – influence of
other people
Lifestyle – choices
that one makes
Environment –
situation &
opportunities
 Genetic
Inheritance
 Gender
 Twins
 Physical
features
 Family
relationships
 Ethnicity and
religion
 Friendships
 Life Experiences
(birth, marriage,
death and divorce)
 Income
 Diet
 Material
 possessions
 Exercise
 Employment &
unemployment
 Alcohol &
smoking
 Pollution
 Housing
conditions
 Educational
experiences
 Access to health
and welfare
services
 Experience of
illness or disease

7. Characteristics of Preschool Children
• Physical (Jasmani)
• Mental (Kognitif)
• Emotional (Emosi)
• Social (Sosial)

8. (a) Physical Development
• refers to the growth of the size of the body and its organs, the functioning of
physical systems;
• coordination of fine and complex motor skills.
(b) Cognitive Development
• refers to the changes that occur within the functioning of the human brain.;
• Includes perception, concept formation, language acquisition, memory, spatial
ability and mathematical ability;
• Also includes reasoning ability for logical problem solving.
(c) Emotional (Affective and Psychosocial) Development
• refers to the development of feelings, emotions and behaviour;
• Also involves knowing oneself and being able to manage one’s own emotions and
temperament.
(d) Social Development
• refers to being able to relate to others, form relationships and friends;
• Also involves personality development and interpersonal skills .

9. Some Characteristics of Preschoolers
Three-year-olds
• Love to observe and imitate others;
• They like to be with their parents; and
• can be good helpers with simple household chores.
Four-Year-Olds
• "Energetic," "enthusiastic," "silly," "fun," and "out of bounds"
• This group of "pre-kindergartners" is not prepared to sit still and
listen.
Five-Year-Olds
• More "together" than the wild four-year olds;
• They are also more sensitive and aware of people's feelings and
needs;
• They may be more cooperative children than before.
Six-Year Olds
• ____
• ____

10. Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980)
– Stages of Cognitive Devt
Stages Age Characteristics
Sensory- motor 0 – 2 years  Can copy and remember things.
 Knowing that an object still exists
although it has been hidden.
 Egocentric in nature (focusing on
one’s self)
Pre-Operational 2 – 7 years  Start to use language slowly
 Can think in the symbolic form
Concrete
Operational
7 – 11 or 12 years  Can solve concrete problems–
Understand the concept of
conservation
 Can make classifications.
Formal Operational Above 11 or 12
years
 Can solve abstract problems
 Become more scientific in one’s
thinking
 Feel concerned about social issues
in one’s environment.

11. Principles of Growth & Devt
• Development depends on
maturation and learning
– Children will improve in thinking
(cognitive) and psycho-motor
(physical) skills as the brain and
nervous system develop with
constant exposure to new learnings
from the environment
– Children must mature to a certain
level before they can acquire new
skills.
• A four-month-old baby cannot use
language yet because the brain cells
for language have not matured
enough

12. Process of Growth & Devt
• Development proceeds from the simple (concrete) to the more
complex.
– Children comprehend concrete examples in early childhood;
– Children use simple cognitive and language skills to reason and solve
problems in early childhood;
– Reasoning power improves with ability to differentiate and classify
objects.
• Growth and development is a continuous process
– Child constructs new knowledge and skills based on previous
knowledge and accumulates knowledge gradually;
– Most children follow a similar pattern;
• The child must acquire control of hand movement to hold a pencil or crayon
before he/she can draw or write.
• Growth and development proceed from the general to specific
– In motor development, the child will be able to grasp an object with
the whole hand before learning to use only the thumb and forefinger;
– Growth occurs from large muscle movements to more refined
(smaller) muscle movements.

13. Rate of Growth and Development
– Sequence for growth and development are same
for all children;
– Rate at which individual children reaches
developmental stage may be different
– Specific time-range for developmental tasks
• A child's intellectual development may progress faster
than his/her emotional or social development

14. Video Clips - Milestones
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0TGczdbiV4&list
=PLrMFMZYz2AyiE46mXOJvuevMq9aRPif0R&index=2
• Milestones for 3 year olds
https://youtu.be/eZNeomd3nbY
• Milestones for 3-5 year olds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIUHWZrBSSs