This document discusses cognitive development throughout childhood, covering infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. It describes the major stages and abilities associated with each period, including sensorimotor learning in infancy, preoperational thinking in early childhood, concrete operational skills emerging in middle childhood, and formal operational abstract thinking in adolescence. The document also examines similarities and differences between stages, components and flaws of Piaget's model, language and intelligence testing, and effects of daycare on attachment.
Acknowledgement of early childhood developmental psychology is necessary for you as a parent because this is the crucial period for your child’s physical, cognitive, social and emotional development. Child psychology is important in understanding your child’s wants and needs. Social, cultural, and socioeconomic are the three context of child psychology. Go through the slide to get the detailed view of these contexts & know how to understand child psychology.
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also understanding the nature of intelligence. He divided it into four stages of development.
Acknowledgement of early childhood developmental psychology is necessary for you as a parent because this is the crucial period for your child’s physical, cognitive, social and emotional development. Child psychology is important in understanding your child’s wants and needs. Social, cultural, and socioeconomic are the three context of child psychology. Go through the slide to get the detailed view of these contexts & know how to understand child psychology.
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also understanding the nature of intelligence. He divided it into four stages of development.
Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
Milestones are very often referred to as red flags. this chapter differentiates between the growth and development, deals with the body types and the factors of evelopment. The stages of development from infancy to middle childhood are dealt with in this chapgter. It also deals with the aspects of development
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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2. Cognitive Development in Infancy
• Birth to 2 years old
• Begins to develop simple sentences
• Learns behaviours through classical and operant
conditioning, and observing models
• Learn about the world through their senses and
motor actions (sensorimotor stage)
• Infants as young as 3 months can remember
objects and actions for up to a week
• Develop schematic learning which enables them to
distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar
stimuli
3. Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
• Ages 3-6 years old
• Develops into the preoperational stage which
involves using symbols in thinking and
communication
• Thinks of the world one variable at a time
(centration) and has difficulty seeing others
perspectives (egocentrism).
• More complex sentences
• Developed theory of mind (others actions are based
on their own ideas)
4. Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
• Ages 7-11 years old
• Develops concrete operational stage which involves thinking logically about
events and objects in the real world
• By age 5 or 6, grammar and pronunciation of their first language is virtually
mastered
• More complete and complex sentences
• Ability to solve simple problems
• More socially and emotionally advances
5. Cognitive Development in Adolescence
• Ages 12-18 years old
• Advanced information processing in most individuals
• Teens become more proficient in metacognition and metamemory
• Operational stage of development reached including ability to think logically
about abstract ideas
• Develops formal operational stage
6. Similarities and differences between the childhood
stages of development
Similarities Differences
• All age groups have ways to test
intelligence
• Each stage has significant
behavioural change or learning
curve
• Each stage identifies the major
concepts of the stage (i.e. language,
memory, information processing)
• Different stages of Piaget’s level of
development based on age
• Language is more complex as you
age in childhood
• Ability to understand others and
the real world differs
7. What are the Positive Components of Piaget’s
Stages of Development?
• Focuses on qualitative development and had an impact on education
• Many educational programs are developed on his theory and taught at
which the level they are developmentally prepared
• A number of instructional strategies have been produced him Piaget’s
theory including:
- supportive environment
- utilizing social interactions and peer teaching
- helping children with learning disabilities
8. What are the Flaws of Piaget’s Stages of
Development?
• Piaget insisted that all stages of development are reached and
cannot be skipped
• Piaget reports that each stage of development happens within his
time frame he set on each stage, while Erikson argues that
developmental change is continual
9. Infancy and Attachment
• The majority of parents manage to respond to their infant in
sensitive ways that enhance the development of a close
relationship
• The father and mother interact differently with the infant, but the
infant is dependent on both
• Attachment behaviours include:
- stranger anxiety
- separation anxiety
- social referencing
10. Effects on Toddler Cognitive Development in
Daycare Settings
• High quality cognitively enriched
daycares have beneficial effects on
children’s overall cognitive development
• Coupled with insensitive mothering,
insecure attachment is amplified by the
child
• Insecure attachment: avoiding or ignoring
the caregiver and showing little emotion
when they depart or return
11. Theory of Mind in Early Childhood
• Age 3: understands some aspects of the link between people’s
thinking, feelings, and behaviour
• Age 4: basic principle that each person’s actions are based on his
or her representation of reality
• Ages 4-5: cannot understand that other people can think of them
• Ages 5-7: understand the reciprocal nature of thought
12. How Does an Infant Begin to Learn a
Language?
• Phonological awareness: a child’s
understanding of the sounds patterns
of the language
• Things that facilitate in an infant
learning a language are:
- Nursery rhymes
- Games involving repetitive words
13. What are Some Intelligence Tests
Performed on Children?
• Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC-IV)
- Verbal comprehension index
- Perceptual reasoning index
- Working memory index
- Processing speed index
• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the first intelligence test
(IQ Test)
14. Is This Relevant to Me Personally?
• Yes it is! Being a former gymnastics instructor, a part time nanny, and future
registered nurse, knowing how children behave is crucial to satisfying their needs
of daily living as well as:
• To better understand and predict the behaviours of children, and what is
appropriate behaviour for their age
• To keep them happy and entertain them in ways that are suitable for their
cognitive abilities
15. Will I use this information in my professional life?
• I will use this information in my
professional life as a registered nurse as
I am wanting to work in pediatrics
• Whether or not I work in pediatrics or
another unit, children will likely be
involved in some way and being able to
relate to them and know how they are
cognitively developed will help when
explaining procedures to them
16. References
Boyd, D., Johnson, P., Bee, H. (2015). Lifespan Development. (5th Canadian
ed.). Toronto, ON: Prentice Hall Canada Inc.
http://psychology.about.com/od/piagetstheory/p/piagetcriticism.htm