The document provides an introduction to stenography, which is the ancient art of hiding messages so they are not detectable. It discusses how stenography aims to hide the existence of a message, while cryptography scrambles it so it cannot be understood. It then reviews traditional stenography methods used before digital means, and outlines some key terms like cover image and stego image. The document proposes an edge adaptive scheme for digital image stenography and discusses advantages like messages not attracting attention. It also reviews some applications of stenography like digital watermarking and discusses the technique's future scope.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Internet users frequently need to store, send, or receive private information. The most common
way to do this is to transform the data into a different form. The resulting data can be understood
only by those who know how to return it to its original form. This method of protecting
information is known as encryption. A major drawback to encryption is that the existence of data
is not hidden. Data that has been encrypted, although unreadable, still exists as data. If given
enough time, someone could eventually unencrypted the data. A solution to this problem is
steganography. The ancient art of hiding messages so that they are not detectable. No
substitution or permutation was used. The hidden message is plain, but unsuspecting
to the reader. Steganography's intent is to hide the existence of the message, while cryptography
scrambles a message so that it cannot be understood.
Before the invention of digital means, traditional methods were being used for sending or
receiving messages. Before phones, before mail messages were sent on foot. For the messages
where privacy was of prime concern, the ways of implementing security were following:
1. Choosing the messenger capable of delivering the message securely.
2. Write the message using such notations that actual meaning of the message was concealed.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 INFORMATION SECURITY:
In general, security denotes “the quality or state of being secure to be free from danger”
(Whitman,2007,pp. 09 ) .
Security is classified into different layers depending on the type of content intended to
be secured: Physical security: Defines the required issues that are needed to protect the physical
data or objects from unauthorized intrusion. Personal security: It is defined as the security of the
individuals who are officially authorized to access information about the company and its
operations Operational security: It mainly relies on the protection of the information of a
particular operation of the chain of activities
.
Communication’s security: The communication’s security encompasses the security
issues regarding the organization’s communication media, technology and content .Network
security: The network security is responsible for safeguarding the information regarding the„
networking components‟, „connections‟ and contents. Information security: Information security
is the protection of information and the systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit that
information. Information security can be defined as measures adopted to prevent the
unauthorized use or modification of use of data or capabilities. The main objective of the project
is to propose the method and critically discuss the properties which help to transmit the data or
information over a network without any modifications. The critical characteristics of information
are.
1. Availability
2. Accuracy
3. Authenticity

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Fig 2.1 Digital Medium to Achieve Steganography
2.2 Image Steganography Terminologies:
Image steganography terminologies are as follows:-
• Cover-Image: Original image which is used as a carrier for hidden information.
• Message: Actual information which is used to hide into images. Message could be a plain text
or some other image.
• Stego-Image: After embedding message into cover image is known as stego-image.
• Stego-Key: A key is used for embedding or extracting the messages from cover-images and
stego-images.

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CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM
3.1 Least Significant Bit Manipulation:
The idea behind this scheme is to replace the LSB of the image pixels with the message bits.
Most steganographic programs available today use some variation of LSB manipulation in order
to hide messages in an image. The major advantage of the method is its quickness and easiness.
Typically, it achieves high payload and low perceptibility. However, a too naive implementation
may be susceptible to various visual and statistical attacks. The scheme also has a very low
resistance to removal. For more details, please refer to the LSB examples subsection.
3.2 Statistical approach:
An algorithm by Bender et al. called patchwork, works by altering the statistics of the image. It
pseudo randomly chooses pairs of patches (groups of pixels), then it brightens one patch and
darkens the other one. This way a specific statistics, one that has a Gaussian distribution, is
embedded into the image. This scheme falls into the category of watermarking techniques.
3.3 Spread Spectrum:
Widely used in RF (Radio Frequency) communication, the technique actually spreads the
bandwidth of a narrowband signal across wide band of frequencies. After spreading, the energy
of the narrowband signal at any given frequency is low, and therefore difficult to detect (and
jam). Several methods that utilize the principles of spread spectrum have been described in. We
will present and describe in detail an algorithm suggested by Marvel et al. in which uses
techniques of error-correcting coding, image restoration and spread spectrum communication in
order to construct a blind steganographic system.

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Fig 3.1 stegno system

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CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM
We expand the LSB matching revisited image steganography and propose an edge
adaptive scheme which can select the embedding regions according to the size of secret message
and the difference between two consecutive pixels in the cover image.
For lower embedding rates, only sharper edge regions are used while keeping the other smoother
regions as they are. When the embedding rate increases, more edge regions can be released
adaptively for data hiding by adjusting just a few parameters.
4.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY:
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth
with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the
feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed
system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major
requirements for the system is essential.
Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are
 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

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4.1.1 Economical Feasibility:
This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development
of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well
within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely
available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.
4.1.2 Technical Feasibility:
This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical
requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available
technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This
will lead to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest
requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.
4.1.3 Social Feasibility:
The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This
includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel
threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the
users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and
to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to
make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

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CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
5.1 ADVANTAGES:
The advantage of steganography over cryptography alone is that messages do not attract
attention to themselves. Plainly visible encrypted messages no matter how unbreakable will
arouse suspicion, and may in themselves be incriminating in countries where encryption is
illegal. Therefore, whereas cryptography protects the contents of a message, steganography can
be said to protect both messages and communicating parties.
Steganography includes the concealment of information within computer files. In digital
steganography, electronic communications may include steganographic coding inside of a
transport layer, such as a document file, image file, program or protocol. Media files are ideal for
steganographic transmission because of their large size. As a simple example, a sender might
start with an innocuous image file and adjust the color of every 100th pixel to correspond to a
letter in the alphabet, a change so subtle that someone not specifically looking for it is unlikely to
notice it.
Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one, apart
from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the existence of the message, a form of security
through obscurity. The word steganography is of Greek origin and means "concealed writing"
from the Greek words stegno meaning "covered or protected", and graph in meaning "to write".
The first recorded use of the term was in 1499 by Johannes Trithemius in his Steganographia, a
treatise on cryptography and steganography disguised as a book on magic. Generally, messages
will appear to be something else: images, articles, shopping lists, or some other cover text and,
classically, the hidden message may be in invisible ink between the visible lines of a private
letter.

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5.2 DISADVANTAGES:
 Anti-computer forensics (section Steganography) functions has put the field of digital
forensics at a great disadvantage .Steganography is a technique where information or files
are hidden within another
 Cardan grille (section Disadvantages) at all. Such a disguised message is considered to be
an example of steganography, which is a sub-branch of general cryptography. But the
name Cardan
 Watermark (data file) Useful for tamper detection, though each has its own advantages
and disadvantages. A typical data hash will process an input file to produce an
alphanumeric 3
 Cipher Classification Encryption software Famous cipher texts Pretty Good Privacy
Steganography Telegraph code Ibrahim A. Al-Kadi, "Cryptography and Data Security:

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CHAPTER 6
APPLICATION
6.1 Digital Watermarking:
Digital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a digital signal in a
way that is difficult to remove. The signal may be audio, pictures or video, for example. If the
signal is copied, then the information is also carried in the copy. A signal may carry several
different watermarks at the same time.
6.2 Visible Watermarking:
In this, the information is visible in the picture or video. Typically, the information is text or a
logo which identifies the owner of the media. When a television broadcaster adds its logo to the
corner of transmitted video, this is also a visible watermark.
6.3 Invisible Watermarking:
In this, information is added as digital data to audio, picture or video, but it cannot be perceived
as such (although it may be possible to detect that some amount of information is hidden). The
watermark may be intended for widespread use and is thus made easy to retrieve or it may be a
form of Steganography, where a party communicates a secret message embedded in the digital
signal. In either case, as invisible watermarking, the objective is to attach ownership or other
descriptive information to the signal in a way that is difficult to remove. It is also possible to use
hidden embedded information as a means of covert communication between individuals. Digital
Watermarking can be used for a wide range of applications such as: Copyright protection Source
Tracking (Different recipients get differently watermarked content). The numbers of possible
applications for digital watermarking technologies are increasing rapidly. For example, in the
field of data security, watermarks may be used for certification, authentication, and conditional
access. Certification is an important issue for official documents, such as identity cards or
passports.

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CONCLUSION
AND
FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION:
Steganography transmits secrets through apparently innocuous covers in an effort to
conceal the existence of a secret. Digital image steganography and its derivatives are growing in
use and application. In areas where cryptography and strong encryption are being outlawed,
citizens are looking at steganography to circumvent such policies and pass messages covertly. As
with the other great innovations of the digital age: the battle between cryptographers and
cryptanalysis, security experts and hackers, record companies and pirates, steganography and
Steganalysis will continually develop new techniques to counter each other.
FUTURE SCOPE:
In the near future, the most important use of steganographic techniques will probably be
lying in the field of digital watermarking. Content providers are eager to protect their
copyrighted works against illegal distribution and digital watermarks provide a way of tracking
the owners of these materials. Steganography might also become limited under laws, since
governments already claimed that criminals use these techniques to communicate. The possible
use of steganography technique is as following:
Hiding data on the network in case of a breach.
Peer-to-peer private communications.
Posting secret communications on the Web to avoid
transmission.
Embedding corrective audio or image data in case corrosion
occurs from a poor connection or transmission.

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REFERENCES
 http://www.ece.tamu.edu/~deepa/pdf/txsecwrksh03.pdf.
 http://www.nicetext.com/doc/isc01.pdf
 www.w3school.com
 steganography.pdf
 www.wikkipedia.com