9626 GCE A2 Information Technology Chapter 11

The International School of Paphos (CY020)
2017-2018 © Provided by Anthi Aristotelous
1
Chapter 11
Emerging technologies
Page 188-199

Emerging Technologies
• Describe emerging technologies and their possible uses in
different fields including: medicine, manufacturing, space
exploration
• Evaluate the impact of emerging technologies on individuals
and their lifestyles
• Evaluate the impact of emerging technologies on
organisations
• Evaluate the impact of emerging technologies on medicine
• Evaluate the impact of emerging technologies on the
environment
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of storing data in
the cloud
2

2017-2018 © Provided by Anthi Aristotelous 3
3D printing
• Is the process of making
a physical object from a
three-dimensional digital
model, using modelling
software.
• It is created by laying down
successive layers of
material, such as heated
plastic to print a single
layer at a time.
• It is a time consuming
process to produce the
final object.

Impact of 3D printing on medicine
• Development of prosthetics and medical products. Create
more flexible casts for broken bones.
• Aids for replacement limbs using prosthetics or with the use
of tissue engineering, using stem cell technologies to
grow new body parts and organs.
• Print artificial blood vessels for replacing damaged ones.
• Design of medical tools and equipment.
4

3D printing in manufacturing goods
Advantages
• Easier to customise products to
users specific requirements
• Printing is done remotely, no need
to transfer product
• Prototypes can be produced more
rapidly for testing, speed up
production
• Product may be available sooner
compared to traditional methods
• Costs may be reduced - less
specialised machinery
• Warehouse costs reduced - no
excess inventory
Disadvantages
• Limited materials available for
printing – restricted product range
• Copyright issues as it is easier to
everyone to print the product
• Dangerous items can be created
more easily
• Useless items produced and
thrown away – environmental
impact
• Limited size of products due to
size restrictions
• Printing can be quite sloe
compared to traditional
manufacturing.
5

4G and 5G cellular communications
• The letter G refers to the
Generation of wireless
communication.
• The signal is passed from each
cellular mast or phone tower.
The phone connects to the
nearest mobile mast and may
change if another is closer.
• This affects the signal strength
according to proximity of the
mobile mast.
6

Comparison of 1G to 5G
7

Technology 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Start 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014
Development 1984 1999 2002 2010 2020
Data
Bandwidth
2 Kbps 14-64 Kbps 2 Mbps 200 Mbps >= 1 Gbps
Technology Analog
cellular
Digital cellular Broadband/
CDMA / IP
Unidentified
IP/
LAN/WAN/WL
AN
4G+WWWW
Core network PSTN PSTN Packet
network
Internet Internet
Service Mobile
telephony
Digital voice
short
message
Integrated
high quality
audio, video &
data
Dynamic
information
access,
variable
devices
Dynamic
information
access,
variable
devices
AI capabilities
8

1G: only used for voice calls
2G: included slow access to the Internet, could not
assist growing number of users
3G: high broadband speeds using audio, video & data
on mobile devices
4G: enhancement of 3G, 5 times faster uploading and
downloading data. Deduction in latency allows
streaming of online videos and playing online games.
5G: data transmission 100 times faster, enabling
extremely high internet access, real-time
communication and HD video streaming.
9

Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Refers to the intelligence of machines!
• AI is when a computer is able to make decisions based on
heuristic knowledge (through experience), like humans.
• AI systems are created by programming a set of rules that
must be obeyed.
• In reality AI’s can also learn from their actions and by
modifying their behavior, giving us the impression that they
can think, despite the fact they are still following programmed
instructions.
• AI is embedded in lots of new
technologies, such as building Deep
Blue gaming system, self-driving cars,
Siri and Google Now.
10
Siri

AI self driving cars
• Driving will be a safer tasks, by removing human error
• Will allow people with disabilities to travel independently
• Problems could occur, such as programming errors will lead
to wrong operation
• Requires improvements on voice activation commands
11
TelsaGoogle

Augmented Reality
12

Augmented Reality (AR)
• It’s the use of computer technology that overlays computer-
generated images onto the real-world environment.
• In a real-world environment whose elements are
"augmented" by computer-generated or extracted real-world
sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data.
13
Google Glass

Augmented Reality (AR)
• Benefits of Augmented Reality:
– Interactive and digital manipulated environment
– Builds a 3D model character or object in the real environment
– Makes games more interesting and ‘real’
– Can discover information about world, such as street names,
shops, people
• Drawbacks of Augmented Reality:
– Could lead to vision being blocked or distraction
– Issues with object recognition due to lighting or camera angle
– Concerns of security breach or issues when streaming live data
14

Biometrics
15
Iris scanning Fingerprint scanning
Voice recognition Security System

Biometrics
• It refers to metrics related to human characteristics. Biometrics
authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in computer
science as a form of identification and access control.
• Biometric values measured: heart rate, fingerprint, voice
recognition, iris recognition and even DNA patterns.
• It is commonly used for passport control where a passenger
must enter a scanner which scans their facial features and
compares them with ones stored on passport chip.
• Additionally, it is used on mobile phones or laptops, where the
user must scan their fingerprint before they can access the
system.
• Iris scanners are mostly seen of spy movies where high security
buildings or rooms are locked using this technique.
16

Biometrics
• Advantages of biometrics:
– Unique identification of a person’s physical characteristics
– Greater sense of security and locking personal data on
mobile devices
• Disadvantages of biometrics:
– Lack of data privacy, since an individuals personal details
are kept and stored.
– Concerns about the security of personal information in
terms of being hacked.
– Forged fingerprint or voice recognition might not be
identified and unauthorised people could gain access
17

Cloud Computing
• Includes a collection of servers used to store or process data.
• Enables access to share pools of resources (such as
computer networks, servers, storage, applications and
services).
18

Storing data in the Cloud
Benefits of cloud computing:
• Companies or individuals will not need to bare the costs of this IT
infrastructure. (Reduced IT support requirements/staff and reduced
requirements for storage devices)
• Backups are managed by the cloud company, so reduced media cost
• Can access resources from anywhere as long there’s an Internet connection
• Collaboration on documents, allows users to access work from home
Drawbacks of cloud computing:
• Requires consistent and reliable Internet connectivity
• Files might not be synchronised leading to invalid versions of data
• Security concern in terms of personal data being accessed by unauthorised
users
• Cloud service suppliers might go out of business so data is lost
• Data storage might be in different country which is subject to different laws.
19

Computer-assisted translation
• It is software which is given a string of text or a document for
translation in a language of user’s choice. It removes extra
elements such as pictures, tables and anything that is not
text.
• Benefits of computer-assisted translation:
– Easy and quick translation of words or phrases via mobile
phone when in a different country as long as there is
Internet connectivity
– Can translate whole documents and websites making it
possible read them.
• Drawbacks of computer-assisted translation:
– Most sites give direct translations instead of meaning
behind sentences
20

Holographic data storage
• Data storage medium for high capacity of data,
which saves bits in parallel way (data stored layer
upon layer).
• Benefits companies to archive vast amount of data
over a long period of time.
• These devices degrade less than others
• Major concern is the high costs for holographic
storage.
21

4th generation optical data storage
• Refers to the next generation of optical storage.
• The third generation allowed HD video and had the ability to
store up to 400GB.
• The 4th generation will have the potential to store up to 1TB
on optical media, using smaller lands and pits.
22

Holographic imaging
• Common name is holography, which is the creation of a 3D
image produced by photographic projections.
• It allows users to see object around
• Hologram is transmitted electronically to special devices at
home or workplace.
23

Quantum Cryptography
• Allows the transmission of data over a fiber optic cable.
• It is one of the safest methods for encrypting data not using
mathematical algorithms, but physics.
• Key is generated with photons, which are tiny packets of
light. It is made of a stream of light particles that individually
vibrate in different directions. These different vibrations is
called polarising.
• This key securely scrabbles the data and it is very difficult to
crack it.
• Once transmitted the light particles will pass through a filter
which reserves the polarisation and unscrambles the data.
• It is very successful over short distances of around 200km,
without error.
24

Quantum Cryptography
Watch video!
25

Robotics
• Robotics is the creation of computers that perform specific
tasks that humans are unable or are less efficient in
performing.
• A robot contains a processor, which is responsible to controls
it’s movement. Additionally, it requires sensors to be
attached, so they can feed data back to the processor. The
CPU is responsible for making the decisions.
• A popular example of a humanoid robot is ASIMO.
Watch ASIMO now!
26

Robotics
• Benefits of Robotics:
– Can perform repetitive tasks without getting bored
– Possibility to work in dangerous environments, such as
chemical factories.
– Can provide great entertainment value and support in everyday
tasks/chores.
• Drawbacks of Robotics:
– Increased unemployment as they have replaced humans in
factories.
– Have no emotions and are programmed complete only specific
tasks.
– Cause of concern with the use of AI that they will overpower
humans.
27

QR codes
• Quick Response (QR) codes is an example of a barcode,
which is represented with black and white squares.
• Enables to store extra information about an object that might
not be enough space on the packet.
• It is scanned using a camera (acts as a reader) which
forwards users to the relevant page of information.
28

How QR codes store information
• Information is stored digitally as blocks of black/white squares
• Small dots throughout code converted to binary numbers
when scanned
• Error correction algorithm used for validation
• Variety of encoding methods available which can be mixed
• Three larger squares store alignment data
• Smaller squares store angle/size data
• Scanned with narrow beam of light
• Reflection from white areas read by light sensor/camera
• May take up less space on packing.
29

QR codes
• Examples of where QR codes are used include:
– Gym equipment that provide details on how to operate them
and which muscles are used.
– Food or products that share company information and
additional details about item.
– Printed posters or magazines, which allow user to see more
details about marketing material.
• Concerns with using QR codes:
– Require adequate light for code to be recognised.
– Codes might be distorted when they are resized to fit product or
might not even fit on package due to space.
– Requires internet connection to access the information.
30

QR codes
• Benefits to advertisers of using QR codes on their products:
– Information is instantly available to consumers
– Advertiser can decide the action the consumer takes when code is
scanned
– QR codes are a proven (ISO) standard to be accessible to all
– Available information can be updated more easily
– Use of QR codes is measurable so can be analysed
– Reprinting of advertising material is reduced.
• QR codes risk from malicious code
– Code may contain URL link; Web link followed
– URL contains a Trojan that infects the device. Trojan is JavaScript which
contacts servers that transmit malware to device
– Use cross-site scripting vulnerability on a legitimate website to insert a
malicious QR code in place of code when a web browser opens the
legitimate site, the QR code references the hacker’s site
31

Wearable Computing
• Wearable computing is the use of wearable technology that
can be either clothing or accessories which include a
computer-based component.
• Fitness devices normally are worn on wrist to keep
measurement of activity, such as steps taken, calories burnt,
sleeping activity etc.
• Smartwatches allow pairing with
smartphone, where user can receive
calls, read messages, surf the
Internet etc.
32

Wearable Computing
• Smart T-shirts display a message or a gif
image and makes them look more stylish and
modern. Additionally, they have the
capability of producing music.
Watch Video!
• Issues with wearable technology:
– Easily subject to moisture which could affect the operation of
the technology
– Devices might break if they are not protected
– More expensive to purchase due to embedded technology or
protection included.
– Some devices use wireless transmission of data, which could
be subject to fraud and accessed by unauthorised people.
33

Police wearable computing
Benefits:
• Body worn video cameras used to record incidents for later
use in court/enquiry
• Optical head mounted technology to display information is in
a similar format to a smartphone/act as a smartphone so is
familiar
• Operated hands-free via voice activation
• Wrist-worn computer/smartphones for access to
communication systems
• Wi-Fi enabled/wireless connected clothing to track
movements in real-time/connected peripherals, such as
monitor vital signs of office and maintaining constant
communications with other
34

Police wearable computing
Drawbacks
• Reliance on computer can remove elements of human
judgment
• Implementation can be expensive since this is an emerging
technology
• Can lead to invasions of privacy for user and third parties
location and other details can be used to track the user.
• Possibility of wearable computers being hacked and data
stolen/computers manipulated
• Breakdown in communications systems can lead to system
failure
35

UHD Television
• Ultra-High Definition television, refers to the measurement of
horizontal number of pixels on the screen, such as 2560 x
1080.
• Both 4K and 8K are still very expensive technologies.
• Additionally, they are not supported by most television
channels or video games, as they are made in high
resolution.
• It is difficult to stream the content
in UHD because of the amount of
bandwidth required.
36

Vision Enhancement
• Gives the ability to restore or enhance vision of people, so
they are aware of their surroundings.
• It allows fully or partially impaired individuals including colour
blind people to view the same way as others.
• With the use of customised glasses or lenses they help to
stimulus the eyes and filters/enhances the vision.
37

Virtual Reality
38

Virtual Reality
• VR is a computer generated 3D space, where humans can
interact within it’s environment using specialised equipment.
• Wearable technology such as headsets, glovers with sensors
that can consistently monitor and calibrate mimicking the real
environment.
• Applications where VR is used in:
– Military to train soldiers in shooting enemies. Flight simulation
helps pilots to learn how to flying planes. Also soldiers can train
on how to jump out of planes.
– Medical procedures allow doctors to practise surgeries and gain
confidence and experience.
– Car simulation allows people to learn how to drive so they are
more confident before attempting in real life.
39

Virtual Reality
• Drawbacks of Virtual Reality:
– Achieving calibration between camera and user is not 100%
accurate matching real-time. In some cases users had motion
sickness because of these time difference.
– Injury caused by hitting on objects in a small room and hurting
themselves. Since their vision is partially or fully blocked from
glasses/helmets.
– In some cases users
experienced seizures due
to epileptic condition.
40

Impact on individuals and their lifestyles
• Smartphones can perform many tasks, which could
alternatively use PCs or laptops. So even when your on the
go, work can be done. Causes concerns for employees, as
they could still be out the office and get work send to them.
• Smart watches and wearable fitness devices allows
continuous monitoring of an individuals physical activities.
• Users have 24/7 access to online banking and online
shopping without travelling and waiting in long queues.
• AI and robotics have made daily tasks automated and easy
to perform. Despite these benefits some employees have
been replaced or lost their jobs due to robots.
• Augmented reality and virtual reality has made games and
training more interactive and enjoyable.
41

Impact on organizations
• 4G & 5G technologies enables use of applications, such as
video conferencing for meetings; use of mobile devices for
navigation when travelling. They can forward list of tasks to
their staff, even when they are not in work.
• Biometrics have enable organizations to secure their
workplace and access to data. They use fingerprint, retina
and facial recognition scanners to identify employees.
• Cloud storage allows companies to save their data online or
even operate specific application software for a small monthly
fee. Saving them lots of money on backup devices and
purchasing software.
• 4th generation optical storage enables faster transfer of
large quantities of data.
42

Impact on medicine
• The use of 4G & 5G has also affected medicine as doctors
around the world can watch and advise an operation on a
patient who is located in a different area. Since no travelling
is required they will be better prepared and more rested.
• 3D printing has benefited in many areas such as:
– development of prosthetics
– medical products
– tissue engineering
– artificial blood vessels
– the design of medical tools
and equipment
43

Impact on the environment
• The technologies have increased rabidly over the past years
with more technological achievements than previously.
• Improved products are released regularly making the old
ones obsolete. These products are discarded on daily basis.
• The landfills are being filled up with old technology items,
causing concerns for the environment. Some items require
special discarding as they contain chemicals.
• A solution to this problem, which has been adopted by many
countries is recycling them. Additionally, the more developed
countries can send older and used products to less
developed ones.
• Many telephone provides are also offering cash back or
vouchers, if you trade your old phone for a new one.
44

2017-2018 © Provided by Anthi Aristotelous 45
Chapter 11 Homework
1. Discuss the impact 3D printing has on medicine. [6]
2. Evaluate the impact of artificial intelligence being used to
create self-driving cars. [6]
3. Discuss the impact of emerging technologies on our
personal entertainment. [6]
[Total Marks: 18]

9626 GCE A2 Information Technology Chapter 11

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