The document discusses menstruation, the menstrual cycle, and related topics. It defines menstruation as the discharge of the uterine lining through the vagina. It describes the four stages of the typical 28-day menstrual cycle and the roles of hormones like FSH, estrogen, LH, and progesterone in regulating the cycle. It also discusses premenstrual syndrome and menopause.

2. LEARNING
OUTCOMES
 To state what menstruation is,
 To relate menstruation to the
menstrual cycle,
 To state the importance of the
menstrual cycle,
 To state the hormones involved in
the menstrual cycle

3.  D is ch arge of u nfe rtilis e d ovu m , u te ru s lining
(e nd om e triu m wall) and b lood th rou gh vagina.
 Th e b re akd own of th e lining of th e u te ru s wall & its
d is ch arge th rou gh th e vagina with s om e b lood ,
ce lls , tis s u e flu id & gland u lar s e cre tions .
 G irls e xp e rie nce m e ns tru ation
wh e n re ach p u b e rty.

4. • Af t e r me n s t r u at i o n , t h e
t h i c k e n i n g o f e n d o me t r i u m
b e g i n s ag ai n  Me n s t r u al
c yc l e .
• Th e f i r s t d ay o f yo u r
me n s t r u al p e r i o d i s
c o n s i d e r e d D ay 1 o f yo u r
c yc l e .

5.  To provide a favourable environment for the
development of zygote in the uterus.
 Enables production of the female gamete 
propagation of species.
 Precisely coordinates & synchronises growth
of the endometrium & follicular development
 ovulation occurs  ovum is released.
 Reduces the chances of development of a
defective zygote.

6. Hormones involved in the menstrual cycle
H o r m o n e in v o lv e d L o c a t io n o f
in m e n s t r u a l c y c le s e c re te s
Gonadotrophin-releasing Hypothalamus
hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating Anterior pituitary
Hormone lobe
Luteinising Hormone (LH) Anterior pituitary
lobe
Oestrogen Follicle cell
Progesterone Corpus luteum

7. HORMONES FUNCTION
Follicle- Stimulates the development of
stimulating egg follicle in the ovary.
hormone (FSH)
Oestrogen Stimulates the repairing &
thickening of endometrium
Luteinising Stimulates ovulation & the
hormone (LH) formation of corpus luteum
Progesterone Maintain the thickening of the
endometrium.

8. L E A R N IN G
O U TC O M E S
 To relate hormonal levels to the
development of follicles, the process of
ovulation, & the formation of the corpus
luteum,
 To relate hormonal levels to changes in
thickness of the endometrium,
 Explain the role of hormones in
regulating the menstrual cycle,

10. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The typical menstruation cycle occurs
regurlarly over 28 days. It is
consist of 4 stages
1-5 (stage 1)  menstruation
6-10(stage 2)  Rebuilding the thickening of
the uterus lining
11-17(stage 3)  Ovulation period. Release
of an ovum from the ovary.
18-28(stage 4)  Continued thickening of
the uterus lining by increasing of blood and
tissue.

11. The beginning….
 Day 1-5 :
 endometrium will be sloughed off
(menstruation)
 One of the primary follicles develops
 Day 6-14 :
 The primary follicles becomes Graafian
follicle.
 Graafian follicle releases its ovum
(secondary oocyte) around day 14 
ovulation

12. In progress….
 Day 15-28 :
 The remains of the Graafian follicle
becomes a yellowish body  corpus
luteum.
 If no fertilisation : the corpus luteum
eventually degenerates & the whole
process is repeated.

14. The Role of Hormones
 The menstrual cycle is controlled by
hormones.
 After menstruation, the pituitary
gland produces the follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) 
stimulates the development of egg
follicle in the ovary.

15.  The developing egg follicles secrete another
hormone called oestrogen  stimulates the
repairing & thickening of endometrium.
 Level of oestrogen rises, the endometrium
becomes thicker.
 High level of oestrogen is detected by the
pituitary gland  secretes the luteinising
hormone (LH)  stimulates ovulation & the
formation of corpus luteum,

16.  Corpus luteum secretes progesterone 
to maintain the thickening of the
endometrium.
 If fertilisation does not occur, the
corpus luteum degenerates & the level
of progesterone falls the
endometrium disintegrates & is shed as
menstruation.

19. L E A R N IN G
O U TC O M E S
 To state what premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is,
 To state the menopause is.

20. P re me ns trua l
S yn d r o m e (PMS )
 A few days before menstruation.
 Caused by changes in the levels of oestrogen
& progesterone  leads to accumulation of
salt & water in the body tissues  causes
discomfort.
 Emotional disturbances, nervousness,
irritability, headache, appetite changes &
depression.
 Disappears soon after menstruation begins.

21. Menopause
 The time in a woman’s life when the ovaries
cease to produce ova & menstruation stops 
the woman is no longer able to bear any
children.
 Between 45-55 years.
 Her ovaries become less receptive to FSH & LH
& follicular development slows down  the
level of oestrogen & progesterone fall as well.

22.  Causes the production of ova & the
thickening of endometrium decreased 
menopause occurs gradually.
 The menstrual cycle becomes longer
 Menstruation occurs less frequently.
 Eventually, it stops altogether.
 Due to the low level of oestrogen, some
women who have undergone menopause may
suffer from some health & emotional
problems.

23.  Headache, giddiness
 Nausea
 Abdominal pain
 Frequent urination
 Hot flushes & night sweat
 Dry skin
 Anxiety
 Insomnia
 Inflammation of the joints
 Decreased concentration & memory power

24.  Women who have undergone
menopause are at a higher risk of
contracting cancer of the uterus,
osteoporosis & heart diseases 
medical check-up at least once a year.
 Hormone replacement therapy  can
slow down the symptoms (pills @ skin
patches)