The document outlines the scientific method, detailing its components such as the formulation of hypotheses, experimental design, data analysis, and reporting of findings. It emphasizes the importance of systematically investigating problems to derive knowledge and truth, using examples of how fertilizers affect plant growth. The text serves as a guide for conducting experiments and applying scientific principles effectively.

1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Prepared by:
GLADYS GRACE B. BORJA
Science Teacher

2. OBJECTIVES
•Describe the components of the scientific
method
•Follow the steps of the scientific method
and perform experiments using it.

3. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
•a systematic process of empirical
investigation
•It is the key to unlock the bodies of
knowledge by helping the researcher in
organizing his or her thoughts and
procedures and making him or her confident
of the findings from the expirements

4. COMPONENTS OF A SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION
1. Statement of the Problem
-You should have existing knowledge of the problem
This part answers the following questions:
What questions do you have about your topic?
What do you want to know?

5. EXAMPLE
How does fertilizer
affect the growth of
plants?

6. 2. Formulation of Hypothesis
Hypothesis-simple statement that
presents the possible solution to the problem.
It can be tested, and it is based on knowledge
and research.
Hypothesis may be stated in two ways:

7. a. Null Hypothesis (Ho)-states that no
relationship between variables
Example: The fertilizer DOES NOT affect the
growth of plants
b. Alternative hypothesis (Ha)-states a
relationship between variables
Example: There is significant relationship between
the growth of plants and the use of fertilizer

8. Ha2 : There is a negative relationship between
A and B
(Less A is involved, the better B)
Ha3 There is a positive relationship between
A and B.
(More B is involved, the better A)

9. 3. Testing Hypothesis and Gathering of Data
Experiments-a set of manipulations or
specific observations of nature, and it is
considered the most important part of the
scientific method.
Three Types of Experiments
1. Controlled Experiment-the observer
tests the hypothesis by looking for changes
brought by alteration to a variable

10. Variable- a characteristic, number, or quantity
that increases or decreases over time or takes
different values in different situations.
a. Controlled variables-variables that are kept
constant.
b. Independent variables-factors that you
change or alter during the experiment.
c. Dependent variables-variables that you
observe. and they are considered the response to
an independent variable

11. 2. Natural experiments or quasi-experiments-
Here, the observer does not manipulate any
variable but simply collects all the possible data
to determine the factors affecting a particular
phenomenon.
3. Field experiment-named to draw a contrast
with laboratory experiments. It examines the real
world using scientific method.
Example: Political sciences, economics, and
psychology

12. Prediction
•a forecast of future events based on past
observations.
Example: The plants will grow faster and
stronger, depending on the amount of
fertilizers applied to them

13. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
A. Gather the materials
B. Step-by-step procedure in carrying out the experiment
C. Identify all the possible variables which can interfere
with the experiment.
D. Fair testing
Control Group-part of the experiment without the
variable being tested
Experimental setup-part that contains the variable
being tested

14. Topic: Does the fertilizer affect the growth of plants?
Hypothesis: Fertilizers have an effect on the growth of plants.
Plants with the fertilizers will grow bigger
A group of pupils tested the effect of fertilizer on the
growth of plants. They used six plants that are all 15cm
tall. They grouped the plants into two: Group A and
Group B. They watered the plants in Group A with 200
mL of plain water and 200 mL of fertilizer solution in
Group B. They watered the plants twice a week with the
same amount of water and exposed them to the same
amount of sunlight. After three weeks, they measured the
growth of the plants in each group.

16. 4. Analyzing and Presenting Data
Data obtained from experiments should be analyzed
and presented systematically. The data may be be
presented using a table for easy interpretation.

17. 5. Creating Conclusion-a summary of the results of the
experiment and statement of how the results match up to
the hypothesis.
Options: Reject the hypothesis
Accept the hypothesis
Theory-a scientifically accepted fact
Scientific Law-a statement or principle that is
universally accepted

18. 6. Reporting of Findings- this stage is
important in perpetuating the body of
knowledge gained in conducting the
scientific method.

19. Magnifying Truth Using the
Scientific Method
• Scientific method is a potent tool that helps man to
magnify truth about the things around him.
• As we go on with our lives, we face situations that
require us to really probe and prove the truth. Do not
be afraid to execute the scientific method as long as
you do it in a fair manner. Your work will definitely
benefit not only your contemporaries but more
importantly the future generation.