The document discusses transmissible and non-transmissible diseases. It defines transmissible diseases as those spread between people via pathogens, and lists influenza, SARS, and dengue fever as examples. Non-transmissible diseases are not infectious or spread between people, and examples given are colon cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. The document also discusses disease prevention measures like hygiene, lifestyle, and checkups. Hereditary diseases are described as passed down through genes from parents, with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia provided as examples.

1. Transmissible diseases and
non-transmissible diseases

2. • (a) distinguish between signs of a disease, e.g.
rash, high temperature, which can be seen or
measured, and symptoms, e.g. pain, which can
only be described by the patient
• (b) distinguish between transmissible and non-
transmissible diseases
• (c) state the chief signs and symptoms for each
of the following transmissible diseases;
influenza;severe acute respiratory
syndrome(SARS) and dengue fever

3. • (d) state the chief signs and symptoms for
each of the following non-transmissible
diseases: colon cancer, coronary hear
disease and diabetes
• (e) list general disease prevention
measures such as personal hygiene,
healthy lifestyle and regular medical
check-ups

4. • (f) state that genes determine many of the
characteristics that are passed on from
parents to offspring, e.g. physical
appearance, personality
• (g) state that some diseases are
hereditary by nature, i.e. passed through
the parents’ genes, e.g. thalassemia and
sickle cell anaemia

5. 1. Introduction
• How does our body parts protect
ourselves from getting diseases?
• Mucus traps dust and germs in the air that
we breathe in
• Tears contain an antiseptic liquid that kills
germs
• Glands in the skin make an antiseptic oil
that kills many germs

6. 1. Introduction
• How does our body parts protect
ourselves from getting diseases?
• Acid in the stomach kills germs in your
food
• Blood clots stop the germs from getting in
• Skin forms a barrier to germs

7. (a) distinguish between signs of a disease, e.g. rash, high
temperature, which can be seen or measured, and
symptoms, e.g. pain, which can only be described by the
patient
• Signs of a disease
• Rash
• A high temperature
• Runny nose
• Watery nose
• High blood pressure

8. • Some symptoms of diseases
• Pain in joints
• Loss of appetite
• Stiffness in neck
• Headache

9. • Diseases can be broadly classified as
• 1) Transmissible
• 2) non-transmissible

10. 1. Transmissible disease
• Transmissible diseases are diseases that
are transmitted among people by
• disease-causing microorganisms
or
pathogens.

11. • Transmissible Diseases and
their Main signs and
symptoms

12. Transmissible disease Main signs and
symptoms
Influenza ( or flu ) Starts with headache,
chills, cough
Severe acute respiratory Starts with a fever
syndrome ( SARS ) higher than 38.0o C
Followed by cough, and
difficulties in breathing,
chills, headache,
muscular aches, sore
throat and diarrhoea

13. Transmissible disease Main signs and
symptoms
Dengue fever Starts with a sudden
high fever up to 40.5oC,
severe headache, pain
behind the eyes, severe
joint pains, muscular
pains and muscular
aches

14. • Types of pathogens
• And
• Transmissible disease caused

15. Types of Transmissible disease
pathogens caused
Viruses Influenza, rubella( German
measles), AIDS
Bacteria Tuberculosis, typhoid fever,
cholera
Protists African sleeping sickness,
malaria, amoebic dysentery
Fungi Athlete’s foot, thrush

16. virus

17. bacteria

18. protists

19. fungi

20. Spreading of Transmissible
Diseases
• Transmissible diseases can be
transmitted or spread by
• People ( those infected with transmissble
diseases)
• Animals (e.g mosquitoes)
• Non-living things ( such as contaminated
food, water and air)

21. • Pathogens are commonly spread through
coughing, sneezing or using common
objects such as infected needles.

22. 3. Non-transmissible diseases
• Non-transmissible diseases are generally
diseases that are not caused by
pathogens and cannot be spread among
people.
• Non-transmissible diseases are also
known as non-infectious or non-
communicable diseases.

23. Non- Main signs and symptoms
transmissible
disease
Colon cancer No symptoms in early stages
Bleeding of gut wall, anaemia,
traces of blood in faeces,
diarrhoea or constipation
Coronary heart Chest pain and shortness of
disease breath in early stages
Heaviness, tightness, pain,
burning, pressure or
squeezing, usually behind the
breastbone, arms, neck, jaws

24. Non-transmissible Main signs and
disease symptoms
Diabetes Loss of weight, excess
urine production,
weakness, extreme
hunger and thirst

25. • General disease prevention measures:
• Practising personal hygiene
• Leading a healthy lifestyle
• Having regular medical check-ups

26. • Personal hygiene includes:
1) washing your hands before meals, after
going to the toilet and before handling
food or drinks
• 2) taking regular baths or showers
especially in hot weather or after sweating
• 3) cooking food properly, covering it to
keep flies away and eating it before it
turns bad
• 4) boiling water before drinking it during
any outbreak of transmissible diseases

27. Leading a healthy lifestyle
• There are two types of white blood cells in
our immune system to defend our bodies
against diseases.
• One type of white blood cells ‘eats’ and
destroys pathogens.
• One type of white blood cells makes
antibodies that kill pathogens.

28. Having regular medical check-ups
• To detect visible signs of diseases, a
doctor
• Looks out for rashes, watery eyes and
running nose
• Looks out for signs of diseases on the
skin, tongue, hair and fingernails
• Use a thermometer to measure the body
temperature

29. 5. Hereditary and Diseases
• The passing of characteristics
from parents to their offspring is
called heredity.

30. • Chromosomes are found inside the
nucleus of every cell in the human body.
• Each chromosome is composed of an
extremely long thread of a compound
called deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. The
DNA molecule looks like a spiral staircase
with pairs of bases forming the steps on
the spiral staircase.

32. • A gene is made up of a short length of DNA.
Different genes are made up of different lengths
of DNA with different bases
• Each gene contains instructions that determine
the characteristics to be passed on from parents
to their offspring.
• The offspring can inherit physical characteristics
such as hair, eye and skin colour from the
parents

33. • Some examples of inherited diseases are
shown in the table below.
Inherited diseases Sign and symptoms
Sickle cell - Sickle-shaped red
anaemia blood cells
-Pale skin
-Low count of healthy
red blood cells
(anaemia)
-Breathing difficulties

34. Inherited diseases Possible effects
Sickle cell - Poor physical
anaemia development
- Heart problems
- Fatigue
- Pneumonia
- Damaged abdomen
- Kidney failure

37. Inherited diseases Sign and symptoms
Thalassemia -Severe anaemia
-Pale skin
-Shortness of breath
- Abdominal swelling

38. Inherited diseases Possible effects
Thalassemia - Enlarged spleen
- Bone deformities
- Fatigue
- Viral infections
- Death before or shortly
after birth

39. Thalassemia red blood cells

40. Thalassemia patient

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