This document discusses the benefits of 3D plant design systems for engineering and construction projects. It notes that 3D modeling can improve quality, efficiency and communication during all phases of a project from conceptual design through construction and operations. Specifically, 3D design allows for more accurate cost analysis and transfer of design data early on. During engineering, it enables constructability analysis, reuse of designs, and automated drawing production. Overall, 3D modeling supports improved project management if challenges around technology adoption among various stakeholders can be addressed.
This document discusses the benefits of using integrated digital technologies across the entire shipbuilding lifecycle, from design through production, construction, and maintenance. It argues that current IT systems in shipyards are not fully integrated across departments and functions, leading to inefficiencies. A data-centric approach that stores all project information in databases enables benefits like consistent multi-discipline design, automated deliverable generation, real-time collaboration, materials management to reduce waste, and reuse of data throughout the lifecycle including for simulations. This integrated digital approach aims to increase quality, reduce costs and improve schedule compliance for shipbuilders.
This document describes the development of an intelligent system to incorporate manufacturing constraints into the design process. The system analyzes design features from a CAD drawing and relates them to machining features. It then determines which manufacturing processes can produce those features and whether any design for manufacturing rules have been violated. The system considers production type, materials, tolerances, surface finish, feature characteristics, and accessibility. Currently, the system focuses on classifying and analyzing hole features, such as through holes, blind holes, counterbored holes, etc. It determines the appropriate machining processes based on criteria like whether the hole has a rotational axis. The goal is to help designers create designs that are easier to manufacture.
Computers are used extensively in two main categories of industrial manufacturing applications: 1) direct computer monitoring and control of manufacturing processes, and 2) various manufacturing support functions through tools like CAD, CAM, CAPP and more. CAD software allows designing digital models of products while CAM software generates CNC programs for machining. Other support functions include planning, quality control and testing. Computers have transformed manufacturing by automating processes and supporting all stages from design to production.
The document discusses a 3D plant design management system. It can be used to design plants like oil/gas facilities, power plants, and other industrial facilities. The system reduces costs by improving design efficiency, construction schedules, and operations/maintenance. It allows engineering teams to collaborate and catch errors earlier. Construction benefits include reduced rework and more accurate procurement. Operations benefits include optimized maintenance and improved safety/training. The system generates 3D models, drawings, reports, bills of materials, and files for stress analysis to support the entire project lifecycle.
The document discusses computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM). It begins by introducing CAD as using computers to assist in design processes like defining geometry, analysis, and optimization. CAM uses computers to plan, manage, and control manufacturing operations. The benefits of CAD/CAM over manual drafting include increased accuracy, easier modification, storage, and sharing of designs. CAD systems require hardware like workstations, computers, and output devices. Graphics software is used for modeling, drafting, analysis and optimization. Computers have influenced manufacturing by allowing for computer monitoring and control of processes as well as manufacturing support applications.
Infosys Thought Leaders overviews how an Exploration Production Portal & e&p Solution approach enables information sharing among globally spread stakeholders.
Information technology model for product lifecycle engineeringcsandit
An aircraft is a complex, multi-disciplinary, system-engineered product that requires real-time
global technical collaboration through its life-cycle. Engineering data and processes which
form the backbone of the aircraft should be under strict Configuration Control (CC). It should
be model-based and allow for 3D visualization and manipulation. This requires accurate, realtime
collaboration and concurrent engineering-based business processes operating in an
Integrated Digital Environment (IDE). The IDE uses lightweight, neutral Computer Aided
Design (CAD) Digital Mock-Up (DMU). The DMU deals with complex structural assemblies
and systems of more than a hundred thousand parts created by engineers across the globe, each
using diverse CAD, Computer Aided Engineering (CAE), Computer Aided Manufacturing
(CAM), Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP),
Supply Chain Management(SCM),Customer Relationship Management(CRM) and Computer
Aided Maintenance Management System (CAMMS) systems. In this paper, a comprehensive
approach to making such an environment a reality is presented.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MODEL FOR PRODUCT LIFECYCLE ENGINEERINGcscpconf
This document discusses an information technology model for product lifecycle engineering. It proposes an integrated digital environment (IDE) using a product lifecycle management (PLM) system. The key aspects of the proposed model are:
1) The IDE would use a lightweight, neutral computer-aided design (CAD) digital mock-up (DMU) to allow engineers across the globe to concurrently work on a virtual aircraft model.
2) The model advocates achieving 100% model-based definition (MBD) to replace 2D drawings with 3D models containing all relevant design information.
3) Configuration management is needed to control the aircraft design configuration as it evolves through different states over its lifecycle. The
This document discusses the benefits of using integrated digital technologies across the entire shipbuilding lifecycle, from design through production, construction, and maintenance. It argues that current IT systems in shipyards are not fully integrated across departments and functions, leading to inefficiencies. A data-centric approach that stores all project information in databases enables benefits like consistent multi-discipline design, automated deliverable generation, real-time collaboration, materials management to reduce waste, and reuse of data throughout the lifecycle including for simulations. This integrated digital approach aims to increase quality, reduce costs and improve schedule compliance for shipbuilders.
This document describes the development of an intelligent system to incorporate manufacturing constraints into the design process. The system analyzes design features from a CAD drawing and relates them to machining features. It then determines which manufacturing processes can produce those features and whether any design for manufacturing rules have been violated. The system considers production type, materials, tolerances, surface finish, feature characteristics, and accessibility. Currently, the system focuses on classifying and analyzing hole features, such as through holes, blind holes, counterbored holes, etc. It determines the appropriate machining processes based on criteria like whether the hole has a rotational axis. The goal is to help designers create designs that are easier to manufacture.
Computers are used extensively in two main categories of industrial manufacturing applications: 1) direct computer monitoring and control of manufacturing processes, and 2) various manufacturing support functions through tools like CAD, CAM, CAPP and more. CAD software allows designing digital models of products while CAM software generates CNC programs for machining. Other support functions include planning, quality control and testing. Computers have transformed manufacturing by automating processes and supporting all stages from design to production.
The document discusses a 3D plant design management system. It can be used to design plants like oil/gas facilities, power plants, and other industrial facilities. The system reduces costs by improving design efficiency, construction schedules, and operations/maintenance. It allows engineering teams to collaborate and catch errors earlier. Construction benefits include reduced rework and more accurate procurement. Operations benefits include optimized maintenance and improved safety/training. The system generates 3D models, drawings, reports, bills of materials, and files for stress analysis to support the entire project lifecycle.
The document discusses computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM). It begins by introducing CAD as using computers to assist in design processes like defining geometry, analysis, and optimization. CAM uses computers to plan, manage, and control manufacturing operations. The benefits of CAD/CAM over manual drafting include increased accuracy, easier modification, storage, and sharing of designs. CAD systems require hardware like workstations, computers, and output devices. Graphics software is used for modeling, drafting, analysis and optimization. Computers have influenced manufacturing by allowing for computer monitoring and control of processes as well as manufacturing support applications.
Infosys Thought Leaders overviews how an Exploration Production Portal & e&p Solution approach enables information sharing among globally spread stakeholders.
Information technology model for product lifecycle engineeringcsandit
An aircraft is a complex, multi-disciplinary, system-engineered product that requires real-time
global technical collaboration through its life-cycle. Engineering data and processes which
form the backbone of the aircraft should be under strict Configuration Control (CC). It should
be model-based and allow for 3D visualization and manipulation. This requires accurate, realtime
collaboration and concurrent engineering-based business processes operating in an
Integrated Digital Environment (IDE). The IDE uses lightweight, neutral Computer Aided
Design (CAD) Digital Mock-Up (DMU). The DMU deals with complex structural assemblies
and systems of more than a hundred thousand parts created by engineers across the globe, each
using diverse CAD, Computer Aided Engineering (CAE), Computer Aided Manufacturing
(CAM), Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP),
Supply Chain Management(SCM),Customer Relationship Management(CRM) and Computer
Aided Maintenance Management System (CAMMS) systems. In this paper, a comprehensive
approach to making such an environment a reality is presented.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MODEL FOR PRODUCT LIFECYCLE ENGINEERINGcscpconf
This document discusses an information technology model for product lifecycle engineering. It proposes an integrated digital environment (IDE) using a product lifecycle management (PLM) system. The key aspects of the proposed model are:
1) The IDE would use a lightweight, neutral computer-aided design (CAD) digital mock-up (DMU) to allow engineers across the globe to concurrently work on a virtual aircraft model.
2) The model advocates achieving 100% model-based definition (MBD) to replace 2D drawings with 3D models containing all relevant design information.
3) Configuration management is needed to control the aircraft design configuration as it evolves through different states over its lifecycle. The
COMMUNICATION THROUGH DIGITAL ENGINEERING PROCESSES IN AN AIRCRAFT PROGRAMijait
An aircraft is a complex, inherently multidisciplinary product that requires real time global collaboration for Design, Manufacture and Service. Digital engineering processes play an intelligent role in product and process design from concept to retirement, which is around 70 years. The entire engineering data is hierarchically structured and traced throughout the lifecycle under strict Configuration Control (CC). This requires an accurate, easily communicable Digital Mock-Up(DMU)as a Virtual 3D-static and dynamic platform for, real-time concurrent engineering through wide collaboration, a sample of which is presented herein. Holistically, this requires a networked Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system as an Integrated Digital Environment (IDE) for engineering (primary and continuous improvement) for life cycle of the aircraft. The latest feature in PLM is the use of Model Based Engineering
3 d and 4d modeling for design and constructionAnkit Singhai
This document discusses how 3D and 4D modeling can improve design and construction projects. It provides examples of two projects, a medical center and pharmaceutical plant, that successfully used 3D modeling. Key benefits included eliminating field interferences, reducing requests for information and change orders, and decreasing costs and completion time. The document outlines processes for 3D design coordination and 4D construction coordination. It also discusses common causes of clashes in building information models, such as design uncertainty, complexity, and errors. Overall, the document advocates the use of 3D and 4D modeling with lean construction principles to improve planning, minimize waste, and deliver higher quality projects.
IRJET- Application of Revit as Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Integr...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of applying Revit as a Building Information Modeling (BIM) tool for Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) on building construction projects. It discusses BIM and IPD, describing how BIM can facilitate collaboration and information sharing between project stakeholders in IPD. The document also reviews several research papers on topics like the benefits of BIM for design, construction, and facility management, challenges of implementing BIM and IPD, and best practices for BIM usage in commercial construction. It concludes that while BIM enables improvements in IPD, its full benefits require changes to traditional project delivery methods.
The document discusses the integration of CAD-CAM systems and shared databases. It describes how CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) helps integrate product design data into manufacturing processes using a common database. This allows different parts of an enterprise to exchange product information and data seamlessly. The key benefits are reduced time and costs, improved quality, and increased flexibility and productivity. Standards like STEP allow different CAD systems to exchange geometric data through neutral file formats. Future areas of work include flexible manufacturing systems and nano-scale metrology and manufacturing.
The document discusses Building Information Modeling (BIM) and its various dimensions ranging from 3D to 7D modeling. It provides details on the services, software, advantages and disadvantages of each dimension. The 3D model refers to visualization and clash detection. 4D adds a time component for construction planning and scheduling. 5D enables cost estimation and quantity take-off. 6D performs energy consumption analysis during design and operation. 7D covers facility management. The document is a group project report submitted by students for their Construction Supply Chain Management course that analyzes how each BIM dimension benefits supply chain management.
The document discusses CADISON, an integrated engineering solution that streamlines plant engineering project planning processes. CADISON uses an object-oriented data model to integrate all planning phases. This allows changes to be automatically implemented across views and updates project data. CADISON reduces project time and costs by up to 50% by eliminating duplicate data entry and sources of error. The solution provides tools for conceptual engineering, viewing project data across networks, seamless integration of P&IDs and engineering data, and 3D modeling integrated with AutoCAD.
This document provides an overview of computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies. It discusses the benefits of CAD/CAM and lists over 20 common computer-aided technologies such as CAD, CAE, CAPP, CNC, and CAM. The influence of computers on the manufacturing environment is described, showing how CAD, CAM, and other technologies integrate across the product development cycle. Finally, a diagram illustrates how CAD/CAM can be overlaid onto the traditional product cycle from concept to manufacturing to improve the process.
The document provides information about CADISON software release R10.1, including new features such as real DWG export to Microsoft Visio, automation through the CADISON Inventor interface, and enhanced 2D extraction capabilities. It also discusses customer projects, best practices, and the 3rd annual CADISON international conference in 2010.
CADISON R10.1 brings several new features and enhancements, including real DWG export to Microsoft Visio, automation through the CADISON Inventor interface, and an advanced security concept. It allows for integrated engineering workflows and significant acceleration of planning processes by combining all engineering data and objects in a single system. Users can view the same data through different representations such as diagrams, 3D models, and a tree structure. Data is managed uniquely to avoid errors from redundant data. The continuity of individual work steps in an object-oriented database is the core of the CADISON technology.
The document discusses the dimensions of Building Information Modeling (BIM) including 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, and 7D. Specifically, it focuses on 5D BIM, which is the process of applying costs to the BIM model. 5D BIM allows for automatic generation of material quantities from model data, which can be used for estimating, cost management, and budget tracking. Integrating costs into the virtual model provides more accurate project estimates and helps stakeholders evaluate pricing and cash flow over the construction phases. Software such as Autodesk Revit and ArchiCAD enable 5D modeling and simulation for improved construction supply chain management.
Integrated Project Delivery and Building Information Modelingrobnjoro
Building information modeling (BIM) is an integrated process that allows professionals to explore a project digitally before construction by using coordinated, consistent information. BIM can be used to design innovative projects, visualize and simulate real-world performance, accurately document projects, and deliver projects faster and more economically. BIM is important for civil engineers as it allows for multidiscipline coordination, direct communication to reduce errors, simulation and analysis to optimize designs, and visualization to explore and validate designs and communicate with stakeholders. BIM workflows can improve processes by reducing errors, enabling better collaboration, developing better designs, and addressing economic challenges through potential schedule reductions.
Improve the Productivity of Building Construction Project using Clash detecti...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using clash detection applications in building information modeling (BIM) to improve the productivity of construction projects. It begins with an overview of BIM and its benefits, such as virtually constructing buildings before physical construction. The document then focuses on clash detection, explaining the different types of clashes that can occur between architectural, structural, and mechanical, electrical, and plumbing models. It describes the methodology used in a case study, including importing models into Autodesk Navisworks and running clash detection tests. The summary concludes that clash detection applications allow clashes to be identified early in design to avoid costly changes during construction.
Evolution of CAD/CAM and CIM, computers and workstation, elements of interactive
graphics, input/ out put display, storage devices in CAD, – networking of CAD systems -
2D Graphics: line drawing algorithms, DDA line algorithm – circle drawing,
bressnham`s circle drawing algorithm– 2D Transformation: translation, rotation, scaling,
reflection – clipping -3D Graphics (basic only).
IRJET- Digital Engineering & Project Management for AEC Industry using BIMIRJET Journal
This document discusses how building information modeling (BIM) can transform project management in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. BIM is a collaborative process that uses digital technologies to facilitate integrated project delivery. It allows project stakeholders to visualize a project virtually and perform clash detection, constructability reviews, data analytics, and time/cost estimation. The document argues that BIM helps integrate the entire project lifecycle, from design to construction to operations. As BIM use increases, the roles and dynamics of project management in the AEC industry will change, with project managers taking on the new role of BIM coordinator to oversee the collaborative BIM process.
Evolution of pdm plm technology & value to the industryStephen Au
BIM Lecture Note (2/6)
Objectives
* The importance of discipline business execution in today’s enterprises management
* To understand how PLM technology sustain product innovation
* The value of using PLM in manufacturing industry
Question
* What if building construction industry can apply the same technology ?
* What are the similarity and what are the difference?
www.mtech.com.hk
1) The document discusses the modeling and development of virtual application software to simulate various engineering mechanisms.
2) CAD is used to create 3D wireframe models of common mechanisms like links and joints.
3) The virtual mechanisms are then animated to simulate their motion in a simulated environment, allowing for analysis of industrial applications.
BIM Usage in Construction Industry and An application of Clash Detection and ...Ravindra SSK Medicharla
1) BIM shows great results for construction projects in terms of performance, time, and cost.
2) Implementing modal integration and clash detection tools can help decrease coordination errors and human errors, resulting in more accurate models and avoiding re-construction.
3) Using Navisworks Manage for clash detection provides more efficiency when integrating models from different design teams.
Technology and design (a brief overview)NGO Etnika
This document discusses technology and design (TD), which involves using computer and non-computer technologies to communicate design intent and facilitate product design, construction, operation, and maintenance. It then discusses key areas related to TD including design, automation, process simulation, modeling and engineering processes, computer aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE), computer aided manufacturing (CAM), product lifecycle management (PLM), and collaborative product development (CPD).
'Applying System Science and System Thinking Techniques to BIM Management' Alan Martin Redmond, PhD
Redmond, A. and Alshawi, M. (2017) 'Applying System Science and System Thinking Techniques to BIM Management' Developments in eSystems Engineering, IEEE CELEBRATING 10 YEARS OF ADVANCING E-SYSTEMS ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, Paris, France, 14th – 16th June 2017,
Ventum es un concepto que nos ayuda a profesionalizar el proceso de supervisión de sucursales a través de un método probado a través de los años por nuestros clientes.
This document provides instructions for forming two shapes: a polygon and a star. It gives steps to form a polygon with the FORMA POLYSTAR toy, with 3 steps listed but no details provided. It also lists 2 steps to form a star shape with the same toy, again without providing any specifics about the steps.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BoP) and disequilibrium in BoP. It defines BoP as a systematic record of a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world over time, including exports/imports and international borrowing/lending. It notes India's foreign exchange reserves were down $258 million as of August 25, 2012. Disequilibrium refers to an inequality in a country's foreign exchange supply and demand, which can be caused by temporary factors like economic growth. Correcting disequilibrium may involve automatic market forces or deliberate measures like monetary policy changes, trade policy adjustments, foreign loans/investments, and tourism development incentives.
COMMUNICATION THROUGH DIGITAL ENGINEERING PROCESSES IN AN AIRCRAFT PROGRAMijait
An aircraft is a complex, inherently multidisciplinary product that requires real time global collaboration for Design, Manufacture and Service. Digital engineering processes play an intelligent role in product and process design from concept to retirement, which is around 70 years. The entire engineering data is hierarchically structured and traced throughout the lifecycle under strict Configuration Control (CC). This requires an accurate, easily communicable Digital Mock-Up(DMU)as a Virtual 3D-static and dynamic platform for, real-time concurrent engineering through wide collaboration, a sample of which is presented herein. Holistically, this requires a networked Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system as an Integrated Digital Environment (IDE) for engineering (primary and continuous improvement) for life cycle of the aircraft. The latest feature in PLM is the use of Model Based Engineering
3 d and 4d modeling for design and constructionAnkit Singhai
This document discusses how 3D and 4D modeling can improve design and construction projects. It provides examples of two projects, a medical center and pharmaceutical plant, that successfully used 3D modeling. Key benefits included eliminating field interferences, reducing requests for information and change orders, and decreasing costs and completion time. The document outlines processes for 3D design coordination and 4D construction coordination. It also discusses common causes of clashes in building information models, such as design uncertainty, complexity, and errors. Overall, the document advocates the use of 3D and 4D modeling with lean construction principles to improve planning, minimize waste, and deliver higher quality projects.
IRJET- Application of Revit as Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Integr...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of applying Revit as a Building Information Modeling (BIM) tool for Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) on building construction projects. It discusses BIM and IPD, describing how BIM can facilitate collaboration and information sharing between project stakeholders in IPD. The document also reviews several research papers on topics like the benefits of BIM for design, construction, and facility management, challenges of implementing BIM and IPD, and best practices for BIM usage in commercial construction. It concludes that while BIM enables improvements in IPD, its full benefits require changes to traditional project delivery methods.
The document discusses the integration of CAD-CAM systems and shared databases. It describes how CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) helps integrate product design data into manufacturing processes using a common database. This allows different parts of an enterprise to exchange product information and data seamlessly. The key benefits are reduced time and costs, improved quality, and increased flexibility and productivity. Standards like STEP allow different CAD systems to exchange geometric data through neutral file formats. Future areas of work include flexible manufacturing systems and nano-scale metrology and manufacturing.
The document discusses Building Information Modeling (BIM) and its various dimensions ranging from 3D to 7D modeling. It provides details on the services, software, advantages and disadvantages of each dimension. The 3D model refers to visualization and clash detection. 4D adds a time component for construction planning and scheduling. 5D enables cost estimation and quantity take-off. 6D performs energy consumption analysis during design and operation. 7D covers facility management. The document is a group project report submitted by students for their Construction Supply Chain Management course that analyzes how each BIM dimension benefits supply chain management.
The document discusses CADISON, an integrated engineering solution that streamlines plant engineering project planning processes. CADISON uses an object-oriented data model to integrate all planning phases. This allows changes to be automatically implemented across views and updates project data. CADISON reduces project time and costs by up to 50% by eliminating duplicate data entry and sources of error. The solution provides tools for conceptual engineering, viewing project data across networks, seamless integration of P&IDs and engineering data, and 3D modeling integrated with AutoCAD.
This document provides an overview of computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies. It discusses the benefits of CAD/CAM and lists over 20 common computer-aided technologies such as CAD, CAE, CAPP, CNC, and CAM. The influence of computers on the manufacturing environment is described, showing how CAD, CAM, and other technologies integrate across the product development cycle. Finally, a diagram illustrates how CAD/CAM can be overlaid onto the traditional product cycle from concept to manufacturing to improve the process.
The document provides information about CADISON software release R10.1, including new features such as real DWG export to Microsoft Visio, automation through the CADISON Inventor interface, and enhanced 2D extraction capabilities. It also discusses customer projects, best practices, and the 3rd annual CADISON international conference in 2010.
CADISON R10.1 brings several new features and enhancements, including real DWG export to Microsoft Visio, automation through the CADISON Inventor interface, and an advanced security concept. It allows for integrated engineering workflows and significant acceleration of planning processes by combining all engineering data and objects in a single system. Users can view the same data through different representations such as diagrams, 3D models, and a tree structure. Data is managed uniquely to avoid errors from redundant data. The continuity of individual work steps in an object-oriented database is the core of the CADISON technology.
The document discusses the dimensions of Building Information Modeling (BIM) including 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, and 7D. Specifically, it focuses on 5D BIM, which is the process of applying costs to the BIM model. 5D BIM allows for automatic generation of material quantities from model data, which can be used for estimating, cost management, and budget tracking. Integrating costs into the virtual model provides more accurate project estimates and helps stakeholders evaluate pricing and cash flow over the construction phases. Software such as Autodesk Revit and ArchiCAD enable 5D modeling and simulation for improved construction supply chain management.
Integrated Project Delivery and Building Information Modelingrobnjoro
Building information modeling (BIM) is an integrated process that allows professionals to explore a project digitally before construction by using coordinated, consistent information. BIM can be used to design innovative projects, visualize and simulate real-world performance, accurately document projects, and deliver projects faster and more economically. BIM is important for civil engineers as it allows for multidiscipline coordination, direct communication to reduce errors, simulation and analysis to optimize designs, and visualization to explore and validate designs and communicate with stakeholders. BIM workflows can improve processes by reducing errors, enabling better collaboration, developing better designs, and addressing economic challenges through potential schedule reductions.
Improve the Productivity of Building Construction Project using Clash detecti...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using clash detection applications in building information modeling (BIM) to improve the productivity of construction projects. It begins with an overview of BIM and its benefits, such as virtually constructing buildings before physical construction. The document then focuses on clash detection, explaining the different types of clashes that can occur between architectural, structural, and mechanical, electrical, and plumbing models. It describes the methodology used in a case study, including importing models into Autodesk Navisworks and running clash detection tests. The summary concludes that clash detection applications allow clashes to be identified early in design to avoid costly changes during construction.
Evolution of CAD/CAM and CIM, computers and workstation, elements of interactive
graphics, input/ out put display, storage devices in CAD, – networking of CAD systems -
2D Graphics: line drawing algorithms, DDA line algorithm – circle drawing,
bressnham`s circle drawing algorithm– 2D Transformation: translation, rotation, scaling,
reflection – clipping -3D Graphics (basic only).
IRJET- Digital Engineering & Project Management for AEC Industry using BIMIRJET Journal
This document discusses how building information modeling (BIM) can transform project management in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. BIM is a collaborative process that uses digital technologies to facilitate integrated project delivery. It allows project stakeholders to visualize a project virtually and perform clash detection, constructability reviews, data analytics, and time/cost estimation. The document argues that BIM helps integrate the entire project lifecycle, from design to construction to operations. As BIM use increases, the roles and dynamics of project management in the AEC industry will change, with project managers taking on the new role of BIM coordinator to oversee the collaborative BIM process.
Evolution of pdm plm technology & value to the industryStephen Au
BIM Lecture Note (2/6)
Objectives
* The importance of discipline business execution in today’s enterprises management
* To understand how PLM technology sustain product innovation
* The value of using PLM in manufacturing industry
Question
* What if building construction industry can apply the same technology ?
* What are the similarity and what are the difference?
www.mtech.com.hk
1) The document discusses the modeling and development of virtual application software to simulate various engineering mechanisms.
2) CAD is used to create 3D wireframe models of common mechanisms like links and joints.
3) The virtual mechanisms are then animated to simulate their motion in a simulated environment, allowing for analysis of industrial applications.
BIM Usage in Construction Industry and An application of Clash Detection and ...Ravindra SSK Medicharla
1) BIM shows great results for construction projects in terms of performance, time, and cost.
2) Implementing modal integration and clash detection tools can help decrease coordination errors and human errors, resulting in more accurate models and avoiding re-construction.
3) Using Navisworks Manage for clash detection provides more efficiency when integrating models from different design teams.
Technology and design (a brief overview)NGO Etnika
This document discusses technology and design (TD), which involves using computer and non-computer technologies to communicate design intent and facilitate product design, construction, operation, and maintenance. It then discusses key areas related to TD including design, automation, process simulation, modeling and engineering processes, computer aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE), computer aided manufacturing (CAM), product lifecycle management (PLM), and collaborative product development (CPD).
'Applying System Science and System Thinking Techniques to BIM Management' Alan Martin Redmond, PhD
Redmond, A. and Alshawi, M. (2017) 'Applying System Science and System Thinking Techniques to BIM Management' Developments in eSystems Engineering, IEEE CELEBRATING 10 YEARS OF ADVANCING E-SYSTEMS ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, Paris, France, 14th – 16th June 2017,
Ventum es un concepto que nos ayuda a profesionalizar el proceso de supervisión de sucursales a través de un método probado a través de los años por nuestros clientes.
This document provides instructions for forming two shapes: a polygon and a star. It gives steps to form a polygon with the FORMA POLYSTAR toy, with 3 steps listed but no details provided. It also lists 2 steps to form a star shape with the same toy, again without providing any specifics about the steps.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BoP) and disequilibrium in BoP. It defines BoP as a systematic record of a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world over time, including exports/imports and international borrowing/lending. It notes India's foreign exchange reserves were down $258 million as of August 25, 2012. Disequilibrium refers to an inequality in a country's foreign exchange supply and demand, which can be caused by temporary factors like economic growth. Correcting disequilibrium may involve automatic market forces or deliberate measures like monetary policy changes, trade policy adjustments, foreign loans/investments, and tourism development incentives.
Cartelera de cine Roxy Valladolid 29 junio 2012 Ocio y Rutas ValladolidOcio y Rutas Valladolid
El documento presenta la cartelera de películas del cine Roxy en Valladolid del 29 de junio al 5 de julio de 2012, mostrando los horarios de tres películas: Ice Age 4 en la sala A, Men in Black 3 en la sala B y Blancanieves y la leyenda del cazador también en la sala B.
Cartelera cines Roxy Valladolid equinoccio zaratan Ocio y Rutas ValladolidOcio y Rutas Valladolid
The document contains a movie theater schedule for the Roxy Cinemas in Valladolid, Spain from August 31 to September 6. It lists the movie showtimes for two movies playing in Room A, "Pirates" and "Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter", and two movies in Room B, "Brave" and "The Expendables 2". It also provides the website for more information.
The document lists Stephen Schawalder's top ten tech tools for teaching including clickers for interactive review games and quizzes, Prezi for visual vocabulary reviews, Google Sites for class resources, Google Earth for virtual field trips, and Quizlet for flashcard games. It also discusses using Google Drive for collaborative documents, Edmodo for paperless assignment collection, iCloud for syncing lesson plans, and apps like TeacherPal, Pages, Keynote, and ShowMe that help utilize an iPad in the classroom.
The document summarizes the results of a questionnaire about preferences for a new music magazine. The majority of respondents were female aged 16-22 who preferred rock, indie, pop, or R&B music. Most respondents favored black and white or blue and white color schemes. They were interested in interviews, gig listings, and a monthly publication at a price of £3.00. This provided insights into the target audience and features to include in the new magazine.
The document provides an overview of an economic development implementation plan for Culver City, California. It includes an economic base analysis identifying key industries and revenue sources. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths such as a strong jobs ratio and educational system, and weaknesses such as limited parking and connectivity. The plan also examines retail leakage and market constraints. It outlines current economic development projects and provides a work plan and timeline to promote business retention, attraction, and growth to ensure the city's financial security.
Il cambiamento genera stress, tensione, ansia. Come affrontarlo in modo positivo? La presentazione offre molti spunti e case histories per vincere la paura del cambiamento.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang hak-hak pekerja dan perlindungan konsumen. Hak-hak pekerja mencakup hak atas upah yang adil, hak berserikat, hak keamanan dan kesehatan kerja, serta hak untuk diproses secara adil. Perlindungan konsumen bertujuan melindungi hak konsumen, diantaranya melalui undang-undang periklanan dan keamanan produk. Gerakan konsumen hadir untuk mewujudkan kead
La presentazione raccoglie il lavoro realizzato per il Centro estero delle Camere di Commercio abruzzesi, che ha misurato il peso dell'export nella produzione del Pil regionale.
IOS provides advantages like access to the world's largest app platform, FaceTime video calling, and smooth multitasking. It also works globally and is accessible to many users. According to statistics, IOS was one of the top 8 mobile operating systems used in Hong Kong from August to September 2010.
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The construction management industry is leveraging technology to enhance efficiency, boost quality, and lower costs. Several trends in construction management are worth noting, as they are certain to continue to shape the industry in the coming years.
This document discusses how manufacturers of industrial machinery and heavy equipment can streamline their development processes. It notes that traditional sequential and non-integrated approaches are inadequate for meeting today's demands. It recommends implementing an integrated 3D design platform like the SOLIDWORKS ecosystem to realize benefits like automating processes, eliminating redundant tasks, and enabling concurrent workflows. This allows for designing, validating, and producing higher quality machines in less time and at lower cost.
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This document discusses and compares several quantity surveying and cost estimating software solutions:
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The document discusses how industrialized construction techniques from manufacturing can improve the architecture, engineering, and construction industry through increased use of building information modeling (BIM) and building lifecycle management (BLM) systems. BIM level 3 allows for fully transactable building data across project contributors through a centralized database, enabling highly efficient collaboration throughout the project lifecycle. Dassault Systemes' 3DEXPERIENCE platform can integrate all project design and delivery elements through applications tailored for architecture, engineering, and construction workflows.
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Current practices to capture field conditions are manual and tedious, and often accompanied by inaccurate data. This leads to costly rework and project delays. Whether it is a complex renovation project or a large-scale infrastructure project, traditional surveying and documentation begin with a raster image based on a 2D blueprint that is converted in CAD to an editable file. Surveyors visit the construction site to verify existing conditions with the actual blueprint and check for any inconsistencies in the existing 2D blueprints.
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The document describes CADISON, a software for engineering workflows. It allows all users to access and modify the same plant data through a centralized database. CADISON combines processes like conceptual design, dynamic cooperation between disciplines, calculation and reporting into a single platform. This integrated digital model accelerates plant engineering and eliminates errors from redundant data entry. The software aims to provide early access to consistent technical data to support engineering tasks.
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1. Copyright 1994 Daratech, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Ref,; SCOTT@D:MS_Data3DPlantpaybacks1770.qxd
3D PLANT DESIGN SYSTEMS:
BENEFITS AND PAYBACKS
DARATECH, Inc.
255 Bent Street
Cambridge, MA 02113
Tel. 617-354-2339
FAX 617-354-7822
2. 3D Plant Design Systems:
Benefits and Paybacks Page 1
Copyright 1994 Daratech, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Ref,; SCOTT@D:MS_Data3DPlantpaybacks1770.qxd
Executive Summary
Cost, schedule and quality are the competitive drivers for process and power generation
owner/operators and their engineering/construction contractors around the world. The busi-
ness case for investment in 3D plant design technology is often decided by how this tech-
nology enables owner/operators and engineering/construction contractors to reduce con-
struction and engineering costs; shorten design, construction and commissioning schedules;
and improve operating efficiency, safety, environmental impact and regulatory compliance—
all quality factors.
For more than a decade, computer-aided design has been used in the process and
power generation industries for detail engineering; indeed, most engineering/construction con-
tractors now use some form of CAD to produce engineering and archival documentation.
Automated 2D drafting is a mature technology—by Daratech’s estimate, there are more than
112,000 2D drafting screens in use by process and power generation firms and their engi-
neering/construction contractors worldwide.
Figure 1
3. 3D Plant Design Systems:
Benefits and Paybacks Page 2
Copyright 1994 Daratech, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Ref,; SCOTT@D:MS_Data3DPlantpaybacks1770.qxd
The use of 3D plant design is also pervasive in engineering/construction firms, with
approximately 7500 3D plant design screens installed worldwide. These systems are used by all
of the top 10 firms on the 1994 ENR Top 500 Design Firm list, as well as many other firms. The
deployment of 3D plant design systems may be seen as differentiating firms that seek to lever-
age computer technology for competitive advantage from firms with more traditional engineering
approaches. In this paper we discuss some of the benefits and challenges of the current use of
3D plant design technology, as well as trends for the future.
Plant Lifecycle Management Considerations
While some firms can justify their investment in 3D plant design technology on the basis of
improved engineering efficiency alone, others look for returns on 3D technology investment in the
construction, start-up, commissioning, maintenance and decommissioning phases of a plant life-
cycle. From conceptual design to engineering to construction to start-up to operations and finally
through revamp or decommissioning, 3D plant design technology is becoming a cornerstone of
plant lifecycle information management.
Figure 2
4. 3D Plant Design Systems:
Benefits and Paybacks Page 3
Copyright 1994 Daratech, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Ref,; SCOTT@D:MS_Data3DPlantpaybacks1770.qxd
Owner/operators and their engineering/construction contractors are faced with technology
investment decisions with long time horizons. Plants have very long lifecycles [see Figure 2]—
forty or fifty years can elapse from groundbreaking through final decommissioning and cleanup of
a given plant. On the other hand, plants are designed with computer hardware that typically
begins to be outdated within 24 months, and with software applications that undergo major
upgrades every three to five years. Thus, investing in computer hardware and software with a
proven migration track record is an important strategic decision for the process and power gen-
eration industries.
Conceptual Design/Proposal Phase
Total process and power generation project costs are sensitive to conceptual design decisions —
some owner/operators estimate that as much as 80% of project costs are committed during the
conceptual design phase. Plant design software facilitates the economic analysis of design alter-
natives before project costs are committed. For example, 3D modeling enables design engineers
to perform cost/benefit analysis for alternate plot plans.
Often one firm will conduct the preliminary design and produce the initial P&IDs, and
another firm will complete the detail design. This process is more efficient and accurate if the
P&ID data—the most important detail design deliverable—can be transferred in a usable form to
third parties, particularly to downstream engineering/construction firms. This underscores the
importance of P&ID software specification early in the design process for plant owners. Indeed,
all users are looking for more intelligence and functionality to be built into P&ID software.
Accuracy and consistency of the documentation for conceptual design tasks, including
process design and simulation, plant layout, cost estimation, process control specification, and
equipment specification are critical determinants of project cost. Computer-aided conceptual
design in general, and 3D design modeling in particular, can enable design intent to be commu-
nicated more efficiently and accurately among engineering personnel, which improves both qual-
ity and timeliness of project design.
A benefit particular to 3D modeling is that conceptual design information can be more
readily communicated to non-technical personnel. Additionally, some engineering/construction
firms report a favorable reception by senior management to animated 3D walkthroughs and pho-
torealistic slide presentations at owner/operator client companies. Thus, engineering/construction
firms can harness the visualization power of 3D modeling for business development purposes. In
turn, some owner/operators have used 3D animations and slides produced from engineering
designs to secure project financing.
While today’s process simulation technology and plant layout and design technologies are
mostly disparate, there is little doubt that future development will lead to better communication
between the disciplines of simulation-based process design and plant layout and design.
5. 3D Plant Design Systems:
Benefits and Paybacks Page 4
Copyright 1994 Daratech, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Ref,; SCOTT@D:MS_Data3DPlantpaybacks1770.qxd
Engineering and Detail Design Phase
For engineering and detail design of process and power generation facilities, 3D technology
promises the benefits of improved quality through data integrity, consistency and standardiza-
tion of design, constructability analysis, elimination of expensive plastic models, design and
design segment re-use on future projects, input from operations at the design phase, automat-
ed interference checking, input data for engineering analysis and simulation, improved overall
efficiency through automation of production of engineering drawings and reports, and better
project control and coordination. Another benefit of higher-quality engineering is higher confi-
dence in the overall project schedule. All these engineering and design considerations take on
even greater importance in cases where design, management and operations functions are
geographically distributed.
A strategic issue for both owner/operators and engineering/construction firms is the way
project design costs are recovered from the owner by the engineering/construction firm contrac-
tor when 3D plant design systems are used. The challenge stems from the multifarious nature of
process and power generation industry projects where there are many participants—owner/oper-
ator engineering departments, operations and maintenance divisions, design engineering/con-
struction contractors and subcontractors, and others—each of whom may have separate profit-
and-loss performance measures. Implementation of design automation technology is complicat-
ed when technical risk and economic costs and benefits of technology investments are shared
among all these stakeholders.
In time-and-materials contracts—where operators reimburse contractor engineering
expenses on a man-hour basis, and engineering progress is measured by the number of draw-
ings produced—the economic incentive for engineering/construction firms to invest in more effi-
cient technologies may be absent. In these cases, unless the owner specifies the use of a par-
ticular technology for a project, the engineering/construction firm may be unwilling to assume the
expense or technical risk for adopting a new technology, encumbering the optimal implementa-
tion of automation technology. This may explain the accounting paradox that arises when con-
tractor accounting departments sometimes view engineering plotting centers as profit centers
rather than cost centers. On the other hand, the complexity of a large plant project often motivates
owner/operators to use time-and-materials contracts to attempt to manage the costs of down-
stream engineering changes.
In lump-sum or fixed-bid contracts, where the technical risk of using newer technologies
is borne by the contractor, part or all of the economic benefit of investing in and utilizing automa-
tion technology may be captured by the contractor. Indeed, a number of engineering/construction
firms report that for lump-sum work, 3D plant design systems are the tools of choice. On the other
hand, savvy owner/operators are well aware that their contractors are sometimes slow to reveal
the productivity gains achieved by the use of technologies such as 3D plant design in order to pro-
tect their margins when bidding on projects.
6. 3D Plant Design Systems:
Benefits and Paybacks Page 5
Copyright 1994 Daratech, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Ref,; SCOTT@D:MS_Data3DPlantpaybacks1770.qxd
Owner/operators may well profit from an analysis of contractor engineering costs—
which typically represent 5% to 20% of total project costs—and may decide that while 3D meth-
ods can be 15% to 25% more expensive on an hourly basis, they may be 5% to 10% less
expensive overall, because 30% to 40% fewer hours may be required to complete engineering
documentation. But some in the industry believe the potential savings in construction rework
offered by 3D methods dwarf the engineering cost savings, and more than justify all additional
costs inherent in the 3D approach.
Users of 3D plant design systems mostly agree that the engineering product produced
with 3D modeling is superior to that produced with manual or 2D methods. However, opinions
about engineering productivity benefits of 3D modeling are more varied. Some engineering/con-
struction firms report significant engineering productivity gains through use of the technology;
other firms report that the main benefit is downstream construction savings. Most users agree
that 3D modeling productivity is often sensitive to the experience and technical competence of
the engineers and engineering supervisors, the core capability of the modeling software, the
engineering work processes employed and the degree of integration between 3D modeling soft-
ware and external systems such as for material control and piping specifications. Of course,
measured productivity gains from 3D modeling may also vary depending on what criteria are
used to measure productivity.
ICF Kaiser International (Fairfax, Virginia) reports significant engineering productivity
gains from use of the technology. Table 1 shows an engineering and construction cost break-
down for a $140 million copper concentrating facility designed by ICF Kaiser International for
Magma Nevada Mining Company. The plant, which is currently out for bid for construction, was
designed using Intergraph PDS. According to Richard E. Nunes, Vice President and Chief
Engineer at ICF Kaiser International, using 3D plant design software resulted in an estimated
overall project savings of approximately $3 million, or 2.1% of the total project cost. Nunes esti-
mates that $1.3 million of these savings came from reduced engineering costs (a 30.5% savings
in engineering documentation costs), and the remaining $1.7 million will come from reduced con-
struction costs. Animated walk-through presentations based on the 3D model were made to sen-
ior Magma Nevada Mining Company executives, and were subsequently used by Magma for
investor financing presentations.
End users consistently report that reduced errors and higher-quality designs can be
obtained using 3D models compared with using 2D or manual methods. For example, the inte-
gration of piping specifications and code requirements as well as ANSI and DIN standards in a
consistent database allows engineers to avoid costly mistakes by trapping errors and out-of-
specification design. A related benefit is that 3D models can be automatically exported to analy-
sis applications to test the designs for mechanical stress, hydraulic analysis, thermal stress and
other factors, which can both improve design quality and reduce project cost. Often, the earlier
that design problems are detected, the easier and less expensive they are to resolve.
7. 3D Plant Design Systems:
Benefits and Paybacks Page 6
Copyright 1994 Daratech, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Ref,; SCOTT@D:MS_Data3DPlantpaybacks1770.qxd
Interference checking between disciplines such as piping, HVAC, structural steel, elec-
tricity and the like is the most often cited benefit enabled by 3D plant design systems: the bigger
and more complex the design, the greater the potential savings. With 3D plant design systems,
interferences may be flagged early in the design cycle, which has a positive impact on down-
stream construction costs. Moreover, the more advanced 3D plant design systems enable design
engineers to review interferences graphically in order to assess their importance and relevance.
Another key benefit of 3D plant design systems is automated production of engineering
drawings and reports. This provides a benefit at the drawing checking phase. For example, the
effort required to verify consistency between general arrangement drawings and piping isomet-
rics is reduced considerably because both drawings are produced from a common database. In
contrast, wholly manual methods where drawings are produced by different individuals often
require extensive verification.
Table 1
8. 3D Plant Design Systems:
Benefits and Paybacks Page 7
Copyright 1994 Daratech, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Ref,; SCOTT@D:MS_Data3DPlantpaybacks1770.qxd
In the process and power generation industries, government regulations such as OSHA
1910.119 require a hazard and operability review (HAZOP) prior to construction. Typically con-
ducted when design is nearly complete, the review is often extensive, requiring a week or more
to perform for a medium-sized facility by the operator’s team of safety, operations, construction,
reliability assessment, project and commissioning personnel. The HAZOP consists of an evalua-
tion of all equipment, line routing, instrument and control placement, safety equipment location,
and access and exit facilities under a variety of operating conditions and upset conditions.
Using a 3D plant model to conduct HAZOPs can offer substantial benefits over using
plastic models and drawings, or drawings alone. HAZOP reviews must be conducted every five
years, or whenever significant plant modifications are made. Using a 3D model shows great
promise for streamlining the review process, as changes to the model can be more easily visu-
alized and controlled.
According to George Tolpa, Litwin Engineers and Constructors (Houston, TX), the princi-
pal advantages of using 3D plant design systems during a HAZOP are improved efficiency, qual-
ity of review and operability assessment. Tolpa says that a detailed, line-by-line review of a 500-
line facility typically takes three weeks to complete using P&IDs, orthographic and isometric draw-
ings. With a 3D plant design model, the review can be accomplished in one-third of this time, or
fewer than five days. The time savings are significant because 15-20 people may be required for
the review and operability assessment. Time can be saved because of the enhanced visualiza-
tion capabilities, plus integration of physical layout data with process information, that the model
provides. Operations and maintenance staff can confirm that the detail design meets the original
design requirements, which reduces the cost of downstream field changes.
For the future, 3D plant design technology promises even greater benefits through better
mechanisms for reusing existing design fragments, and integration with specialized analysis
applications that will automatically explore large numbers of alternatives to achieve better, more
fully optimized designs.
Construction Phase
Plant construction costs, including construction labor, equipment, and materials, for typical
process and power generation projects represent approximately 80% to 90% of total project
costs. The high capital cost of plant construction means that even modest construction cost sav-
ings of a few percent achieved by using 3D modeling translate into very substantial dollar savings
and high marginal returns on 3D plant design technology investments.
Construction-phase benefits of using 3D plant design technology include compressed
construction schedules, reduction in field rework labor due to improved interference detection,
higher-quality documentation for job sequencing and craft work, more reliable and clearer status
reporting and verification, and improved costing schedules. Some users report 10% savings in
fabrication cost and 5% savings in bulk material costs for typical projects, resulting in overall sav-
ings of 5% to 10% on project construction costs.
9. 3D Plant Design Systems:
Benefits and Paybacks Page 8
Copyright 1994 Daratech, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Ref,; SCOTT@D:MS_Data3DPlantpaybacks1770.qxd
According to The M.W. Kellogg Company (Houston, Texas), an engineering/procurement
and construction contractor which has utilized 3D plant design systems since 1988, the major
returns on the use of 3D modeling come from greater visualization during the construction plan-
ning phase, higher material accuracy and reduction of field rework during the construction
phase of a project. Producer companies report that field rework labor can be as much as 12%
of total construction labor for projects executed with manual methods. This rework can be
reduced to as little as 2% of total construction labor when 3D plant design modeling is utilized
during the construction phase.
Improved job sequencing for craft labor is another target benefit of 3D plant design sys-
tems. According to some engineering/construction firm executives, craft labor can spend up to
30% of the day waiting for the right materials and equipment to install. Construction sequenc-
ing can be improved by enabling craft contractors to interact with 3D visualization models—a
method which results in more complete and timely communication than traditional interpreta-
tion of isometric and orthographic views. For example, engineering/construction firms report
that 3D plant design enables improved approval mechanisms for fabrication. Work packages
delivered to off-site fabricators can be configured to optimize piping components and spools for
on-site construction.
Related to improved job sequencing is the capability for enhanced visualization of project
status. Three-dimensional models can be color-coded to represent design, shop fabrication, deliv-
ery, and field installation, etc. which allows both on-site and home office managers better visibili-
ty of project status. Graphical project status reporting can be more accurate and timely than man-
ual methods. End-users can expect tighter integration of project management software with 3D
modeling technology in the future.
Engineering/construction firm contractors also report improved costing schedules
because of 3D plant design deployment. Three-dimensional plant design databases can be used
to generate bills of material and material take-offs automatically, which can lead to more accurate
procurement, reduced bulk material surpluses, and consequently improved project cash flow. Live
links from engineering schematics and the 3D model to component catalogs can also enable
more intelligent procurement scheduling—engineering/construction contractors report up to 5%
savings in material costs by using 3D models.
Owner/operators and their engineering/construction firm contractors report that effective
deployment of 3D plant design systems can lead to overall project cost savings in the range of 5%
to 10%. This is achieved by reducing engineering costs, minimizing field rework, shortening con-
struction schedules, improving craft efficiency, and reducing bulk material and equipment costs.
Operations and Maintenance Phase
For some owner/operators, the potential operations and maintenance benefits of 3D plant
design data exceed all others. Though this remains a controversial issue for many, a growing
body of empirical data indicates that there are real and substantial benefits realizable in this
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area through the use of 3D systems. For example, owner/operators are beginning to look to 3D
plant design systems to optimize maintenance scheduling, improve safety management,
streamline component and drawing research for operations troubleshooting, provide enhanced
training, and minimize facility turnaround and outage time.
Visualization of, and familiarization with, work areas for maintenance crews enables bet-
ter planning, reduced planning costs and lower maintenance costs. As an example, modeling
locations for electrical outlets, welding outlets, air breathing apparatus connections, eye wash sta-
tions, staging areas, safe routes, scaffolding and the like has enabled a nuclear power generation
utility’s maintenance and construction crews to plan their work in advance and complete it more
efficiently. Visualization of the work space enables intelligent maintenance planning, a benefit
more easily achieved with a 3D model than with 2D drawings and physical models.
Process safety management and other regulatory compliance concerns are additional
drivers for owner/operators to extract operations and maintenance value from plant design data-
bases. Process safety management focuses attention on the availability, accessibility and cur-
rency of key documents such as PFDs and P&IDs. In North America, OSHA regulations require
key process safety documents to be in place before plant start-up, and be under change man-
agement for plant operations.
Barriers to using 3D design data for operations and maintenance purposes are both tech-
nical and historical. One technical obstacle is that the data useful to operations and maintenance
staff typically includes only a subset of total engineering data—we believe as little as 10% of engi-
neering data is useful for operations and maintenance purposes. Owner/operators, by contrast,
face the wider problems of document and configuration management.
For example, mechanical/piping design engineers specify pumps in terms of type, horse-
power, flow ratings, frame type, nozzle connections, etc. On the other hand, operations and main-
tenance personnel are concerned with a pump’s maintenance history, ratings such as mean-time-
between-failure, electrical connections, suppliers, control circuits, etc. The challenge is therefore
to extract from the design database data that are relevant to operations and maintenance and to
configure these data in a form meaningful and useful to the operations and maintenance organi-
zations. This information must be maintained for the duration of the plant, and the challenge is to
extract only the information that can be maintained for the plant lifecycle.
A related technical obstacle is that many of today’s tools for 3D model manipulation are
sophisticated and require dedicated, well trained experts equipped with expensive equipment to
operate. Some owner/operators have suggested that a service opportunity for their engineer-
ing/construction firm contractors may be to maintain plant database models, serving their cus-
tomers by electronic transfer of data.
Another significant technical barrier to using 3D plant design models for operations and
maintenance purposes is that many existing plants do not have 3D models or even 2D digital
models. However, in some instances, some plant owner/operators have found it cost-effective to
create digital models of existing facilities using traditional walkdown methods.
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A method of solving this problem now finding growing acceptance is close-range pho-
togrammetry. Using this technique, an existing facility is photographed, the photographs are dig-
itized, and this digital data is then processed to extract a 3D CAD model. Although photogram-
metric techniques have been used for decades in mapping applications, recent advances in low-
cost, high-performance graphics computing have made the technology practicable for revamp
projects in some process and power generation industries.
Not all the obstacles to adoption of 3D plant design technology for operations and main-
tenance purposes are technical—sometimes there are substantial business-practice or cultural
obstacles. In many cases, field operations management is under capital investment constraints
and there is the perception that CAD technology is still very expensive. However, entry-level pric-
ing for 3D plant design technology has shown dramatic decreases in the past decade which make
it accessible to a broader audience. [See Figure 3] Moreover, the use of multimedia technology
is seen by industry leaders to promise reduced training costs. By moving training to the desktop
where it is available as needed, from the classroom where retention rates are relatively low, train-
ing methods that harness today’s and tomorrow’s digital media tools will be more cost-effective.
For the future, potential applications of 3D model data include integrating real-time plant
I/O data for process monitoring and optimization. Navigation of ever-increasing amounts of plant
data may require graphical user interfaces. Beyond steady-state analysis, real-time simulation
and analysis of plant processes become possible with the coupling of as-built 3D geometry data
with operations data. An extension of this is a capability for "intelligent" advisors for process con-
trol and optimization. Other opportunities for enhanced use of 3D plant design databases include
providing links to plant-wide databases for equipment control and maintenance; GIS for environ-
mental and crisis management; and facilities management.
Other Technology Investment Considerations
Some industry critics have contended that investment in 3D plant design technology is not justi-
fied, saying it doesn’t work and isn’t worth the time and trouble. However, the past ten years have
seen dramatic improvements in hardware price/performance and software capability, which have
enabled higher-function 3D plant design technology. We believe 3D plant design technology has
come of age and begun delivering on its early promise as a productive tool for the process and
power generation industries.
The investment required for 3D design modeling is significant and includes annual soft-
ware license fees, hardware, hardware upgrades, training, hardware maintenance, software
maintenance, software upgrades, and costs associated with upgrading in-house-developed
applications. New software releases outgrow the original hardware; also, computer hardware
must be upgraded regularly as existing hardware ages and becomes prohibitively expensive to
maintain. Of these costs, the most visible are often the purchase-order line-item costs of hard-
ware and software. Figure 3 shows that in the past ten years, the average seat price (hardware
and software) for a 10-seat configuration of a plant design system has declined by a factor of 5.
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Price decreases are expected for the future but at a lower rate. Most of the decline has been due
to dramatic reductions in hardware costs. Resistance to adoption of 3D plant design technology
is consequently lower.
An important off-the-balance-sheet asset of engineering/construction firms and
owner/operators alike is the engineering knowledge base of their employees. Owner/operator
managers seek to capture corporate engineering memory while downsizing engineering depart-
ments, and engineering/construction firms struggle to retain engineering knowledge assets in the
face of volatile, project-driven staffing requirements. This problem is particularly acute in the U.S.
utility industry, where some utilities’ response to intense competition brought on by deregulation
has been to nearly eliminate their engineering departments. The use of integrated 3D plant data-
bases may offer some relief to the vexing problem of capturing and retaining engineering know-
how for both owner/operators and engineering/construction firms by enabling design re-use and
archiving of plant information in a retrievable form.
Figure 3
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After a system has been in production for a number of years and design information has
been accumulated and stored in the system format, software and hardware will typically represent
only approximately 20% of total end-user investment in this technology. [See Figure 4]
Approximately 70% of end-user investment in plant design systems will be in data and training.
That is to say, switching from one system to another involves both operator retraining and porting
much of the stored data. One reason why owner/operators and engineering/construction firms
alike often elect to procure systems from market-share leaders is to protect this data investment
and to reduce the probability that a port to another system will be required. [Figure 1 shows
Daratech’s market share estimates for the 3D plant design software market in 1993.]
Standards
Although great progress is being made in the development of data exchange standards, particu-
larly standards based on the STEP initiative, it will be some time before these standards are fully
operative. Consequently, owner/operators and their engineering/construction firm contractors
who must manage projects for the complete plant lifecycle have taken a pragmatic approach by
using market-leading technologies whose data formats have become de facto standards for the
industry as a whole, or suppliers whose systems conform to these formats.
Figure 4
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Conclusion
• Owner/operators and engineering/construction firms that use 3D plant design automa-
tion technology believe it reduces construction and engineering costs and shortens
design, construction and commissioning schedules, and they are looking to this tech-
nology to improve operating efficiency, safety, environmental impact, and regulatory
compliance for the complete plant lifecycle.
• The use of 3D plant design is pervasive in engineering/construction firms, with approxi-
mately 7500 3D plant design screens worldwide. All of the top 10 firms on the 1994 ENR
Top 500 Design Firm list, as well as many other firms, use 3D plant design systems.
• Some firms justify their investment in 3D technology on the basis of improved engineering
efficiency alone, while others have seen returns on 3D technology investment throughout
the construction, start-up, commissioning, maintenance, and decommissioning phases of
a plant lifecycle.
• A strategic issue for both owner/operators and engineering/construction firms is the way
project design costs are recovered from the owner by the engineering/construction firm
contractor when 3D plant design systems are used.
• Owner/operators and their engineering/construction firm contractors report overall proj-
ect cost savings in the range of 5% to 10% by effectively deploying 3D plant design sys-
tems. This is achieved by reducing engineering costs, minimizing field rework, shorten-
ing construction schedules, improving craft efficiency, and reducing bulk material and
equipment costs.
• We believe field experience and other evidence suggests that the potential operations and
maintenance benefits of maintaining 3D plant design information exceed all others. A
growing body of empirical data indicates that there are substantial benefits realizable in
this area through the use of 3D systems including maintenance operations analysis, opti-
mized maintenance scheduling, improved safety management, streamlined component
and drawing research for operations troubleshooting, enhanced training, and minimized
facility turnaround and outage time.
• Great progress is being made on the development of data exchange standards, partic-
ularly standards based on the STEP initiative, although it will be some time before these
standards are fully operative. Owner/operators and engineering/construction firms alike
often elect to procure systems from market-share leaders in order to protect their data
and training investments.
15. This report on the benefits and paybacks of 3D plant design is complimentary from
Intergraph Corporation.
If you would like additional information or a demonstration of Intergraph’s Plant Design
System (PDS), please call:
U.S. 800-345-4856
Asia-Pacific 852-893-3621
Canada 800-461-5297
Europe 31-2503-66333
Middle East 971-4-367555
Other areas 1-205-730-5499
DDPP012A0
3D PLANT DESIGN SYSTEMS:
BENEFITS AND PAYBACKS
DARATECH, Inc.