Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
ASSORTIVE MATING AND GENE FREQUENCY CHANGES (POPULATION GENETICS)316116
This slide briefly the explanation of random mating as deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and also the changes in gene frequency as a result of violation of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions on gene frequency
Genetics 101: Genetic Differentiation in the Age of Ecological Restorationnycparksnmd
Dr Susan Mazer, University of California, Santa Barbara
Symposium:
What is Local? Genetics & Plant Selection in the Urban Context. (Tuesday, May 23, 2006, American Museum of Natural History)
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
ASSORTIVE MATING AND GENE FREQUENCY CHANGES (POPULATION GENETICS)316116
This slide briefly the explanation of random mating as deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and also the changes in gene frequency as a result of violation of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions on gene frequency
Genetics 101: Genetic Differentiation in the Age of Ecological Restorationnycparksnmd
Dr Susan Mazer, University of California, Santa Barbara
Symposium:
What is Local? Genetics & Plant Selection in the Urban Context. (Tuesday, May 23, 2006, American Museum of Natural History)
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. niche?
What is a
A niche is the is the role played
by an organism in an ecosystem.
Eg: The ecological niche of a
trees in a yard is absorbing
light, water and
nutrients, providing shelter and
food for other organisms
(birds, squirrels, bees), and giving
off oxygen.
What is adaptation?
Adaptation is the modifications or
changes made to the body of an
organism to make it suited to
survive in a changing environment.
What is natural
selection?
Natural selection is an event that favours
the organisms which have managed to
adapt and survive.
What is a gene pool?
The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in
any population, usually of a particular species.
2. Natural Selection
1. There is variation in traits.
For example, some beetles are green and some
are brown.
2.There is differential reproduction.
Since the environment can't support unlimited population
growth, not all individuals get to reproduce to their full
potential. In this example, green beetles tend to get
eaten by birds and survive to reproduce less often than
brown beetles do.
3. There is heredity.
The surviving brown beetles have brown baby beetles
because this trait has a genetic basis
4. End result:
The more advantageous trait, brown
coloration, which allows the beetle to have
more offspring, becomes more common in the
population. If this process
continues, eventually, all individuals in the
population will be brown.
Page 2
3. • Biodiversity is measured by the frequency of an allele in
a particular frequency .
• The bigger the gene pool of a certain population , the
lesser the chances of a gene getting removed from the
population increasing biodiversity .
• If the change in genetic information is positive and
helps the organism survive , the frequency with the
changed gene will increase.
• If the change is negative , natural selection will result
in its removal from the gene pool.
• Rarely the change is neutral which means that there is
no positive or negative effect of the change then the
gene will remain in the gene pool.
Free Powerpoint Templates
4. The founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that
occurs when a new population is established by a very
small number of individuals from a larger population
The original population
has nearly equal numbers
of blue and red
individuals. The three
smaller founder
populations show that
one or the other color
may predominate
(founder effect), due to
random sampling of the
original population.
A population
Any founder member of new populations might
bottleneck may also
become amplified over the next generations as
cause a founder effect
the population increases.
even though it is not
strictly a new population.
5. Darwin made two observations and a conclusion;
O1: More offsprings are born than can survive
O2: There is variation within a species
Conclusion: There is a “struggle for survival” only the “fittest
can
survive and reproduce.”
In order for Natural Selection to lead to evolution a few
extra conditions are required;
1. Isolation
Isola
tion
Tempora Behavio
2. Mutation
3. Mutations accumulate within population
4. Eventually the isolated population cannot reproduce with the originals. At this
point a new species has formed. (speciation)
Ecologic
al
l
ral
Mechani
cal
The species occupy different parts of the habitats.
The species exist in the same area but reproduce at
different times.
The species exist in the same area but do not respond
to each other’s courtship behavior.
Species coexist, but there are physical reasons
which stop them from copulating.
6. Frequency of Individuals ;
Population
Phenotype Frequency over time
Directional selection
Directional selection is a type of natural selection that favors
one extreme phenotype over the mean or other extreme
phenotypic.
Directional Selection occurs where environmental pressure
exists, cause them to modify themselves and adapt to the
changing environment.
7. Balancing Selection
When selective pressures select against the two extremes of a trait, the
population experiences stabilizing selection.
Disadvantage - Variation waves off.
Includes ruling out of beneficial extreme phenotypes.
Advantage – Continuous inheritance of beneficial genes.
8. Frequency of Individuals ;
Population
Phenotype Frequency over time
Diversifyin
g
Selection
In disruptive selection, selection pressures act against individuals in the
middle of the trait distribution. The result is a bimodal, or a two-peaked
curve.
This occurs when conditions of the organism’s surroundings are very diverse
and the organisms evolve according to the surrounding or condition chosen.
11. Selective Breeding &
features. It is also the crossto as artificial selection.
Hybridization is referred match between two different breeds. This cross
Hybridization
Selective Breeding is the breeding of only those organisms with desirable
breeding results to natural selection as in selective breeding, species.
This is in contrastin an organism inheriting genes from both thehumans
provide the selection pressure rather than the environment.
Liger is a hybrid cross between a
male lion (Panthera leo) and
a tigress (Panthera tigris).
Loganberry, a hybrid
between raspberry and
black berry.
Zebroids
A zebra-horse cross.
