Jeopardy review game population genetics
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This document appears to be a quiz about genetics and evolution. It includes questions about genetic variation, natural selection, speciation, isolation mechanisms, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The final question asks for the three facts upon which natural selection depends, and the answer provided is: 1) All populations have genetic variation 2) Individuals tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support 3) All populations depend upon the reproduction of individuals.
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Genotypes mate at random with respect to their genotype at this particular locus.
There are many ways in which this assumption might be violated:
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• Genotypesthataredifferentfromoneanothermaymatemoreoftenthanexpecteddisassortative mating, e.g., self-incompatibility alleles in flowering plants, MHC lociinhumans (the smelly t-shirt experiment)
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– etc.
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Populations evolve over time through natural selection and changes in gene frequencies. Individuals with traits that increase survival and reproductive success are more likely to pass on their genes to subsequent generations. For example, insect populations can evolve resistance to insecticides as individuals with resistant target sites are more likely to survive and pass on that resistant trait. Variation within populations, driven by factors like mutation and recombination, provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon as environments change over time.
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2. There are many sources of genetic variation within and between populations, including multiple alleles per locus, heterozygosity, and linkage disequilibrium between loci.
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in natural selection, explain what is a sexual selection, neutral va.pdf
in natural selection, explain what is a sexual selection, neutral variation and balancing selection
Solution
The concept of natural selection explains that how a species can have breeding populations
adapted to local conditions. Based on the principle of natural selection the selection of genotypes
occurs and that would result in offspring with better reproductive capabilities. Natural selection
always results in better survival of an organism, so the genetic changes driven by the natural
selection make the species to adapt to the local conditions so that they can survive. These species
may exhibit high genetic variation may be because out breeding, but gradually due to the
inbreeding in these adapted species, the genetic variation will be minimized and they evolve as a
separate species.
The sexual selection refers that a species which exhibit dominant sexual characters to the
opposite partner has the ability to mate with female and expand its gene pool.
Natural variation: In variation selection, the traits within the organisms undergo mutations to
allow the organism to best adapt to the environment by means of natural selection (Darwinian
evolution), these mutations are inherited by the nest generation offspring. In case of
transformational selection or Lamarck’s theory, the individual organisms change by inheriting
the transformations within a generation.
The three types of selection that we observe in speciation are disruptive selection, stabilizing
selection and directional selection. Disruptive selection occurs due to the selection for the
extreme values of traits instead of intermediate values. This divides the population into two
different groups. Disruptive selection is one of the main driving forces of sympatric speciation,
which occurs when there are no physical barriers that prevent species to mate together. The
occurrence of speciation may be depending on the availability of different food sources and
existence of different shelters. When comes to the balanced selection the allele frequencies
remain contestant throughout the evolution..
Allelic frequency
The document discusses factors that can alter allelic frequencies in a population. It describes six main factors: 1) Mutation introduces new alleles, 2) Genetic drift like bottle neck effects can change frequencies randomly, 3) Migration through gene flow affects frequencies, 4) Natural selection increases frequencies of beneficial alleles and decreases unfavorable ones, 5) Non-random mating influences which individuals reproduce more, and 6) Inbreeding increases homozygosity. These genetic and evolutionary factors all impact the proportion of alleles in a population over time.
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Inbreeding coefficient
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Genotypes mate at random with respect to their genotype at this particular locus.
There are many ways in which this assumption might be violated:
• Some genotypes may be more successful in mating than others, sexual selection.
• Genotypesthataredifferentfromoneanothermaymatemoreoftenthanexpecteddisassortative mating, e.g., self-incompatibility alleles in flowering plants, MHC lociinhumans (the smelly t-shirt experiment)
• Genotypesthataresimilartooneanothermaymatemoreoftenthanexpectedassortativemating.
• Some fraction of the offspring produced may be produced asexually.
• Individuals may mate with relatives inbreeding.
– self-fertilization
– sib-mating
– first-cousin mating
– parent-offspring mating
– etc.
Heterosis breeding - Dr. Mahesh B. Ghuge
This document discusses various methods of plant breeding for different species including autogamous, allogamous, and asexually propagated species. It also covers topics like heterosis, hybrid vigor, inbreeding depression, genetic models for heterosis including overdominance and dominance hypotheses, manifestations of heterosis, and methods for fixing heterosis.
Inbreeding
Inbreeding occurs when related individuals mate and can increase the proportion of homozygosity. This raises the chances that offspring will be affected by recessive or deleterious traits, leading to genetic disorders and conditions. Inbreeding depression can result in smaller litters, lower fertility, and stillborn or deformed offspring in experiments with animals like adders. The inbreeding coefficient is used to measure inbreeding depression based on the expected and observed heterozygosity within a population. While inbreeding can establish desirable traits in livestock, it generally reduces survival and fertility over time.
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This document provides information about human genetics and population genetics. It defines key genetic terms like chromosome, gene, allele, genotype and phenotype. It describes how genes are inherited from parents to offspring through sexual reproduction. The document also discusses sex determination and sex chromosomes. Population genetics is introduced as studying genetic variation within groups. The forces that act on allele frequencies like mutation, genetic drift, and migration are outlined. The foundations of modern evolutionary synthesis combining Mendelian genetics and natural selection are reviewed. Methods for describing genetic structure like genotypic and allelic frequencies are presented.
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This chapter discusses heredity and evolution. It covers Mendel's principles of inheritance including segregation and independent assortment. Examples of Mendelian traits in humans like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia are provided. Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns and mitochondrial inheritance are also discussed. The chapter then explores modern evolutionary theory including the definition of evolution, factors that produce variation, and how natural selection acts on variation.
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This document discusses inbreeding in animal and plant breeding populations. It defines inbreeding as the mating of closely related individuals, which can decrease vigor but retain desirable traits. Inbreeding leads to inbreeding depression and higher inbreeding coefficients over time. The document illustrates how selection intensity and heritability impact inbreeding and kinship in a simulated population over generations. It provides examples of unintended inbreeding consequences in animal breeding and the intentional use of inbreeding to create hybrid plant varieties with heterosis effects.
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Populations evolve over time through natural selection and changes in gene frequencies. Individuals with traits that increase survival and reproductive success are more likely to pass on their genes to subsequent generations. For example, insect populations can evolve resistance to insecticides as individuals with resistant target sites are more likely to survive and pass on that resistant trait. Variation within populations, driven by factors like mutation and recombination, provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon as environments change over time.
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This document discusses genes and quantitative traits. It begins by introducing genes and alleles, noting that quantitative traits are influenced by multiple genes. It then describes the three main types of quantitative traits: continuous traits which vary gradually, like human height; meristic traits which are counted, like the number of kernels on an ear of corn; and threshold traits which have few phenotypic classes determined by multiple genes and environment, like twinning in cattle. Examples of each type of quantitative trait are provided.
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1. There are two main types of mating systems - random mating and non-random mating. Random mating involves each gamete having an equal chance to unite with any other gamete. Non-random mating includes assortative mating, where similar individuals mate, and disassortative mating, where dissimilar individuals mate.
2. Sewall Wright first proposed five mating systems in 1921 - random mating, genetic assortative mating, genetic disassortative mating, phenotypic assortative mating, and phenotypic disassortative mating. These systems influence the variation, homozygosity, and other genetic characteristics of populations over generations.
3. Random mating maintains diversity but can increase homozygosity in small populations.
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1. Genetic variation arises from mutations and recombinations and provides the basis for evolution. Phenotypes are external traits while genotypes are genetic makeup.
2. There are many sources of genetic variation within and between populations, including multiple alleles per locus, heterozygosity, and linkage disequilibrium between loci.
3. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and genotype frequencies remain stable over generations under certain conditions, but factors like non-random mating, genetic drift, migration and natural selection can cause evolutionary changes by altering these frequencies.
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Brothers and sisters are different because they have different sets of genes. The male and female sex cells are called sperm and egg. Genetic information is stored in DNA located in the nuclei of cells. Fertilization is the meeting and fusion of sperm and egg during sexual reproduction. This allows for the genetic information from both the male and female parents to combine and be passed on to offspring.
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Intraspecific variation refers to differences that occur within a species. Variation can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include differences in alleles that cause phenotypic variations like eye color. Environmental factors influence phenotypes as well, such as how temperature affects the fur color of Himalayan rabbits. Often variation is a combination of both genetic and environmental influences, such as how genetics and nutrition interact to determine a person's height. Genetic variation within and between populations can be measured to understand intraspecific variation.
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Development of inbreeding and relationship under selection
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Similar to Jeopardy review game population genetics
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The document discusses several ways that the theory of evolution continues to be shaped, including:
1) Scientists now recognize that natural selection is not the only mechanism of evolution, with genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and non-random mating also influencing changes within populations over time.
2) Two theories for the rate of speciation discussed are gradualism, where evolution proceeds in small gradual steps, and punctuated equilibrium, where species diverge rapidly during sporadic periods of genetic change.
3) Various patterns of evolution are examined, including adaptive radiation, coevolution, convergent evolution, and factors that can influence speciation like genetic isolation and the formation of new habitats.
in natural selection, explain what is a sexual selection, neutral va.pdf
in natural selection, explain what is a sexual selection, neutral variation and balancing selection
Solution
The concept of natural selection explains that how a species can have breeding populations
adapted to local conditions. Based on the principle of natural selection the selection of genotypes
occurs and that would result in offspring with better reproductive capabilities. Natural selection
always results in better survival of an organism, so the genetic changes driven by the natural
selection make the species to adapt to the local conditions so that they can survive. These species
may exhibit high genetic variation may be because out breeding, but gradually due to the
inbreeding in these adapted species, the genetic variation will be minimized and they evolve as a
separate species.
The sexual selection refers that a species which exhibit dominant sexual characters to the
opposite partner has the ability to mate with female and expand its gene pool.
Natural variation: In variation selection, the traits within the organisms undergo mutations to
allow the organism to best adapt to the environment by means of natural selection (Darwinian
evolution), these mutations are inherited by the nest generation offspring. In case of
transformational selection or Lamarck’s theory, the individual organisms change by inheriting
the transformations within a generation.
The three types of selection that we observe in speciation are disruptive selection, stabilizing
selection and directional selection. Disruptive selection occurs due to the selection for the
extreme values of traits instead of intermediate values. This divides the population into two
different groups. Disruptive selection is one of the main driving forces of sympatric speciation,
which occurs when there are no physical barriers that prevent species to mate together. The
occurrence of speciation may be depending on the availability of different food sources and
existence of different shelters. When comes to the balanced selection the allele frequencies
remain contestant throughout the evolution..
Allelic frequency
The document discusses factors that can alter allelic frequencies in a population. It describes six main factors: 1) Mutation introduces new alleles, 2) Genetic drift like bottle neck effects can change frequencies randomly, 3) Migration through gene flow affects frequencies, 4) Natural selection increases frequencies of beneficial alleles and decreases unfavorable ones, 5) Non-random mating influences which individuals reproduce more, and 6) Inbreeding increases homozygosity. These genetic and evolutionary factors all impact the proportion of alleles in a population over time.
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Variation
This document discusses genetic and non-genetic sources of variation within populations. It defines variation and describes the main types as genotypic and phenotypic. The key causes of genetic variation are mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, sexual reproduction and recombination during meiosis. Non-genetic sources include environmental factors, age, social influences, habitat, density and trauma. Variation is important for evolution as it provides genetic diversity for natural selection to act upon, allowing populations to adapt to changing environments over time.
Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection - how basic evolutionary principal...
This PPTP is made for high school teachers wishing to introduce evolutionary concepts and exercises in regular and advance (AP) high school science courses.
Presentation on Selection
Natural and artificial selection both involve the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits compared to others in a population. In natural selection, traits that help organisms survive and reproduce are passed on more often, while in artificial selection humans choose which traits to promote or reduce in domesticated species. Both processes can lead to changes in the traits of a population over multiple generations through the selective reproduction of organisms with favorable characteristics.
Population genetics with qs
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations. A population's gene pool contains all the alleles of all individuals. Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies remain constant between generations if there is no mutation, migration, genetic drift, or natural selection. Five agents cause evolution: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection, which is the only mechanism that leads to adaptation. Natural selection maintains genetic variation and can preserve polymorphisms through mechanisms like heterozygote advantage.
Population genetics with qs
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations. A population shares a gene pool containing all alleles of individuals. Different species that interbreed often produce sterile offspring. Microevolution occurs through changes in a population's gene pool over time due to processes like natural selection and genetic drift. The modern synthesis theory recognizes that genes are responsible for inheritance and that populations, not individuals, evolve through natural selection and genetic drift.
Evolutionary mechanisms population size, genetic drift, gene flow
1. The document discusses five key evolutionary mechanisms: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection. Each mechanism affects traits and genetic diversity in a population differently.
2. Mutation introduces new genetic variation, while genetic drift causes random changes in allele frequencies regardless of fitness. Gene flow makes populations more similar by exchanging migrants. Non-random mating results from mate choice.
3. Natural selection occurs when some genotypes are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on alleles to the next generation. It can drive directional evolution of traits or maintain genetic diversity through balancing selection.
Speciation presentation in systemetic
This document discusses what constitutes a species and how new species arise through evolution. It notes that determining what is and isn't a distinct species can have economic consequences. A species is typically defined as a group that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, though this definition has limitations. New species arise through both geographic isolation, which leads to allopatric speciation, and reproductive barriers without geographic isolation, known as sympatric speciation. Intrinsic reproductive isolating mechanisms like differences in courtship behaviors or hybrid infertility play a key role in driving the formation of new species over time.
natural_sel.pptx
The document provides instructions for folding a graphic organizer to explore Darwin and his ideas of evolution. It includes steps to fold the organizer along center and dotted lines, cut between boxes, and glue a section to the back page so the tabs can fold open. The organizer then prompts the user to think about questions related to Darwin such as what led to the diversity of species and what causes one species to turn into another. It also provides information about natural selection and its role in the preservation of favorable adaptations that allow for increased survival and reproduction.
Similar to Jeopardy review game population genetics (20)
in natural selection, explain what is a sexual selection, neutral va.pdf
in natural selection, explain what is a sexual selection, neutral va.pdf
Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection - how basic evolutionary principal...
Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection - how basic evolutionary principal...
Evolutionary mechanisms population size, genetic drift, gene flow
Evolutionary mechanisms population size, genetic drift, gene flow
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...
Jeopardy review game population genetics
- 1. Forces of Genetic Natural Mechanisms Genetic Speciation Variation Selection of Isolation Change $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ 200 $ 200 $ 200 $ 200 $ 200 $ 300 $ 300 $ 300 $ 300 $ 300 $ 400 $ 400 $ 400 $ 400 $ 400 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 Final Jeopardy
- 2. The major source of new alleles in natural populations.
- 4. These are characters that are influenced by several genes.
- 6. This is another term for “bell curve.”
- 7. What is normal distribution?
- 8. This is made up of the particular combination of alleles in a population at any one point in time.
- 9. What is a gene pool?
- 10. This is the proportion of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive individuals in a population.
- 11. What is genotype frequency?
- 12. When genes are added to or removed from a population.
- 13. What is gene flow?
- 14. This is the result of limits or preferences of mate choice.
- 15. What is nonrandom mating?
- 16. This results in alleles for particular traits, which are not favorable, becoming less frequent.
- 17. What is natural selection?
- 18. When frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population do not change, it is called this.
- 19. What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
- 20. When the number of individuals in a population greatly decreases due to a catastrophic event it causes a drastic reduction in the variation of a gene pool.
- 21. What is genetic bottle neck?
- 22. This is an indirect force from the environment that can only act on phenotypes.
- 23. What is natural selection?
- 24. The bell-curve shape becomes narrower, in other words, selection eliminates individuals that have alleles for any extreme type.
- 25. What is stabilizing selection?
- 26. An example of this pattern is pesticide resistance in insects.
- 27. What is directional selection?
- 28. Birth weight of babies is an example of this pattern.
- 29. What is stabilizing selection?
- 30. In this case, forces act to eliminate individuals with average phenotype values.
- 31. What is disruptive selection?
- 32. This has occurred when the net effects of evolutionary forces result in a population that has unique features and is reproductively isolated.
- 34. A group of natural populations that can interbreed is a specific definition referred to as this.
- 35. What is the biological species concept?
- 36. The state in which two populations can no longer interbreed to produce future offspring.
- 37. What is reproductive isolation?
- 38. This is a population that has taken a step toward speciation by diverging in some detectable way.
- 39. What is a subspecies?
- 40. This is when a physical barrier acts to isolate populations and prevent interbreeding.
- 42. The peacock is an example of using this mechanism for reproductive isolation.
- 43. What is mating behavior?
- 44. This isolation mechanism is when populations of the same species take on different roles within an environment.
- 45. What is ecological niche?
- 46. This can be observed in many plant species, and is when an organisms receives a duplicate set of chromosomes by accident.
- 48. This is the name given to the offspring when two closely related species mate.
- 50. In addition to natural selection, this is a result of environmental change.
- 52. Final Jeopardy
- 53. The process of natural selection is a result of three facts. Identify those three facts.
- 54. 1. All populations have genetic variation. 2. Individuals tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. 3. All populations depend upon the reproduction of individuals.