37 segmentation
•Download as PPT, PDF•
2 likes•3,398 views
This document provides information about storage management through segmentation. It discusses key concepts like segmentation, segment table, logical and physical addresses in segmentation. The segment table maps logical addresses to physical addresses through base and limit entries. It provides an example to explain how a logical address is translated to physical address using the segment table. Segmentation is compared with paging, noting their differences in terms of size of allocation units, complexity of hardware and types of fragmentation.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Process state in OS
The document discusses the typical states a process may occupy during its lifetime in a computer system. It defines a process as an active program loaded into memory that is ready to be executed. The main states are: New/Created, Ready, Running, Wait/Block, Termination, Suspend Ready, and Suspend and Block. Processes transition between these states based on events like I/O requests, memory allocation, and CPU scheduling. The Ready state holds processes waiting to run, while Running means actively using the CPU. Wait/Block pauses execution until a resource is available. Terminating ends the program. Suspend moves it out of memory to disk.
12 process control blocks
The document discusses process control blocks (PCBs) which represent processes in an operating system. A PCB contains various key information about a process including:
- Process state, number, and other scheduling information
- CPU register values
- Memory allocation details
- I/O device access permissions
- Accounting data on CPU and memory usage
When the CPU switches from one process to another, it saves the current process's register values in its PCB and loads values from the next process's PCB. This allows processes to continue execution seamlessly across CPU time slices.
Demand paging
n computer operating systems, demand paging is a method of virtual memory management. In a system that uses demand paging, the operating system copies a disk page into physical memory only if an attempt is made to access it and that page is not already in memory
Memory management ppt
Memory management is the method by which an operating system handles and allocates primary memory. It tracks the status of memory locations as allocated or free, and determines how memory is distributed among competing processes. Memory can be allocated contiguously or non-contiguously. Contiguous allocation assigns consecutive blocks of memory to a process, while non-contiguous allocation allows a process's memory blocks to be scattered across different areas using techniques like paging or segmentation. Paging divides processes and memory into fixed-size pages and frames to allow non-contiguous allocation while reducing fragmentation.
Distributed shared memory shyam soni
Distributed shared memory (DSM) allows nodes in a cluster to access shared memory across the cluster in addition to each node's private memory. DSM uses a software memory manager on each node to map local memory into a virtual shared memory space. It consists of nodes connected by high-speed communication and each node contains components associated with the DSM system. Algorithms for implementing DSM deal with distributing shared data across nodes to minimize access latency while maintaining data coherence with minimal overhead.
Memory management
This presentation slides you to the essential knowledge of memory management and an idea to create attractive slides
Multiprocessor system
Multiprocessor system is an interconnection of two or more CPUs with memory and input-output equipment
The components that forms multiprocessor are CPUs IOPs connected to input –output devices , and memory unit that may be partitioned into a number of separate modules.
Multiprocessor are classified as multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD) system.
11. dfs
A Distributed File System(DFS) is simply a classical model of a file system distributed across multiple machines.The purpose is to promote sharing of dispersed files.
Recommended
Process state in OS
The document discusses the typical states a process may occupy during its lifetime in a computer system. It defines a process as an active program loaded into memory that is ready to be executed. The main states are: New/Created, Ready, Running, Wait/Block, Termination, Suspend Ready, and Suspend and Block. Processes transition between these states based on events like I/O requests, memory allocation, and CPU scheduling. The Ready state holds processes waiting to run, while Running means actively using the CPU. Wait/Block pauses execution until a resource is available. Terminating ends the program. Suspend moves it out of memory to disk.
12 process control blocks
The document discusses process control blocks (PCBs) which represent processes in an operating system. A PCB contains various key information about a process including:
- Process state, number, and other scheduling information
- CPU register values
- Memory allocation details
- I/O device access permissions
- Accounting data on CPU and memory usage
When the CPU switches from one process to another, it saves the current process's register values in its PCB and loads values from the next process's PCB. This allows processes to continue execution seamlessly across CPU time slices.
Demand paging
n computer operating systems, demand paging is a method of virtual memory management. In a system that uses demand paging, the operating system copies a disk page into physical memory only if an attempt is made to access it and that page is not already in memory
Memory management ppt
Memory management is the method by which an operating system handles and allocates primary memory. It tracks the status of memory locations as allocated or free, and determines how memory is distributed among competing processes. Memory can be allocated contiguously or non-contiguously. Contiguous allocation assigns consecutive blocks of memory to a process, while non-contiguous allocation allows a process's memory blocks to be scattered across different areas using techniques like paging or segmentation. Paging divides processes and memory into fixed-size pages and frames to allow non-contiguous allocation while reducing fragmentation.
Distributed shared memory shyam soni
Distributed shared memory (DSM) allows nodes in a cluster to access shared memory across the cluster in addition to each node's private memory. DSM uses a software memory manager on each node to map local memory into a virtual shared memory space. It consists of nodes connected by high-speed communication and each node contains components associated with the DSM system. Algorithms for implementing DSM deal with distributing shared data across nodes to minimize access latency while maintaining data coherence with minimal overhead.
Memory management
This presentation slides you to the essential knowledge of memory management and an idea to create attractive slides
Multiprocessor system
Multiprocessor system is an interconnection of two or more CPUs with memory and input-output equipment
The components that forms multiprocessor are CPUs IOPs connected to input –output devices , and memory unit that may be partitioned into a number of separate modules.
Multiprocessor are classified as multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD) system.
11. dfs
A Distributed File System(DFS) is simply a classical model of a file system distributed across multiple machines.The purpose is to promote sharing of dispersed files.
Advanced processor Principles
Contents:
Parallel Processing,
Flynn's Classification,
Superscalar Architecture,
Out-of-Order execution,
Dynamic Scheduling,
Speculative execution,
VLIW,
Multithreaded Processor,
Multicore Organization
Memory management
The document discusses memory management techniques used in operating systems. It describes logical vs physical addresses and how relocation registers map logical addresses to physical addresses. It covers contiguous and non-contiguous storage allocation, including paging and segmentation. Paging divides memory into fixed-size frames and pages, using a page table and translation lookaside buffer (TLB) for address translation. Segmentation divides memory into variable-sized segments based on a program's logical structure. Virtual memory and demand paging are also covered, along with page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU and optimal replacement.
Swapping | Computer Science
Swapping is the process of exchanging memory pages between main memory and secondary storage, such as a hard disk. There are three types of swapping that occur. When memory becomes full, inactive processes are swapped out to disk to free up space, and are swapped back in when needed. The first UNIX systems constantly monitored free memory and swapped out processes to disk when levels fell below a threshold. Swap space is used on Linux when RAM is full, with inactive memory pages moved to the swap file to free up space. The swap cache helps avoid race conditions when processes access pages being swapped by collecting shared pages that have been copied to swap space.
12 process control blocks
The document discusses process control blocks (PCBs) which represent processes in an operating system. A PCB contains various key information about a process including:
- Process state, number, and other scheduling information
- CPU register values
- Memory allocation details
- I/O device access permissions
- Accounting data on CPU and memory usage
When the CPU switches from one process to another, it saves the current process's register values in its PCB and loads values from the next process's PCB. This allows processes to continue execution seamlessly across CPU time slices.
Memory Organization
This slide contain the introduction to memory , hierarchy, types, virtual memory,associative memory and cache memory.
Process management os concept
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
Terminologies Used In Big data Environments,G.Sumithra,II-M.sc(computer scien...
Terminologies and its types
In-Memory Analytics
In-Database processing
Symmetric Multiprocessor system(SMP)
Massively Parallel Processing
Difference Between Parallel and Distributed Systems
Shared Nothing Architecture
Advantages of a “ shared nothing Architecture”
CAP Theorem Explained
CAP Theorem
Multiprocessor Systems
This document provides an introduction to multiprocessor systems. It describes how multiprocessor systems use multiple processors together to improve performance and speed over uniprocessor systems. Multiprocessor systems can be tightly or loosely coupled. Tightly coupled systems share memory and communication while loosely coupled systems use separate processors connected via a network. The document discusses different interconnection techniques for multiprocessors like bus-oriented, crossbar, and multistage switching systems. It also covers multiprocessor operating systems and their functions in supporting parallel processing across CPUs.
file system in operating system
The document discusses different aspects of file systems and file structures. It describes files as collections of data that have long-term existence, can be shared between processes, and organized hierarchically. File systems provide storage for files and functions to manipulate them, maintaining attributes. Common file structures include sequential, indexed sequential, and direct/hashed files. The document also outlines the components of a file system software architecture and operations performed on directories.
Memory management
The document discusses different memory management techniques used in operating systems. It begins with an overview of processes entering memory from an input queue. It then covers binding of instructions and data to memory at compile time, load time, or execution time. Key concepts discussed include logical vs physical addresses, the memory management unit (MMU), dynamic loading and linking, overlays, swapping, contiguous allocation, paging using page tables and frames, and fragmentation. Hierarchical paging, hashed page tables, and inverted page tables are also summarized.
Multiprocessor architecture
This document discusses multiprocessor architecture types and limitations. It describes tightly coupled and loosely coupled multiprocessing systems. Tightly coupled systems have shared memory that all CPUs can access, while loosely coupled systems have each CPU connected through message passing without shared memory. Examples given are symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and Beowulf clusters. Interconnection structures like common buses, multiport memory, and crossbar switches are also outlined. The advantages of multiprocessing include improved performance from parallel processing, increased reliability, and higher throughput.
Operating System Overview
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including:
1) An operating system controls application program execution and acts as an interface between applications and hardware. Main objectives are convenience, efficiency, and ability to evolve.
2) Early operating systems evolved from serial processing to simple batch systems to multiprogrammed batch systems and time-sharing systems to better manage resources and improve processor utilization.
3) Modern operating systems employ processes to structure programs in execution, manage memory and system resources, and provide security and scheduling functions. Processes allow concurrent multi-tasking and protection between programs.
Virtual memory ppt
briefly describe about virtual memory.
what is virtual memory?
advantage of virtual memory
disadvantage of virtual memory
needs of virtual memory
LRU
FIFO
OPT
FIFO ALGORITHM
LRU ALGORITHM
OPT ALGORITHM
PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM
Chapter 8 - Main Memory
Background
Swapping
Contiguous Memory Allocation
Paging
Structure of the Page Table
Segmentation
Example: The Intel Pentium
Memory management
Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer system where more than a single process might be underway at any time
Operating system memory management
Operating System
Topic Memory Management
for Btech/Bsc (C.S)/BCA...
Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which handles or manages primary memory. Memory management keeps track of each and every memory location either it is allocated to some process or it is free. It checks how much memory is to be allocated to processes. It decides which process will get memory at what time. It tracks whenever some memory gets freed or unallocated and correspondingly it updates the status.
Unit 3
This document discusses design patterns and includes slides from a class on the topic. It begins with an introduction to design patterns, explaining that they describe common programming problems and proven solutions. It then outlines the topics that will be covered in the class, including what design patterns are, how they solve problems, how to select and use them. The document provides information on specific design patterns like Model-View-Controller and catalogs the most common patterns. It also discusses how to describe patterns and the elements involved like name, structure, and consequences.
Computer system architecture
The document discusses different types of computer system organizations based on the number of general-purpose processors used: single-processor systems which use one main CPU, multiprocessor/multicore systems which contain two or more closely communicating processors, and clustered systems which gather multiple complete computer systems together. Single-processor systems may contain additional special-purpose processors like disk or keyboard controllers. Multiprocessor systems can be symmetric, with all processors performing all tasks, or asymmetric with dedicated tasks. Clustered systems provide high-availability and parallel processing across nodes.
operating system structure
The document discusses key components and concepts related to operating system structures. It describes common system components like process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and more. It then provides more details on specific topics like the role of processes, main memory management, file systems, I/O systems, secondary storage, networking, protection systems, and command interpreters in operating systems. Finally, it discusses operating system services, system calls, and how parameters are passed between programs and the operating system.
Chapter 3 - Processes
Chapter 3 discusses processes and process scheduling in operating systems. Key points include:
- A process includes the program code, program counter, stack, data, and process state information stored in a process control block (PCB).
- The operating system uses queues like ready queues and I/O queues to schedule processes between running, waiting, and ready states using long-term and short-term schedulers.
- Processes can cooperate through interprocess communication (IPC) using message passing or shared memory. Common IPC examples are producer-consumer problems and client-server systems.
Segmentation in Operating Systems.
Segmentation topic is presented in a most easy way.
Segmentation is a user view of memory in Operating System. Segmentation is one of the most common ways to achieve memory protection. In a computer system using segmentation, an instruction operand that refers to a memory location includes a value that identifies a segment and an offset within that segment.
Paging and Segmentation in Operating System
The document discusses different types of memory used in computers including physical memory, logical memory, and virtual memory. It describes how virtual memory uses paging and segmentation techniques to allow programs to access more memory than is physically available. Paging divides memory into fixed-size pages that can be swapped between RAM and secondary storage, while segmentation divides memory into variable-length, protected segments. The combination of paging and segmentation provides memory protection and efficient use of available RAM.
More Related Content
What's hot
Advanced processor Principles
Contents:
Parallel Processing,
Flynn's Classification,
Superscalar Architecture,
Out-of-Order execution,
Dynamic Scheduling,
Speculative execution,
VLIW,
Multithreaded Processor,
Multicore Organization
Memory management
The document discusses memory management techniques used in operating systems. It describes logical vs physical addresses and how relocation registers map logical addresses to physical addresses. It covers contiguous and non-contiguous storage allocation, including paging and segmentation. Paging divides memory into fixed-size frames and pages, using a page table and translation lookaside buffer (TLB) for address translation. Segmentation divides memory into variable-sized segments based on a program's logical structure. Virtual memory and demand paging are also covered, along with page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU and optimal replacement.
Swapping | Computer Science
Swapping is the process of exchanging memory pages between main memory and secondary storage, such as a hard disk. There are three types of swapping that occur. When memory becomes full, inactive processes are swapped out to disk to free up space, and are swapped back in when needed. The first UNIX systems constantly monitored free memory and swapped out processes to disk when levels fell below a threshold. Swap space is used on Linux when RAM is full, with inactive memory pages moved to the swap file to free up space. The swap cache helps avoid race conditions when processes access pages being swapped by collecting shared pages that have been copied to swap space.
12 process control blocks
The document discusses process control blocks (PCBs) which represent processes in an operating system. A PCB contains various key information about a process including:
- Process state, number, and other scheduling information
- CPU register values
- Memory allocation details
- I/O device access permissions
- Accounting data on CPU and memory usage
When the CPU switches from one process to another, it saves the current process's register values in its PCB and loads values from the next process's PCB. This allows processes to continue execution seamlessly across CPU time slices.
Memory Organization
This slide contain the introduction to memory , hierarchy, types, virtual memory,associative memory and cache memory.
Process management os concept
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
Terminologies Used In Big data Environments,G.Sumithra,II-M.sc(computer scien...
Terminologies and its types
In-Memory Analytics
In-Database processing
Symmetric Multiprocessor system(SMP)
Massively Parallel Processing
Difference Between Parallel and Distributed Systems
Shared Nothing Architecture
Advantages of a “ shared nothing Architecture”
CAP Theorem Explained
CAP Theorem
Multiprocessor Systems
This document provides an introduction to multiprocessor systems. It describes how multiprocessor systems use multiple processors together to improve performance and speed over uniprocessor systems. Multiprocessor systems can be tightly or loosely coupled. Tightly coupled systems share memory and communication while loosely coupled systems use separate processors connected via a network. The document discusses different interconnection techniques for multiprocessors like bus-oriented, crossbar, and multistage switching systems. It also covers multiprocessor operating systems and their functions in supporting parallel processing across CPUs.
file system in operating system
The document discusses different aspects of file systems and file structures. It describes files as collections of data that have long-term existence, can be shared between processes, and organized hierarchically. File systems provide storage for files and functions to manipulate them, maintaining attributes. Common file structures include sequential, indexed sequential, and direct/hashed files. The document also outlines the components of a file system software architecture and operations performed on directories.
Memory management
The document discusses different memory management techniques used in operating systems. It begins with an overview of processes entering memory from an input queue. It then covers binding of instructions and data to memory at compile time, load time, or execution time. Key concepts discussed include logical vs physical addresses, the memory management unit (MMU), dynamic loading and linking, overlays, swapping, contiguous allocation, paging using page tables and frames, and fragmentation. Hierarchical paging, hashed page tables, and inverted page tables are also summarized.
Multiprocessor architecture
This document discusses multiprocessor architecture types and limitations. It describes tightly coupled and loosely coupled multiprocessing systems. Tightly coupled systems have shared memory that all CPUs can access, while loosely coupled systems have each CPU connected through message passing without shared memory. Examples given are symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and Beowulf clusters. Interconnection structures like common buses, multiport memory, and crossbar switches are also outlined. The advantages of multiprocessing include improved performance from parallel processing, increased reliability, and higher throughput.
Operating System Overview
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including:
1) An operating system controls application program execution and acts as an interface between applications and hardware. Main objectives are convenience, efficiency, and ability to evolve.
2) Early operating systems evolved from serial processing to simple batch systems to multiprogrammed batch systems and time-sharing systems to better manage resources and improve processor utilization.
3) Modern operating systems employ processes to structure programs in execution, manage memory and system resources, and provide security and scheduling functions. Processes allow concurrent multi-tasking and protection between programs.
Virtual memory ppt
briefly describe about virtual memory.
what is virtual memory?
advantage of virtual memory
disadvantage of virtual memory
needs of virtual memory
LRU
FIFO
OPT
FIFO ALGORITHM
LRU ALGORITHM
OPT ALGORITHM
PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHM
Chapter 8 - Main Memory
Background
Swapping
Contiguous Memory Allocation
Paging
Structure of the Page Table
Segmentation
Example: The Intel Pentium
Memory management
Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer system where more than a single process might be underway at any time
Operating system memory management
Operating System
Topic Memory Management
for Btech/Bsc (C.S)/BCA...
Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which handles or manages primary memory. Memory management keeps track of each and every memory location either it is allocated to some process or it is free. It checks how much memory is to be allocated to processes. It decides which process will get memory at what time. It tracks whenever some memory gets freed or unallocated and correspondingly it updates the status.
Unit 3
This document discusses design patterns and includes slides from a class on the topic. It begins with an introduction to design patterns, explaining that they describe common programming problems and proven solutions. It then outlines the topics that will be covered in the class, including what design patterns are, how they solve problems, how to select and use them. The document provides information on specific design patterns like Model-View-Controller and catalogs the most common patterns. It also discusses how to describe patterns and the elements involved like name, structure, and consequences.
Computer system architecture
The document discusses different types of computer system organizations based on the number of general-purpose processors used: single-processor systems which use one main CPU, multiprocessor/multicore systems which contain two or more closely communicating processors, and clustered systems which gather multiple complete computer systems together. Single-processor systems may contain additional special-purpose processors like disk or keyboard controllers. Multiprocessor systems can be symmetric, with all processors performing all tasks, or asymmetric with dedicated tasks. Clustered systems provide high-availability and parallel processing across nodes.
operating system structure
The document discusses key components and concepts related to operating system structures. It describes common system components like process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and more. It then provides more details on specific topics like the role of processes, main memory management, file systems, I/O systems, secondary storage, networking, protection systems, and command interpreters in operating systems. Finally, it discusses operating system services, system calls, and how parameters are passed between programs and the operating system.
Chapter 3 - Processes
Chapter 3 discusses processes and process scheduling in operating systems. Key points include:
- A process includes the program code, program counter, stack, data, and process state information stored in a process control block (PCB).
- The operating system uses queues like ready queues and I/O queues to schedule processes between running, waiting, and ready states using long-term and short-term schedulers.
- Processes can cooperate through interprocess communication (IPC) using message passing or shared memory. Common IPC examples are producer-consumer problems and client-server systems.
What's hot (20)
Terminologies Used In Big data Environments,G.Sumithra,II-M.sc(computer scien...
Terminologies Used In Big data Environments,G.Sumithra,II-M.sc(computer scien...
Viewers also liked
Segmentation in Operating Systems.
Segmentation topic is presented in a most easy way.
Segmentation is a user view of memory in Operating System. Segmentation is one of the most common ways to achieve memory protection. In a computer system using segmentation, an instruction operand that refers to a memory location includes a value that identifies a segment and an offset within that segment.
Paging and Segmentation in Operating System
The document discusses different types of memory used in computers including physical memory, logical memory, and virtual memory. It describes how virtual memory uses paging and segmentation techniques to allow programs to access more memory than is physically available. Paging divides memory into fixed-size pages that can be swapped between RAM and secondary storage, while segmentation divides memory into variable-length, protected segments. The combination of paging and segmentation provides memory protection and efficient use of available RAM.
Paging and segmentation
This document summarizes and compares paging and segmentation, two common memory management techniques. Paging divides physical memory into fixed-size frames and logical memory into same-sized pages. It maps pages to frames using a page table. Segmentation divides logical memory into variable-sized segments and uses a segment table to map segment numbers to physical addresses. Paging avoids external fragmentation but can cause internal fragmentation, while segmentation avoids internal fragmentation but can cause external fragmentation. Both approaches separate logical and physical address spaces but represent different models of how a process views memory.
Os Swapping, Paging, Segmentation and Virtual Memory
Explains Swapping, Paging, Segmentation, Page replacement algorithms, Demand Paging and Virtual Memory concepts
Thrashing allocation frames.43
This document discusses thrashing and allocation of frames in an operating system. It defines thrashing as when a processor spends most of its time swapping pieces of processes in and out rather than executing user instructions. This leads to low CPU utilization. It also discusses how to allocate a minimum number of frames to each process to prevent thrashing and ensure efficient paging.
Chapter 9 - Virtual Memory
Background
Demand Paging
Copy-on-Write
Page Replacement
Allocation of Frames
Thrashing
Memory-Mapped Files
Allocating Kernel Memory
Other Considerations
Operating-System Examples
File system
The document discusses file systems and their components. It describes how files are organized logically and mapped to physical storage. It covers key file system concepts like directories, file allocation schemes, file attributes, and file operations. It also summarizes common file systems like FAT, FAT32, and NTFS and compares their features such as supported drive sizes, cluster sizes, and compatibility with different operating systems.
38 paged segmentation
This document discusses paged segmentation for storage management. Paged segmentation combines segmentation and paging to address problems of external fragmentation and lengthy search times. It divides logical memory into segments, which are then divided into pages. Each segment has its own page table. MULTICS, an early operating system, used paged segmentation with 18-bit segment numbers and 16-bit offsets, creating a 34-bit address space. It broke segments into 1K pages indexed by page tables. Paged segmentation eliminates external fragmentation and speeds up address translation using segmentation and paging.
File management53(1)
The document discusses file management and operations. It describes how files are organized through creating, storing, removing, opening, and closing files. It also covers file attributes like name, type, location, size, date/time of creation and modification, and protection. Common file operations are also summarized such as creating, writing, reading, repositioning, deleting, truncating, and appending files. The document also discusses file types and how operating systems can recognize and support different file extensions.
35. multiplepartitionallocation
The document discusses multiple partition allocation in storage management. It covers maintaining information about allocated and free partitions in a memory table. When a new process arrives, it is allocated memory from the first hole large enough to accommodate it, using approaches like first-fit, best-fit, or worst-fit allocation. The best-fit approach allocates from the smallest hole that is big enough, while worst-fit allocates from the largest hole.
36 fragmentaio nnd pageconcepts
The document discusses storage management concepts including fragmentation and paging. It covers:
- External and internal fragmentation that can occur with fixed memory partitions.
- Paging concepts that divide memory into fixed-sized frames and logical memory into pages to avoid external fragmentation.
- Address translation using page tables to map logical addresses to physical frames.
40 demand paging
Demand paging is a virtual memory technique where pages are brought into memory only when needed, reducing I/O and memory usage compared to swapping. When a process references a page not currently in memory, the system checks permissions and retrieves the page from disk if valid. It finds a free frame, loads the page, updates the page table, and restarts the faulting instruction. This lazy loading approach brings pages in only as needed rather than pre-loading the entire process address space.
39 virtual memory
Virtual memory allows treating main memory as a cache for pages on disk. It implements the separation of user logical memory from physical memory, allowing logical address spaces to be much larger than physical memory. Virtual memory can be implemented via demand paging or demand segmentation and gives advantages like higher multiprogramming and allowing very large logical address spaces by paging pages between disk and memory as needed.
Paging
This document provides an example of output from a program. The output consists of repeated lines containing "page number", "page offset", and sometimes "frame number" and "offset" values, showing information printed for different pages and frames.
Combined paging and segmentation
This document discusses segmentation and paging techniques for memory management. It begins with a brief overview of paging and segmentation. It then explains how segmentation and paging can be combined to achieve efficient memory utilization while allowing for protection and sharing. Under the combined approach, a process's address space is divided into segments, and each segment is divided into pages of fixed size. This allows sharing at both the segment and page level. The document provides examples of address translation under this combined approach.
File management
The document discusses file management and directories. It describes block management strategies like contiguous allocation and linked lists. It discusses reading and writing byte streams which involves packing and unpacking blocks of data. It also covers supporting high-level file abstractions like structured sequential files and indexed sequential files. Finally, it discusses directories and their structures like hierarchical and graph-based organizations.
File system.
The document provides an overview of file systems, including their purpose of organizing and storing information on storage devices. It discusses key aspects of file systems such as how they separate information into individual files and directories, use metadata to store attributes about files, allocate storage space in a granular manner (which can result in unused space), become fragmented over time, and use various utilities and structures to implement these functions while maintaining integrity of data and restricting access. File systems are a critical component of operating systems that allow for efficient organization, retrieval and updating of user data on different types of storage media and devices.
File management
This document discusses various aspects of file systems including:
1. It defines what a file is and lists some common file attributes like name, size, and timestamps.
2. It describes different file operations like create, read, write, delete and different methods to access and store files like sequential, random, and index access.
3. It discusses file system implementation techniques like contiguous allocation, linked lists, and i-nodes and how free space is managed through approaches like bitmaps and linked lists.
Memory management
The document discusses memory management in operating systems. It covers key concepts like logical versus physical addresses, binding logical addresses to physical addresses, and different approaches to allocating memory like contiguous allocation. It also discusses dynamic storage allocation using a buddy system to merge adjacent free spaces, as well as compaction techniques to reduce external fragmentation by moving free memory blocks together. Memory management aims to efficiently share physical memory between processes using mechanisms like partitioning memory and enforcing protection boundaries.
Memory management
This document discusses virtual memory and page replacement algorithms. It begins with an overview of memory hierarchy and how virtual memory allows programs to access more memory than is physically available using techniques like paging. When a process references a page not in memory, a page fault occurs which is costly to handle. When a page fault occurs and no free frames are available, a page must be replaced using an algorithm like FIFO, LRU, clock, or Nth-chance which try to predict which page will not be used soon. The optimal algorithm knows the future access pattern but realistic algorithms use locality and reference/use bits to approximate LRU.
Viewers also liked (20)
Os Swapping, Paging, Segmentation and Virtual Memory
Os Swapping, Paging, Segmentation and Virtual Memory
Similar to 37 segmentation
Segmentation in operating systems
This document discusses segmentation in operating systems. Segmentation divides memory into variable-sized segments rather than fixed pages. Each process is divided into segments like the main program, functions, variables, etc. There are two types of segmentation: virtual memory segmentation which loads segments non-contiguously and simple segmentation which loads all segments together at once but non-contiguously in memory. Segmentation uses a segment table to map the two-part logical address to the single physical address through looking up the segment base address.
Segmentation geekssay.com
Segmentation divides memory into logical segments. Each process has code and data segments, and the OS has its own segments. Segmentation uses virtual addresses and disk to make memory appear larger. Segments are variable in size, which can lead to external fragmentation. Most systems implement both segmentation and paging, where segments exist in virtual address space and paging translates virtual addresses to physical addresses.
Memory Management Strategies - III.pdf
The objectives of these slides are:
- To provide a detailed description of various ways of organizing memory hardware
- To discuss various memory-management techniques, including paging and segmentation
- To provide a detailed description of the Intel Pentium, which supports both pure segmentation and segmentation with paging
34 single partition allocation
Single partition allocation is the simplest form of memory management. It divides physical memory into two fixed sized partitions, one for the operating system and one for user processes. Hardware support in the form of relocation and limit registers is used to map logical addresses to physical addresses and protect the operating system code from user processes.
Segmentation
Segmentation provides memory protection by separating memory into different segments for code and data. There are three main descriptor tables - the Global Descriptor Table (GDT) containing global descriptors, the Local Descriptor Table (LDT) containing task-specific descriptors, and the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) containing interrupt vectors. Descriptors contain information about segments including limits, addresses, and access rights. The Task State Segment (TSS) stores task state information for task switching. Gate descriptors allow changing privilege levels during function calls. Segmentation adds memory protection while allowing memory sharing between tasks.
Os presentation
segmentation technique meomery mangement used in opreating system different between paging and segmentation
Things you should know about Oracle truncate
The document discusses things to know about Oracle Truncate operations. It covers that Truncate invalidates shared cursors and requires hard parsing, locks tables, performs mini-checkpoints, may be slower with the REUSE STORAGE option, and requires global index maintenance. In 12c, global index maintenance can be deferred and deferred invalidation avoids shared cursor invalidation in some cases. The summary recommends avoiding Truncate during online times, considering its impact on other SQL, using Truncate to remove multiple partitions together when possible, and taking advantage of 12c features.
Os4
This document contains slides related to operating system concepts for a second year Bachelor of Technology course. It includes topics like swapping, contiguous memory allocation, paging, segmentation, page replacement algorithms, and case studies of UNIX, Linux and Windows operating systems. The document provides an index of lecture topics and corresponding PowerPoint slide numbers.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Can you summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less?
[DOCUMENT]
Operating systems concepts are important for computer science students to understand. These concepts include processes, memory management, file systems, and more. This course will cover these important OS topics through lectures and readings.
Os4
This document contains slides from a lecture on operating system concepts including swapping, contiguous memory allocation, paging, segmentation, and page replacement. It discusses key topics such as logical vs physical addresses, page tables, translation lookaside buffers, demand paging, and page faults. The document includes 10 slides with diagrams and explanations of these operating system memory management techniques.
Control dataset partitioning and cache to optimize performances in Spark
Christophe Préaud and Florian Fauvarque presented techniques for optimizing Spark performance through proper dataset partitioning and caching. They discussed how to tune the number of partitions for reading, writing, and transformations like joins. Storage levels like MEMORY_ONLY and MEMORY_AND_DISK were explained for caching datasets. Profiling tools like Babar were also mentioned for analyzing Spark applications. The presentation aimed to help optimize slot usage and reduce job runtimes.
Lec10 Computer Architecture by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- Memory part2
Lec10 Computer Architecture by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- Memory part2Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee, Ph.D.
This document summarizes a lecture on advanced computer architecture and memory hierarchy design techniques. It discusses cache penalty reduction techniques like victim caches and prefetching. It also covers virtual memory and address translation using page tables and translation lookaside buffers. Different cache organizations are described, including virtually and physically indexed caches. Solutions to problems like aliases and synonyms in virtual caches are also summarized.Segmentation
Memory is divided into segments to enhance system performance. There are four main types of segments: code, data, stack, and extra. Each segment has its own register for addressing memory locations. Segments can overlap or be non-overlapping. Segmentation supports variable size segments, protection, and sharing between processes by referencing the same segment. It allows logical addresses to access physical memory but requires more complex hardware than paging.
ppt on Segmentation in operationg system
Segmentation is a memory management scheme that divides logical memory into segments. Each segment has a name, length, and is assigned a segment number. A logical address consists of a two-tuple of <segment-number, offset> that specifies the segment and location within that segment. A segment table maps the logical two-dimensional addresses to one-dimensional physical addresses by storing the base and limit of each segment.
Operating system 34 contiguous allocation
Main memory must support both OS and user processes
Limited resource, must allocate efficiently
Contiguous allocation is one early method
Main memory usually into two partitions:
Resident operating system, usually held in low memory with interrupt vector
User processes then held in high memory
Each process contained in single contiguous section of memory
Caching in
This document discusses CPU caching and provides strategies for optimizing code to improve cache performance. It explains that (1) modern CPUs use multilevel caching with cache misses causing costly stalls, (2) performance counters can measure cache hits and misses to identify hotspots, and (3) principles like data locality, sequential access, and avoiding holes in data structures can improve cache behavior and performance.
os presentation.ppt
Memory management techniques involve paging and segmentation. Paging divides memory into fixed-size blocks called frames and logical memory into same-sized blocks called pages. Segmentation divides memory into variable-sized blocks called segments. Paging uses a page table to map logical to physical addresses while segmentation uses a segment table containing the base and limit of each segment. Both techniques allocate and track memory to optimize performance but paging causes internal fragmentation while segmentation causes external fragmentation.
Paging & segmentation; advantages and disadvantage
Paging allows programs memory to be non-contiguous by dividing a process's logical memory into pages and mapping them to frames in physical memory. The page table stores the frame number for each page. During memory access, the CPU uses the page, frame, and offset to locate data. Segmentation is another approach that variably divides logical memory into segments of unequal size, each mapped to a segment in physical memory using a segment table. Both techniques allow more efficient use of memory but introduce overhead for memory mapping.
Apache Spark At Scale in the Cloud
Presented at Spark+AI Summit Europe 2019
https://databricks.com/session_eu19/apache-spark-at-scale-in-the-cloud
Using Apache Spark to analyze large datasets in the cloud presents a range of challenges. Different stages of your pipeline may be constrained by CPU, memory, disk and/or network IO. But what if all those stages have to run on the same cluster? In the cloud, you have limited control over the hardware your cluster runs on.
You may have even less control over the size and format of your raw input files. Performance tuning is an iterative and experimental process. It’s frustrating with very large datasets: what worked great with 30 billion rows may not work at all with 400 billion rows. But with strategic optimizations and compromises, 50+ TiB datasets can be no big deal.
By using Spark UI and simple metrics, explore how to diagnose and remedy issues on jobs:
Sizing the cluster based on your dataset (shuffle partitions)
Ingestion challenges – well begun is half done (globbing S3, small files)
Managing memory (sorting GC – when to go parallel, when to go G1, when offheap can help you)
Shuffle (give a little to get a lot – configs for better out of box shuffle) – Spill (partitioning for the win)
Scheduling (FAIR vs FIFO, is there a difference for your pipeline?)
Caching and persistence (it’s the cost of doing business, so what are your options?)
Fault tolerance (blacklisting, speculation, task reaping)
Making the best of a bad deal (skew joins, windowing, UDFs, very large query plans)
Apache Spark At Scale in the Cloud
Using Apache Spark to analyze large datasets in the cloud presents a range of challenges. Different stages of your pipeline may be constrained by CPU, memory, disk and/or network IO. But what if all those stages have to run on the same cluster? In the cloud, you have limited control over the hardware your cluster runs on.
You may have even less control over the size and format of your raw input files. Performance tuning is an iterative and experimental process. It’s frustrating with very large datasets: what worked great with 30 billion rows may not work at all with 400 billion rows. But with strategic optimizations and compromises, 50+ TiB datasets can be no big deal.
By using Spark UI and simple metrics, explore how to diagnose and remedy issues on jobs:
Sizing the cluster based on your dataset (shuffle partitions)
Ingestion challenges – well begun is half done (globbing S3, small files)
Managing memory (sorting GC – when to go parallel, when to go G1, when offheap can help you)
Shuffle (give a little to get a lot – configs for better out of box shuffle) – Spill (partitioning for the win)
Scheduling (FAIR vs FIFO, is there a difference for your pipeline?)
Caching and persistence (it’s the cost of doing business, so what are your options?)
Fault tolerance (blacklisting, speculation, task reaping)
Making the best of a bad deal (skew joins, windowing, UDFs, very large query plans)
Writing to S3 (dealing with write partitions, HDFS and s3DistCp vs writing directly to S3)
Memory Management
This document provides an overview of memory management techniques in operating systems, including both static and dynamic allocation approaches. It discusses fixed and variable partitioning for static allocation, as well as first-fit, next-fit, best-fit, and worst-fit algorithms for dynamic allocation. The document also covers fragmentation, base-limit registers, swapping, paging, and segmentation for virtual memory management. The key aspects of paging include using page tables to map virtual to physical addresses, allowing sharing and abstracting physical organization. Segmentation divides memory into logical segments specified by segment tables.
Similar to 37 segmentation (20)
Control dataset partitioning and cache to optimize performances in Spark
Control dataset partitioning and cache to optimize performances in Spark
Lec10 Computer Architecture by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- Memory part2
Lec10 Computer Architecture by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- Memory part2
Paging & segmentation; advantages and disadvantage
Paging & segmentation; advantages and disadvantage
More from myrajendra
Fundamentals
The document discusses the fundamentals of computer systems, including definitions, components, and how they work together. It defines a computer as an electronic device that accepts input, processes it, and provides output. The key components are the input and output units, memory unit, CPU (consisting of the ALU and control unit), and secondary storage. The input and output units send and receive data, the memory unit temporarily stores programs and data, the CPU performs arithmetic/logical operations and coordinates tasks, and secondary storage provides long-term storage. Together these components work to accept user input, process the data, and provide the results.
Data type
The document discusses fundamental data types in C including integer, floating point, character, and void types. It describes how variables must be declared before use and explains basic type modifiers like short, long, and unsigned. The summary also covers integer storage sizes and ranges, floating point precision and representation, and type conversions in C using casts and arithmetic promotion.
Hibernate example1
This document provides an introduction and overview of Hibernate, an object-relational mapping tool for Java. It discusses what ORM is, why it is used, and defines key Hibernate concepts like entities, mapping files, configuration files, and the session factory. It also provides an example of creating a basic Hibernate project with an Employee entity class, mapping file, configuration file, and test case to load an employee object by ID from the database.
Jdbc workflow
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
2 jdbc drivers
A JDBC type 2 driver converts JDBC API calls to database driver native API calls. It has a two-tier architecture and is faster than other drivers but is database dependent. A type 4 driver converts JDBC calls to database native network calls. It is platform independent, lightweight, and portable but requires implementing network protocols. A type 3 driver converts JDBC calls to database independent network calls and supports three-tier architectures and distributed transactions.
3 jdbc api
The document discusses the JDBC API and the basic steps for working with it to access a tabular datastore from a Java application. It covers:
1. The JDBC API provides an abstraction layer for Java programs to access database services via JDBC drivers.
2. The basic steps involve obtaining a database connection, executing SQL statements, and processing the results.
3. Obtaining a connection involves instantiating a Driver object, constructing a JDBC URL to identify the database, and passing this along with authentication properties to the Driver's connect method.
4 jdbc step1
The document discusses obtaining a connection to a database in Java using JDBC. It provides code examples of creating a database connection using the DriverManager class and Oracle's JDBC Thin driver. The code inserts a record into an EMP table for demonstration purposes. Best practices for database connectivity in a Java project are then covered, such as using the DAO pattern to separate data access logic from business logic. This improves testability, reusability and flexibility in switching database types.
Dao example
The document discusses improving the Data Access Object (DAO) design pattern implementation in a project using JDBC for database connectivity. It describes how the current DAO implementation creates a new Driver object on every request, which is inefficient. It recommends using the DriverManager class instead to manage a single Driver instance and create connections. The DriverManager acts as a factory class to centralize the connection creation code and avoid multiple Driver instances, improving performance.
Sessionex1
This document describes an example of using URL rewriting and hidden form fields to maintain client state. The Home page links to a Login page containing a form for a username and password. Submitting the form calls the LoginServlet, which validates the credentials against a database using a UserDAO. If valid, the user is redirected to a personalized page welcoming them by name.
Internal
This document discusses three ways to set internal styles in HTML:
1) Universal styles that apply to all instances of a tag throughout the page. For example, making all <font> tags bold.
2) Styles using identifiers that allow restricting styles to specific elements. An ID is added and referenced in the style sheet.
3) User-defined styles that can customize styles.
The examples demonstrate applying a green color to all <a> links universally and then using IDs to style two <a> links differently. Internal styles only affect the current page.
3. elements
The document discusses HTML elements and their structure. It explains that HTML elements contain a start tag, element content, and end tag. Elements can be nested within other elements. Common elements like <p>, <body>, and <html> are used to demonstrate how elements are structured and nested to form an HTML document. The document also covers empty elements, case sensitivity of tags, and the importance of including closing tags.
2. attributes
Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements. They are specified in name/value pairs within start tags. Attribute names and values are case-insensitive but it is recommended to use lowercase according to W3C standards. Common attributes include class, id, style, and title, and attribute values should always be enclosed in single or double quotes.
1 introduction to html
This document discusses HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), the most widely used language for creating web pages. It describes what HTML is, how it uses markup tags to provide structure and layout for web content. The document also explains how HTML pages are rendered and displayed in web browsers, and provides examples of common HTML tags and elements used to create basic HTML documents.
Headings
This document provides information on HTML headings, horizontal lines, and comments. It explains that headings are defined using tags from <h1> to <h6>, with <h1> being the most important and <h6> the least important. Horizontal lines are created using the <hr> tag to separate content. HTML comments are written using <!-- and --> and are ignored by browsers.
Forms
HTML forms allow users to enter and submit data to a server. The <form> element is used to create an HTML form, which can contain various input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, and submit buttons. Common input element types include text, password, radio buttons, checkboxes, and submit buttons. Radio buttons allow a single selection from options, while checkboxes allow zero or more selections. The submit button submits the form data to the action page specified in the form tag.
Css
1. The document provides an overview of CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and how it can be used to style web pages by applying styles to HTML elements.
2. Styles can be applied inline, via embedded style blocks, or through external style sheets. External style sheets allow controlling styles across entire websites.
3. CSS properties like font, color, size, and other attributes can be set for elements using selectors like element names, classes, IDs to format text. Additional properties control layout aspects like margins, padding, borders.
Views
VIEWs allow users to select subsets of data from one or more tables. A VIEW acts like a virtual table but contains no data itself - it just represents the result set of a SELECT statement. VIEWs provide a layer of security by restricting access to specific rows, columns, or tables. The CREATE VIEW statement is used to define a new VIEW, ALTER VIEW modifies an existing VIEW definition, and DROP VIEW removes a VIEW.
Views
VIEWs allow users to select subsets of data from one or more tables. A VIEW acts like a virtual table but contains no data itself - it just represents the result set of a SELECT statement. VIEWs provide a layer of security by restricting access to specific rows, columns, or tables. The CREATE VIEW statement is used to define a new VIEW, ALTER VIEW modifies an existing VIEW definition, and DROP VIEW removes a VIEW.
Views
VIEWs allow users to select subsets of data from one or more tables. A VIEW acts like a virtual table but contains no data itself - it just represents the result set of a SELECT statement. VIEWs provide a layer of security by restricting access to specific rows, columns, or tables. The CREATE VIEW statement is used to define a new VIEW, ALTER VIEW modifies an existing VIEW definition, and DROP VIEW removes a VIEW.
Starting jdbc
JDBC allows Java applications to connect to MySQL databases. The document provides instructions to install MySQL, download the MySQL JDBC driver from online, and select the platform-independent ZIP file version of the driver.
More from myrajendra (20)
37 segmentation
- 1. Storage Management • Segmentation 1
- 2. HOME PREVIOUS TOPIC NEXT PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS FOR OS CPP TUTORIALS 2
- 3. Recap In the last class, you have learnt: • Fragmentation • Paging concepts 3
- 4. Objective On completion of this class, you will be able to know • Segmentation 4
- 5. Segmentation • Memory-management scheme that supports user view of memory • A program is a collection of segments • A segment is a logical unit such as: main program, procedure, function, method, object, local variables, global variables, common block, stack, symbol table, arrays, etc.. 5
- 6. User’s View of a Program Subroutine Stack Symbol table Sqrt Main Program Logical address space 6
- 7. Logical View of Segmentation 1 4 1 2 3 2 4 3 user space physical memory space 7
- 8. Segmentation • Each segment has a name and length • Address specify both the segment name and offset • Instead of using name the segments are numbered • The logical address consists of a tuple: – <segment-number,offset> 8
- 9. Segmentation Architecture • Segment table – maps two-dimensional physical addresses; each table entry has: • base – contains the starting physical address where the segments reside in memory • limit – specifies the length of the segment • Use of segment table is illustrated in the next slide 9
- 11. Segmentation Hardware • Logical address generated by CPU consists of two parts – Segment no. ‘s’:-used as a index into segment table – Offset ‘d’:- must be between ‘0’ and segment limit – A trap is generated if offset exceeds the segment limit – Correct offset + segment base = address in physical memory • Segment table is an array of base-limit register pair 11
- 12. Paging Hardware HARDWARE -- Must map a tuple (segment / offset) into one-dimensional address Segment Table Limit Base S D CPU Logical Address Yes < + Physical MEMORY No Address 12
- 13. Example of Segmentation • Five segments numbered from 0 through 4. • The segments are stored in physical memory as shown in fig.1 • Segment table gives the details of limit and base of each segment – Ex. Segment 2 is 400 bytes long and begins at location 4300 – A reference to 53 of segment 2 is mapped onto location 4300+53=4353 13
- 14. Example of Segmentation Physical Memory Subroutine 1400 Stack Segment table segment 0 2400 segment 3 limit base 3200 1000 1400 segment 0 Symbol table 400 6300 segment 3 400 4300 4300 Sqrt segment 4 segment 2 1100 3200 4700 1000 4700 Main segment 4 Program 5700 segment 1 6300 segment 2 segment 1 6700 Ex: Segment 2 Logical address space = 4300+53=4353 14 Figure :1
- 15. Segmentation, Paging - Comparison • Segments are variable-size; Pages are fixed-size • Segmentation requires more complicated hardware for address translation than paging • Segmentation suffers from external fragmentation • Paging only yields a small internal fragmentation 15
- 16. Summary In this class you have learnt • Segmentation – Pages – frames 16
- 17. Frequently Asked Questions • What is segmentation? • Explain the segmentation hardware with a neat diagram 17
- 18. Quiz 1. Memory-management scheme that supports user view of memory a) Segmentation b) Paging scheme C) None 2. The logical address consists of a a) Page offset b) Hole c) Tuple d) None 18
- 19. Other subject materials • Web designing • Micro processors • C++ tutorials • java home
- 20. Quiz 3. ____________used as a index into segment table a) Page number b) Segment no. ‘s’ c) Compaction d) None 20
- 21. Quiz 4. _________must be between 0 and segment limit a) External fragmentation b) Offset ‘d’ c) Compaction d) None 21