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- Recorded videos of this lecture:
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Arabic Language version of this lecture is available at: https://youtu.be/HUZt4ahXlxo
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What are anti-coagulants?
What are the difference between antiplatelet, anticoagulants and thrombolytics?
Coagulation cascade
Virchows Triad
Classification of anti-coagulants?
Indications of anti-coagulants?
Mechanism and site of action of different anti-coagulants?
Infectious diseases are the second most common cause of death in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Patients with ESRD are at high risk for several infections, due to exposure to blood products and frequent dialysis. The increased susceptibility to infections among these patients is indicative of a complex and varied state of immunodeficiency manifested by abnormal phagocytosis, T and B lymphocytes abnormalities and impaired response to T cell dependent pathogens such as hepatitis B and influenza viruses. These immunologic abnormalities are complicated by the use of immunosuppressive drugs used to treat and control underlying disease and exacerbated by nutritional deficiency and the dialysis procedure. Though many of these infections can be prevented by appropriate vaccination, the usual schedules of vaccination may be less effective.
The aim of this paper is to review the studies on the use of vaccines in ESRD patients
and summarize the vaccines required in this population.
Anemia Indian scenario In Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Dr Ashutosh Ojha
this is a comprehensive presentation in Post Doctoral Certificate in Nephrology training program. At Gauhati Medical College Hospital ,Dept Of Nephrology.
What are anti-coagulants?
What are the difference between antiplatelet, anticoagulants and thrombolytics?
Coagulation cascade
Virchows Triad
Classification of anti-coagulants?
Indications of anti-coagulants?
Mechanism and site of action of different anti-coagulants?
Infectious diseases are the second most common cause of death in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Patients with ESRD are at high risk for several infections, due to exposure to blood products and frequent dialysis. The increased susceptibility to infections among these patients is indicative of a complex and varied state of immunodeficiency manifested by abnormal phagocytosis, T and B lymphocytes abnormalities and impaired response to T cell dependent pathogens such as hepatitis B and influenza viruses. These immunologic abnormalities are complicated by the use of immunosuppressive drugs used to treat and control underlying disease and exacerbated by nutritional deficiency and the dialysis procedure. Though many of these infections can be prevented by appropriate vaccination, the usual schedules of vaccination may be less effective.
The aim of this paper is to review the studies on the use of vaccines in ESRD patients
and summarize the vaccines required in this population.
Anemia Indian scenario In Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Dr Ashutosh Ojha
this is a comprehensive presentation in Post Doctoral Certificate in Nephrology training program. At Gauhati Medical College Hospital ,Dept Of Nephrology.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a solution of highly purified immunoglobulin G, derived from large pools of human plasma that contains antibodies against a broad spectrum of bacterial and viral agents.
IVIG can be given safely in the convenience of your home. It can be given either intravenously (IV through the veins) or subcutaneously (under the skin).
NBN Infusions will send a nurse with all necessary supplies to complete your infusion, in the comfort of your own home.
NBN Infusions will even help you and your doctor complete all necessary documents. Our goal is to make the process as easy as possible so you can focus on getting the treatment that you need.
Insurance companies can be challenging to deal with in the IVIG treatment approval process sometimes. So, NBN Infusions will help you deal with your insurance process so that you can get approved for your IVIG treatments in a timely manner.
What Does IVIG Treat?
IVIG Therapy has been used extensively in the treatment and prevention of a variety of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Patients with compromised Immune systems who have these conditions often benefit from the passive immunity provided by IVIG therapy.
IVIG is used in patients with primary immunodeficiencies and certain conditions associated with B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Pediatric HIV, and Bone Marrow Transplant. IVIG is also utilized to raise platelet counts in patients with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and to treat the symptoms related to other clinical conditions such as Kawasaki Syndrome.
Various other diseases and immune disorders where IVIG is used include:
Chronic Sinusitis
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Myasthenia Gravis(MG)
Systenic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
Autoimmune Diabetic Neuropathy
Polymyositis
Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (MMN)
Dermatomyositis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA)
other connective tissue disorders
Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Mechanisms and Interventions in Retard...Apollo Hospitals
The incidence ofchronickidneydisease (CKD) is increasingworldwideandisbecoming a major concern for the healthcare. Approximately 1.8 million people, worldwide, are currently treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT), which consists primarily of kidney transplantation,
hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis.
Dear Viewers,
Greetings from “ Surgical Educator”
Today I have uploaded a video on one of the congenital causes for obstructive jaundice- Biliary Atresia. In this episode, I am discussing about the etiology, types, clinical features, investigations, treatment and surgical outcome of Biliary Atresia. I hope you will enjoy the video. You can watch all my surgical teaching video casts in the following link: surgicaleducator.blogspot.com.
Progression of chronic kidney disease: mechanismsand interventions in retarda...Apollo Hospitals
The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide and is becoming a major concern for the healthcare. Approximately 1.8 million people, worldwide, are currently treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT), which consists primarily of kidney transplantation, hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis. More than 90% of these individuals live in industrialized nations, while availability of RRT is scarce in developing countries. It is estimated that more than 150 per million develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) per year in India. The vast majority of these patients cannot afford renal replacement therapy on reaching ESRD and hence ESRD is equivalent to death in them. Primary prevention programs are very few compared to the burden of CKD, hence it is imperative to retard progression of CKD.
Regardless of the underlying cause, CKD is characterized by relentless progression, which is postulated to result from a self-perpetuating vicious cycle of fibrosis activated after initial injury. This article discusses the mechanisms of progression, viz, hemodynamic factors, role of proteinuria, systemic hypertension and the role of various cytokines and growth factors with special emphasis on renin angiotension system and the evidence based interventions to retard it.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
7. Acute Renal Failure After Large Doses of Intravenous Immune Globulin, Janet A Haskin, David J Warner, and Douglas U Blank, The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 1999 July/August, Volume 33
8. Product characteristics Safety and Adverse Events Profiles of Intravenous Gammaglobulin Products Used for Immunomodulation A Single-Center Experience_Ashley A. Vo_ Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 844-852, 2006 Gamunex Talecris 258 mOsm/kg 0 trace
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12. Epidemiology - Demographic and Clinical Data of Reported Cases of Renal Failure Following IVIG Therapy Intravenous immunoglobulin and the kidney—a two-edged sword_Hedi Orbach_Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism_Volume 34, Issue 3, December 2004, Pages 593-601
13. Safety and Adverse Events Profiles of Intravenous Gammaglobulin Products Used for Immunomodulation A Single-Center Experience_Ashley A. Vo_ Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 844-852, 2006
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15. proximal tubular cells, which are enlarged and filled with numerous small to medium sized cytoplasmic vacuoles Trichrome stain showing extensive tubular cytoplasmic isometric vacuolization. Impairment of renal function after intravenous immunoglobulin_Sandra Soares_Neph Dial Transp_21_816_2006
16. Electron microscopy proximal tubular cells enlarged with numerous small to medium sized cytoplasmic vacuoles consistent with an osmotic injury Impairment of renal function after intravenous immunoglobulin_Sandra Soares_Neph Dial Transp_21_816_2006
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Editor's Notes
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identifies the some commonly used IVIg products Gamimune-N-10% excipient (Glycine) had the least amount of sodium chloride, had no sucrose, and is isosmolar (274 mOsm/L at 10%). Carimune is a lyophilized powder that can be reconstituted in sterile water or normal saline. It contains 1.67 g sucrose/g IVIg and at 12% in saline has an osmolality of 1074 mOsm/L and when reconstituted in sterile water has an osmolality of 768 mOsm/L. Polygam 10% also is lyophilized and can be reconstituted in sterile water or normal saline. If reconstituted in NS, Polygam 10% has an osmolality of 1250 mOsm/L. In fact, at 10%, the osmolality is identical to a 2% saline infusion In 2003, Bayer introduced Gamunex, stablizied with glycine, to date has not been associated with any reports of acute renal failure. At Tisch, Gamunex is used, while at BH Carimune (Sandoglobulin) is used
A literature search of articles published on the efficacy of IVIG in the treatment of nephritis between 1985 and 2003 Thirty-two reports entailing 78 patients with IVIG-induced nephrotoxicity their data were compared with 88 patients reported to the FDA. -Overall, no specific differences were noted between the 2 groups of patients, as their age and indications for using IVIG were similar. -Preexisting renal disease, defined as a baseline serum creatinine of 1.4 mg/dL, was noted in 45% of case reports, while the data from the FDA reports were incomplete; in 54 cases, 26% had prior renal insufficiency ( P 0.05). -Most of the patients in both groups who developed renal toxicity received sucrose-containing IVIG products. (72% in the literature and 90% in the FDA group) The time of acute renal failure onset occurred between 1 and 10 days following IVIG administration. Peak serum creatinine levels were reached in all patients between 3 and 8 days (median, 5 days). In most cases renal failure was oliguric. -A high percentage of patients required hemodialysis, 31% in published cases and 40% in the FDA report. -The duration of the renal failure ranged from 3 to 45 days and in about 85% of cases it was reversible, with return of sCr level to baseline. -Death occurred in 10 to 15% of all patients in both groups despite treatment. All deaths were in patients with severe underlying medical conditions (pneumonia, cardiac disease, and SLE) and the extent to which renal failure contributed to their deaths was undetermined. -Renal histology done in a minority of the cases (n=9) demonstrated vacuolization and swelling of the proximal tubules c/w osmotic injury. -In the other 9 published patients -7 had tubular injury and vacuolization consistent with osmotic nephrosis; -1 patient had tubulo-interstitial infiltrates, and one had cryoglobulin deposits. -In 8 of these 9 cases the stabilizing agent used in the IVIG preparation was sucrose.
described one institution’s experience with IVIg-related complications This study is a retrospective analysis of infusion-related AE that are associated with various IVIg products Eight (8.2%) patients (P < 0.0001) in the Carimune group developed ARF, while none of the other groups developed ARF. This finding coincides with previously report that 90% of ARF occurred with sucrose-based products. One of the patients who underwent biopsy showed “vacuolization” of proximal tubule.
identical to those described in humans and experimental animals following infusion of hypertonic sucrose or mannitol solutions, known as “osmotic nephrosis”
renal histology extensive vacuolization of the proximal tubules, with swelling and narrowing of the tubular lumina consistent with osmotic injury No acute glomerular inflammation or immunoglobulin deposition in the glomeruli or obstruction of the urinary tubules by immunoglobulins observed
Anderson WA, Bethea WR. Renal lesions following administra tion of hypertonic solutions of sucrose. JAMA 1940; 114: 1983–1987 Maunsbach AB, Madden SC, Latta H. Light and electron microscopic changes in proximal tubules of rats after administra tion of glucose, mannitol, sucrose or dextran. Lab Invest 1962; 11: 421–432 Schwartz SL, Johnson CB. Pinocytosis as the cause of sucrose nephrosis. Nephron 1971; 8: 246–254
reconstituted Sandoglobulin with sterile water instead of the NaCl 0.9% provided with the product. This reduced the osmolality of the 10% solution from approximately 1550 to 640 mOsm/kg.20 However, this was still much higher than the osmolality of the plasma (300 mOsm/kg). (ARF after large IVIg, haskin)
