1. Resins are secondary plant metabolites that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like alcohol. They are classified based on their formation, chemical nature, and occurrence with other compounds. Methods to extract resins include solvent extraction and steam distillation. 2. Podophyllotoxin is extracted from the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species. It has anticancer properties and is used to treat genital warts. It is isolated from plant material via solvent extraction and crystallization. Analysis is done using TLC and HPLC. 3. Curcumin is the main active compound providing the yellow color of turmeric. It is isolated from turmeric rhizomes by solvent extraction and crystall

1. B.PHARM. 5th SEMESTER
PHARMACOGNOSY ANDPHYTOCHEMISTRY-II
BP504T.
UNIT-III
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of
Phytoconstituents
Resins: Podophyllotoxins, Curcumin

2. RESINS: Definition, classification,
properties and test for identification

3. DEFINITION
• Resins are solid or semi-solid, amorphous
products derived from natural living sources and
are mostly from the plant origin (exception is
shellac that is obtained from the secretions of
insect).
• Resins are secondary metabolites produced by
higher plants and are oxidative products of
terpenes.
• Obtained as exudates from plants and considered
as end product of metabolism.
• Resins are produced and stored in the
schizogenous glands or cavities of the plants.

4. PROPERTIES:
•These are more or less solid, hard,
transparent, or translucent materials which
come in market as an unorganized drug.
•Soften and melt on heating.
•Resins are insoluble in most polar and
nonpolar solvents like water and petroleum
ether, but dissolve completely in alcohol,
solvent ether, benzene, or chloroform.

5. TYPES:
•Normal or physiological resin: resins that
are pre-formed in the plants and making
injury to the plants can increase their
yield (Example: resin of Pinus)
•Abnormal or pathological resin: resins
that are found in the plants Only when
injury or incision is made (Examples:
benzoin, Tolu balsam)

6. CLASSIFICATION:
• On the basis of their formation
• On the basis of their chemical nature.
• On the basis of occurrence with other secondary
metabolites.
1. On the basis of their formation :
• Physiological resins: These are formed as a normal
product of metabolism without making injury to the
plants
• Pathological Resins: Formed as a result of wound,
injury or abnormal circumstances (benzoin, colophony,
balsams, aloe resin etc.)

7. 2. On the basis of their chemical nature:
• Resin acids – resinolic acids
• Ester resins
• Resin alcohols – resinols
• Resin phenols – resinotannols
• Resenes
Resin Acids: Resin acids are the carboxylic acid group containing resinous
substances. They are soluble in aqueous solution of alkali producing frothy
solution.
Examples: Colophony and myrrh (abietic acid and commiphoric acid).
Resin Esters: This group contains esters as the chief constituents of the resins
Examples: Benzoin and Storax, Benzoin contains benzyl benzoate, Storax contains
cinnamyl cinnamate

8. Resin Alcohols: They occurs as in free state or as esters.
Example: Balsam of peru with peru resinotannol.
Resin Phenols: Resin phenols or resinotannols are also high
molecular weight compounds which occur in free states or as esters.
Example: The Resinotannol are found in balsam of Peru as
peruresinotannol, in Tolu balsam as toluresinotannol and in benzoin
as siaresinotannols.
Resenes: Chemically inert resin products are generally termed as
resenes. They are generally found in free state and never form esters
or other derivatives.
Example: Asafoetida is an resene containing drug.

9. 3. On the basis of occurrence with other secondary
metabolites.
• Oleoresins: Naturally occurring mixtures of a volatile
oil and a resin
• Gum resins: Resin associated with gum
• Oleo-gum resins: A naturally occurring mix of volatile
oil, gums / mucilagenous compound with a resin
• Glycoresins: Resins in combination with sugar
compounds via Glycosidal linkages
• Balsams: Resins in combination with benzoic or
cinnamic acid either free or combined

10. 1. Oleo-resins: Oleoresins are the homogenous mixture of resin with volatile oils.
The oleoresins posses an essence due to volatile oils.
Examples: ginger.
Gum Resins: Gum resins are the naturally occurring mixture of resins with gums.
Examples: Colophony
Gluco-resins: Resins sometimes get combined with sugars.
Example: Jalap
Oleo-gum Resins. Oleo-gum resins are the naturally occurring mixtures of resin,
volatile oil, and gum.
The example includes myrrh and asafoetida
Balsams: Balsams are the naturally occurring resinous mixtures which contain a
high proportion of aromatic balsamic acids such as Benzoic acid, Cinnamic acid,
and their esters.
Examples: balsam of Peru, balsam of Tolu, benzoin, and storax.

11. ISOLATION
By extracting the drug with alcohol and precipitating resins
present in concentrated extract by addition of large
proportion of water (e.g. Jalap, Podophyllum).
By distillation for separation of oils (e.g. Colophony)
By heating the plant parts (e.g. Guacum)
As plant exudates by making incision (e.g. Myrrh,
Asafoetida, Balsams)
By processing the incrustations (e.g. Shellac)

12. METHODS OF EXTRACTION/ ISOLATION:
1. Method – A
Powdered drug
Extract the resin with alcohol
Filter
Concentrate
Concentrate the extract with excess of water, shake
Resins get precipitate

13. 2. Method – B
Powdered drug containing oleo-resin,
percolate the powdered drug with non-polar
solvent (e.g. acetone, chloroform)
Extract
Steam distillation
Oleo-resin Volatile oils

14. CHEMICAL TESTS:
• HCl TEST: Formation of pink color Presence of resins
• FeCl3 TEST: Greenish blue color Presence of resins
APPLICATIONS:
• Resins are local irritant and hence act as local
cathartics. (e.g. Jalap).
• As anti cancer (Eg: Podophyllum)
• In bronchial asthma (e.g. Cannabis)
• Used externally as mild antiseptic in the form of
tinctures (Benzoin), ointment and plasters (Turpentine
and Colophony)

15. PODOPHYLLOTOXIN

16. PODOPHYLLOTOXIN
Synonym: Indian May apple, Wild lemon, Duck’s Foot, Hog
Apple
Biological source: It consists of the dried rhizome and root of
Podophyllum hexandrum or Podophyllum emodi
Family: Berberidaceae
Geographical Source: Kashmir to Sikkim in India. Grow in
Tibet & Afghanistan
Podophyllum resin contains not less than 40% and not more
than 50% of podophyllotoxin

17. Continue….
It is used on the skin as a topical treatment of external genital warts, caused by some types
of the human papillomavirus (HPV), and other warts.
PPT and its derivatives display a wide selection in medical applications
such as purgative, vesicant, antirheumatic, antiviral, and antitumor agents.
These derivatives include etoposide, teniposide, and etopophos.
Their anticancer activity has been heavily under study and used in various
chemotherapies, including lung cancer, lymphomas, and genital tumors.
The structure of podophyllotoxin was first elucidated in the 1930s. Podophyllotoxin bears a
four consecutive chiral centers, labelled C-1 through C-4.
The molecule also contains four almost planar fused rings. Four ends of podophyllotoxin
have oxygen atoms at the functional groups dioxoles, methoxys, lactone, and secondary
alcohol.

18. Extraction and Isolation of Podophyllotoxin
120 gm root powder extract with methanol (300ml) (soxhlet) for 6 hrs.
Take Filtrate. Concentrate it. And add 200 ml water containing 2 ml
HCl & cooled it.
Allow mixture to stand 2 hrs. below 5°C filter under vaccum. Wash
again. With acidified water.
Dissolve residue in sufficient qty. of hot alcohol (90%).
Filter & get filtrate , evaporate it. Weigh it. get podophyllotoxin

19. PODOPHYLLOTOXIN
Properties:
• Appearance : White to off-white solid
• Odour : Characteristic
• Taste : Bitter
• Solubility : It is soluble in acetone, benzene;
very soluble in ethanol, chloroform;
slightly soluble in water; insoluble in
ethyl ether.

20. Identification test
Macerate 0.5g of the drug with 10 ml of alcohol & filter +0.5 ml
Copper acetate brown ppts
Alcoholic ext. + 5 ml 1N KOH stiff jelly is produce.
Sample drug + 50% H2SO4 → violet-blue color
Analysis:
HPLC: performed on Thermo Finnigan HPLC machine
with pump system with 966-photodiode detector, at
283nm.
Satisfactory result get with E. Merck RP-18 column with
diod array detector & auto –injector
Mobile Phase: methenol:water (60:40) (for 30 min)
At flow rate 0.8 ml/min.

21. PODOPHYLLOTOXIN
Analysis
by
TLC
Sample preparation : 1mg of Podophyllotoxin is
dissolved in 1ml of methanol
Standard sample : Podophyllotoxin
Stationary phase : Silica gel-G
Mobile phase :Chloroform: Methanol (90:10)
Note: For about 6cm (Only glycosides are separated but aglycone like
podophyllotoxin remains in the region of the front. (Toulene:EtOAc)
(5:7) The same plate is again eluted with more weakly polar Solvent
Chloroform: Acetone (65:35) upto 12cm.
Detecting agent : Spray with methanol H2SO4 .
heat 10 min at 110° C
RF Value : 0.65 Color spot : Yellow spot

22. PODOPHYLLOTOXIN
Analysis
by
HPLC
Method : Isocratic
Stationary phase : C18 column
Mobile phase : Methanol: water
(6:4) at flow rate
0.8ml/min.
Detection : Photodiode
detector at 283nm

23. Adverse Effects
The most common side effects near the application site are skin
reactions, including
• Burning
• Redness
• Pain
• Itching
• Swelling.
• Application can be immediately followed by burning or
itching.
• Small sores, itching and peeling skin can also follow.
Neither podophyllin resin nor podophyllotoxin lotions or gels are
used during pregnancy because these medications can be harmful
to the fetus.

24. PODOPHYLLOTOXIN
Utilization:
• Podophyllotoxin and its derivatives are used as
cathartic, purgative, antiviral agent, vesicant,
antihelminthic, and antitumor agents (anti-
proliferative agent).
Storage condition:
• It should be store in well closed and air-tight
containers protected from light and in cool
place.

25. Curcumin: Bright yellow

26. Curcumin
Biological source: Curcumin or Curcuminoids are the diaryl
hepnoid compounds obtained from the dried rhizomes of Turmeric,
Curcuma longa.
Family: Zingiberaceae.
Curcumin is the major colouring principle present upto 5% in the
rhizomes. It is a mixture of curcumin, monodesmethoxycurcumin
and bisdesmethoxycurcumin

27. The Indian Solid Gold
Curcuminoids give turmeric its characteristic yellow colour.
Curcumin (C12 H20O6 ): is an orange-yellow crystalline powder which
is the most active.
component of turmeric, which makes up 2-5% of the spice.
Curcumin has been shown to be a diferuloylmethane.
It is hydrophobic in nature and is soluble in dimethylsulfoxide,
acetone, ethanol and oil.
It is also referred to as Indian saffron, yellow ginger, yellow root,
kacha haldi, ukon or natural yellow 3

28. Chemical Composition
• Insoluble in water & ether
• Soluble in ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide &
acetone
• Has a melting point of 183°C
• Molecular formulaC
:12 H20O6
• Molecular weight: 368.37g/mol
• Turmeric contains curcumin along with other
constituents known as
“curcuminoids”
Curcumin (Curcumin I)
Demethoxycurcumin (Curcumin II)
Bisdemethoxycurcumin (Curcumin III)
Cyclocurcumin
• Commercial curcumin contains curcumin I
(~77%), curcumin II (~17%) & curcumin III (~3%)
• Curcumin has a brilliant yellow hue at pH 2.5
& takes a red hue at pH>7

29. Curcumin
It is recrystallized from hot ethanol to yield orange red needles.
The acetone extract is distilled off and dried the crystals of
curcumin.
Then marc is extracted with acetone for 2hrs.
Filtered it and discarded n-hexane extract.
Turmeric powder is extracted with n-hexane for 2hrs.
Method 1
Curcumin can be obtained by different processes.

30. Curcumin
Benzene portion is transferred to separating funnel and 0.1%
NaOH solution is added, shacked slowly.
This residue is dissolved in sufficient quantity of benzene.
Alcoholic extract is filtered and concentrated under reduced
pressure to semisolid residue.
Turmeric powder is extracted with pure alcohol by Soxhlet
extractor until colouring matter is removed.
Method 2

31. The extract is filtered and evaporated the filtrate to get crystal
of pure curcumin
The extract is concentrated with continious stirring; lumpy mass
of resin will be separated out.
Combined alkali layer and acidify with HCl, yellow colour
precipitate is formed.
The alkali layer is separated and repeated it twice.
Curcumin

32. Curcumin
Properties:
• Appearance : Orange yellow crystalline powder
• Odour : Characteristic
• Taste : Slightly pungent bitter
• Solubility : Insoluble in water and ether, but soluble
in alcohol
Identification by chemical test:
• Sample is treated with acetic anhydride and conc. H2SO4, it gives
violet color. When this test is observed under UV light, red
fluorescence is seen
• Powered drug + sulphuric acid gives Crimson colour
• The aqueous solution of turmeric + boric acid gives reddish brown
colour which on addition of alkali changes to greenish blue

33. Curcumin
Analysis
by
TLC:
Sample preparation : 1mg of Curcumin is dissolved in
1ml of methanol
Standard sample : Curcumin
Stationary phase : Silica gel-G
Mobile phase : Chloroform: Ethanol: Glacial acetic acid (94:5:1)
Detecting agent : Observed under U.V light at 366nm
RF Value : 0.79
Analysis
by
HPLC
Method : Isocratic
Stationary phase : C18 column
Mobile phase : Methanol: 2% Acetic acid and Acetonitrile
Detection : UV-Visible detection 425nm

35. HPLC

36. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF CURCUMIN

37. Curcumin
Storage condition:
• It should be store in well closed and air-tight
containers protected from light and in cool place.