Diseases of the upper respiratory tract in animals include epistaxis (nosebleed), rhinitis, summer snuffles, and nasal parasites. Epistaxis can be caused by trauma, parasites, or infectious diseases. Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa and can be acute, chronic, cropous, or follicular. Summer snuffles occurs in cattle due to allergies and causes nasal discharge and breathing difficulties. Nasal parasites like Oestrus ovis can infect sheep and cause nasal irritation and discharge. Treatment depends on the specific disease but may include rest, irrigation, decongestants, antihistamines, and antibiotics.
An infectious disease due to a bacteria (Chlamydia psittaci) contracted from psittacine birds, especially caged birds like parrots, parakeets, and lovebirds and also in turkey processing plants called psittacosis.1879 - The first outbreak of psittacosis linked the disease to pet parrots and finches
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
An overview of Inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) a...Dr.Kedar Karki
IBH/HPS is an acute infectious disease characterized by typical hydropericardium, severe anaemia, necrotic hepatitis and high mortality. In natural outbreaks, the affected birds may not exhibit any clinical signs (Jaffery, 1988) except sudden heavy mortality (Ravikumar et al., 1997). Mortality rates in various outbreaks range from 15- 60% (Asrani et al., 1997).
An infectious disease due to a bacteria (Chlamydia psittaci) contracted from psittacine birds, especially caged birds like parrots, parakeets, and lovebirds and also in turkey processing plants called psittacosis.1879 - The first outbreak of psittacosis linked the disease to pet parrots and finches
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
An overview of Inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) a...Dr.Kedar Karki
IBH/HPS is an acute infectious disease characterized by typical hydropericardium, severe anaemia, necrotic hepatitis and high mortality. In natural outbreaks, the affected birds may not exhibit any clinical signs (Jaffery, 1988) except sudden heavy mortality (Ravikumar et al., 1997). Mortality rates in various outbreaks range from 15- 60% (Asrani et al., 1997).
Nasal discharge, also known as rhinorrhea, is a common symptom that can be caused by a variety of conditions related to the ear, nose, and throat (ENT). It is the result of excess mucus production in the nasal cavity, which can be caused by inflammation or infection of the nasal passages.
Common causes of nasal discharge include allergies, colds, sinus infections, and nasal polyps. Allergies can cause the nasal passages to become inflamed and produce excess mucus, leading to a runny nose. Colds and sinus infections can also cause inflammation and infection, leading to nasal discharge.
Nasal polyps are growths in the nasal cavity that can obstruct airflow and cause chronic inflammation and excess mucus production. Other less common causes of nasal discharge include foreign bodies in the nasal cavity, tumors, and hormonal changes during pregnancy.
Treatment for nasal discharge depends on the underlying cause. For allergies, antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids may be recommended. For colds and sinus infections, decongestants, saline nasal sprays, and antibiotics may be used. Nasal polyps may require surgical removal.
In addition to nasal discharge, other symptoms that may be present with ENT-related conditions include nasal congestion, headache, facial pain or pressure, cough, and sore throat. If nasal discharge is persistent, accompanied by other symptoms, or affects quality of life, it is important to seek medical evaluation by an ENT specialist.
Inflammation of the mucosa of sinuses associated with inflammation of the nasal mucosa is called rhinosinusitis (RS).
CLASSIFICATION:
• Acute RS: Symptoms lasting for less than 4 weeks with complete resolution.
• Subacute RS: Duration 4-12 weeks.
• Chronic RS: Duration ~ 12 weeks.
• Recurrent RS: Four or more episodes of RS per year; each lasting for 7-10 days or more with complete resolution in between the episodes.
• Nasal obstruction.
• Nasal discharge/congestion, anterior, or posterior in the form of postnasal drip.
• Facial pain or pressure.
• Alteration in the sense of smell, hyposmia or anosmia.
• Other symptoms include cough, fever, halitosis, fatigue, dental pain, pharyngitis, headache or ear fullness.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. Diseases of nasal chamber
They include:
! Epistaxis
! rhinitis
! summer snuffles and
parasites of the nose and facial
sinuses.
3.
4. Epistaxis (Nose Bleed, Nasal
haemorrhage)
Definition:
It is the bleeding from the nostrils and or
sinuses.
Causes:
(1) Primary causes:
1) Traumatic injury of the nose, head, nasal bones and wall of
the sinus.
2) Foreign bodies or neoplasms.
3) Over exhaustion especially in horses.
4) Local trauma: As a result of stomach tube, vigorously
passed via the nostrils.
5.
6. (2) Secondary causes:
1) Parasitic diseases: Heavy
infestation with Oestrus ovis in sheep
or Gastrophilus nasalis in horses
(Nasal myiasis).
2) Infectious diseases: Anthrax,
Glanders, Hemorrhagic septicemia.
3) Erosion and ulceration of the nasal
mucosa (e.g. glanders and neoplastic
diseases).
7. 4) Mild epistaxis in congestive heart
failure and purpura hemorrhagica.
5) Mycotic ulceration of the blood vessels
in the wall of the guttural pouch in the
horses.
6) Traumatic injury of the nasal bones
and sinuses.
7) Hemorrhagic polyps of the mucosa of
the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses.
8) Moldy sweet clover poisoning in cattle.
8. NB: Bleeding from the lungs, (hemoptysis) during pulmonary
diseases or increased pulmonary vascular pressure.
Symptoms:
(1) Bleeding from the nostrils (unilateral or bilateral), in drops
or as a stream when is coming from the nasal cavities or
sinuses.
(2) The blood is bright red in color and may be scanty or
profuse.
(3) Some horses repeat swallowing, without eating or
drinking.
(4) It usually stops spontaneously but in some cases it may
be profuse and continues till death from hemorrhagic anemia
within few hours.
(5) Blood may be mixed with mucous if nasal catarrh is
present or in cases of glanders.
9. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis:
(1) Try to locate the place of injury (by using endoscope)
(2) Unilateral bleeding is of nasal origin.
(3) Blood:
1) Bright red (from nostrils) called epistaxis.
2) Brownish red, acidic mixed with ingesta (from
stomach) called hematemesis.
3) Frothy bright red (from lung) called hemoptysis.
4) Blood originated from lung of horses is not foamy
when seen at the nose because the horizontal position
of the major bronchi allows blood to flow out freely without
being coughing up and made foamy. This blood is
discharged from nostril and not from mouth due to long
soft palate.
10.
11. Treatment:
Hygenic treatment:
(1 ) Complete rest of the animal and keep it quiet.
(2) Cold compression on the forehead and nose of
the animal.
Medical treatment:
(1) In unilateral bleeding, apply astringent solution to
the affected nostrils by irrigating the affected part
with adrenaline or 2% alum solution or 2% tannic
acid.
(2) In case of bilateral bleeding, insert tracheotomy
tube and then plug the two nostrils with gauze
(zigzag like manner) soaked in astringent solution.
12. (3) Coagulation medical drugs: such as
calcium chloride 10% (about 100 ml
SC) or coagulant or vitamin K injection.
(4) Glucose 20% and physiological
saline (NaCl 0.9%) IV, one liter.
(5) Hemorrhage in race horses has
been treated with diuretics and blood
coagulants.
(6) Blood transfusion in severe
cases.
13. Rhinitis (Coryza-
Nasal Catarrha)
Definition: It is an inflammation
o f the mucous membrane o f
the nose manifested by a
serous, mucoid or muco-
purulent nasal discharge.
Types:
(1) Acute rhinitis.
(2) Chronic rhinitis.
(3) Cropous rhinitis.
(4) Folliclular rhinitis.
14. Causes:
(1) Primary causes:
1) Inhalation of irritant vapour such as ammonia or
chlorides.
2) Presence of some foreign bodies in the nose as grains
or dust.
(2) Secondary causes:
1) Microorganisms (Staph, Strept or Diphtheroids), these
microorganisms are normally present in the respiratory
tract, but they become active and pathogenic and attack
the mucous membrane of the nostrils when the resistance
of the animals is lowered due to exposure of the animal to
some atmospheric alterations such as clod weather,
dampness, sudden changes from hot to cold.
2) Parasitic: As Oestrous ovis in sheep.
15.
16. 3) Infectious diseases as strangles, glanders, equine influenza, malignant
catarrhal fever and canine distemper in dogs.
4) Extension of inflammation from other parts of respiratory tract
(laryngitis, pharyngitis).
5) Fungus as Aspergillus fumigatus in dogs.
17. Symptoms:
(1) Nasal discharge, which is usually serous initially
but quickly, becomes mucoid and in bacterial infection
it may be purulent.
(2) Inflammation may be unilateral or bilateral.
(3) Sneezing is characteristic in the early acute
stages, later on, it is followed by snoring and
expulsion of large amounts of mucopurulent
discharge.
(4) Foreign body (such as sticks and twigs) which
may be pushed up into the nostrils causing laceration,
bleeding and or complete obstruction.
(5) Later on difficult respiration accompanied by
mouth breathing when both nostrils are obstructed.
18. Diagnosis:
From symptoms (sudden onset and watery
nasal discharge).
Prognosis:
•Favourable, if neglected, it will be chronic.
Treatment:
(1) Hygienic treatment:
1) Put the animal at rest, in well ventilated
place free from air current.
2) Give easily digested food to keep the bowl
open.
19. (2) Medical treatment:
1)Thick tenacious exudate (which causing
nasal obstruction) must be removed gently
by irrigation of the nasal cavities with
saline solution (0.9%) or 1% sodium
bicarbonate solution or with a mixture of
saline and antibiotic to relief exudate and
prevent secondary infection.
2) A nasal decongestant is sprayed up
into the nostrils (ephedrine nasal drop for
pet animal).
20. 3) In allergic rhinitis; inject antihistaminic, Ca and
vitamin C.
4) Medicated steam inhalation: For nasal discharge
and stenosis of the nasal passages from swollen
mucosa.
It is done by the following way:
1- Boil the water in a pail (fulfilled with the water).
2- Add the volatile medicament (to disinfect
respiratory tract) in dose of 30 gm creoiin or 4 gm
menthol + 4 gm thymol.
21. 3- Scatter some turpentine on the
surface of the water to regulate the
steam vapour.
4- The ideal way is putting the pail in
one corner of the stable and the
animal (horse) in the other corner to
prevent the possibility that the animals
may kick or bites the pail.
5- Avoid uses this medication in meat
and milk producing animals.
22. Chronic Rhinitis
This disease takes longer time than the acute type
Etiology:
(1) Neglected acute cases of rhinitis.
(2) Accompanied chronic diseases of the respiratory
tract (chronic emphysema, Glanders and T.B.)
Symptoms:
(1) Mucoid nasal discharge.
(2) Mucous membrane is swollen and bluish in
colours.
(3) Stenosis o f the nasal cavity lead to snorting.
(4) Ulcers and abrasions on the nasal skin surface
from rubbing against rough objects.
24. Cropous Rhinitis
It is fibrinous inflammation of the
nasal mucous membrane
characterized by formation o f
pseudo-membrane.
Etiology:
(1) Inhalation o f irritant vapour such
as hot gases, hot fumes, and smoke.
(2) Microbiological: e.g. Bacillus
necrophorous.
25.
26. Symptoms:
(1) The onset is sudden with marked general
symptoms.
(2) Sever acute nasal catarrh.
(3) High fever.
(4) Fibrino-purulent discharges from the
nose.
(5) Formation of thick gray or reddish yellow
pseudomembranes of the red and swollen
mucous membranes. This may form patches
which are easily detached leaving bleeding
erosions.
27. Course of the disease:
It is usually favourable and recovery is
achieved in about one week.
Treatment:
(1) As in acute rhinitis.
(2) Crusts can be removed with warm water or
saline solution and simple nasal ointment.
(3) Don’t pull the pseudo-membrane, but you
can hasten the shedding by irrigation of the
nose with 1-2% solution of sodium bicarbonate.
(4) Antibiotic (if there was an elevation in
temperature)
28. Follicular Rhinitis
It is an inflammation of
the nasal mucus
membrane, maxillary
glands and sebaceous
glands forming pustules
and ulcers.
Etiology:
Streptococcus equi.
29. Symptoms:
(1) Inflammation of the nasal mucous
membrane.
(2) Appearance of small nodules on the nasal
septum (increase in size and number) and
become yellowish in colour.
(3) Adjacent nodules will coalesce and form
big nodules, which bursts and leaving bright
red erosions (similar nodules on nostrils, upper
tips, cheeks, and form ulcer).
(4) Swelling of the regional lymph gland and lymph
vessels.
(5) Conjunctivitis.
30. Prognosis:
Recovery in 2-3 weeks.
Treatment:
(1) Local application of mercurial
ointment or iodine ointment.
(2) Antibiotic.
(3) Medical steam inhalation.
31. Summer Snuffles
It occurs in spring and autumn in cattle due to allergy.
Symptoms:
(1) Sudden onset of dyspnea.
(2) Profuse nasal discharge (yellow or orange material
varies from mucopurulant to caseous consistency).
(3) Sneezing, irritation and severe obstruction.
(4) The animal shake its head and rub it and nose against
hard objects.
(5) Difficult breathing and mouth breathing.
(6) Swelling and edema of the nasal mucosa.
Treatment:
As rhinitis, in addition of injection of antihistaminic and anti-
inflammatory drugs.
32.
33. Parasites in nose and facial sinuses (Sheep , Oestrus
ovis, sheep bot, Nasal myiasis).
The sheep gradually attacks pastured sheep, and deposit
larvae on the margins of the nostrils. The larvae migrate to the
frontal sinuses where they develop, causing nasal catarrh and
sometimes symptoms of meningitis.
Symptoms:
(1)The sheep is shaking their heads and thrust their heads to
the ground.
(2)They collect together under trees, holding their noses under
one another to prevent an attach.
(3) Sneezing due to migration of the young larvae and irritation
o f the mucosa.
(4) Dirty nasal discharge and lacrimation.
Treatment:
No effective treatment is found.