The document discusses conditions of the peripheral nervous system. It describes the peripheral nervous system as consisting of nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system. It then provides details on several specific nerves that are part of the peripheral nervous system, including the functions they control and areas of the body they innervate. The document also discusses three conditions that can affect the peripheral nervous system: trigeminal neuralgia, Bell's palsy, and sciatica.
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a neuropathic disorder characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain affecting the trigeminal nerve. It often feels like electric shocks in the face. A 57-year-old female presented with sudden, sharp left cheek pain triggered by touch or talking. No dental cause was found, and TN was diagnosed provisionally. The diagnosis was later confirmed by a neurologist. TN is caused by compression or demyelination of the trigeminal nerve root and treated initially with anticonvulsants like carbamazepine. If medications fail, surgical options include microvascular decompression, percutaneous nerve procedures, or radiosurgery.
Trigeminal neuralgia is sudden, severe facial pain. It's often described as a sharp shooting pain or like having an electric shock in the jaw, teeth or gums.
Trigeminal neuralgia
Contents
Overview
Symptoms
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
This document discusses facial pain and Bell's palsy. It lists various causes of facial pain such as trigeminal neuralgia, migraines, shingles, and injuries. It also describes diagnosing facial pain using X-rays, MRI, and ECG. Bell's palsy is defined as temporary paralysis of the facial nerve. Its causes are mostly reactivation of viruses like HSV-1 or Varicella zoster. Treatment involves medications like steroids and antivirals to reduce inflammation and prevent further viral replication. Surgery may be used in severe cases of trigeminal neuralgia or permanently paralyzed facial nerves from Bell's palsy.
This document discusses various types of neuralgias, focusing on trigeminal neuralgia. It defines neuralgia as severe pain along a nerve distribution. The main types discussed are trigeminal, paratrigeminal, sphenopalatine, glossopharyngeal, geniculate, occipital and postherpetic neuralgias. Trigeminal neuralgia is described as the most common and involves sudden, severe pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution. Causes, clinical features, investigations, management including pharmacological treatments and surgeries are summarized for each type of neuralgia.
This presentation by Professor Joanna Zakrzewska, Head of facial pain unit at Eastman Dental Hospital, looks at trigeminal neuralgia in MS and how it's diagnosed and managed.
It was presented at the MS Trust Annual Conference in November 2014.
The document provides an overview of evaluating patients presenting with headaches. It discusses taking a thorough history including headache characteristics, triggers, associated symptoms, impact on daily life, and family history. A neurological examination evaluates for neurological deficits and meningismus. Common investigations include neuroimaging (CT for acute conditions, MRI preferred otherwise), lumbar puncture for suspected meningitis, and blood tests for conditions like giant cell arteritis. The document also presents a clinical vignette of a 17-year-old female with recurrent frontal and temporal headaches consistent with migraines.
Occipital neuralgia is a form of headache involving severe pain in the back of the head and scalp. It can be difficult to diagnose due to similarities with other headache types. Treatment may include nerve blocks, medications, nerve stimulation, or surgery. Nerve blocks using local anesthetics and steroids can help with diagnosis and pain relief. Surgical options like nerve decompression or rhizotomy may be considered if more conservative treatments are ineffective.
This document discusses the classification and management of migraine headaches. It begins by outlining the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for classifying different types of migraines, including migraine without aura, migraine with aura, hemiplegic migraine, and chronic migraine. It then discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology involving CGRP and other factors, and diagnostic criteria for some of the main migraine subtypes. The remainder of the document focuses on guidelines for managing acute migraines, preventing migraines, and treating refractory or chronic migraines, including in special populations like pregnancy and children. Treatment options discussed include triptans, CGRP antagonists, topiramate, valproate, and neurom
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a neuropathic disorder characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain affecting the trigeminal nerve. It often feels like electric shocks in the face. A 57-year-old female presented with sudden, sharp left cheek pain triggered by touch or talking. No dental cause was found, and TN was diagnosed provisionally. The diagnosis was later confirmed by a neurologist. TN is caused by compression or demyelination of the trigeminal nerve root and treated initially with anticonvulsants like carbamazepine. If medications fail, surgical options include microvascular decompression, percutaneous nerve procedures, or radiosurgery.
Trigeminal neuralgia is sudden, severe facial pain. It's often described as a sharp shooting pain or like having an electric shock in the jaw, teeth or gums.
Trigeminal neuralgia
Contents
Overview
Symptoms
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
This document discusses facial pain and Bell's palsy. It lists various causes of facial pain such as trigeminal neuralgia, migraines, shingles, and injuries. It also describes diagnosing facial pain using X-rays, MRI, and ECG. Bell's palsy is defined as temporary paralysis of the facial nerve. Its causes are mostly reactivation of viruses like HSV-1 or Varicella zoster. Treatment involves medications like steroids and antivirals to reduce inflammation and prevent further viral replication. Surgery may be used in severe cases of trigeminal neuralgia or permanently paralyzed facial nerves from Bell's palsy.
This document discusses various types of neuralgias, focusing on trigeminal neuralgia. It defines neuralgia as severe pain along a nerve distribution. The main types discussed are trigeminal, paratrigeminal, sphenopalatine, glossopharyngeal, geniculate, occipital and postherpetic neuralgias. Trigeminal neuralgia is described as the most common and involves sudden, severe pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution. Causes, clinical features, investigations, management including pharmacological treatments and surgeries are summarized for each type of neuralgia.
This presentation by Professor Joanna Zakrzewska, Head of facial pain unit at Eastman Dental Hospital, looks at trigeminal neuralgia in MS and how it's diagnosed and managed.
It was presented at the MS Trust Annual Conference in November 2014.
The document provides an overview of evaluating patients presenting with headaches. It discusses taking a thorough history including headache characteristics, triggers, associated symptoms, impact on daily life, and family history. A neurological examination evaluates for neurological deficits and meningismus. Common investigations include neuroimaging (CT for acute conditions, MRI preferred otherwise), lumbar puncture for suspected meningitis, and blood tests for conditions like giant cell arteritis. The document also presents a clinical vignette of a 17-year-old female with recurrent frontal and temporal headaches consistent with migraines.
Occipital neuralgia is a form of headache involving severe pain in the back of the head and scalp. It can be difficult to diagnose due to similarities with other headache types. Treatment may include nerve blocks, medications, nerve stimulation, or surgery. Nerve blocks using local anesthetics and steroids can help with diagnosis and pain relief. Surgical options like nerve decompression or rhizotomy may be considered if more conservative treatments are ineffective.
This document discusses the classification and management of migraine headaches. It begins by outlining the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for classifying different types of migraines, including migraine without aura, migraine with aura, hemiplegic migraine, and chronic migraine. It then discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology involving CGRP and other factors, and diagnostic criteria for some of the main migraine subtypes. The remainder of the document focuses on guidelines for managing acute migraines, preventing migraines, and treating refractory or chronic migraines, including in special populations like pregnancy and children. Treatment options discussed include triptans, CGRP antagonists, topiramate, valproate, and neurom
Cranial nerve disorders involve damage to the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are the peripheral nerves of the brain. Two common cranial nerve disorders are trigeminal neuralgia and Bell's palsy. Trigeminal neuralgia causes sudden, severe facial pain and is often caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve by blood vessels. Bell's palsy results in temporary facial paralysis or weakness on one side of the face, usually from herpes zoster infection or other causes that damage the facial nerve. Both disorders are typically diagnosed based on symptoms and treated initially with medications, nerve blocks, or in severe cases surgery to decompress nerves.
This document provides information about Trigeminal Neuralgia and Bell's Palsy. It defines Trigeminal Neuralgia as a chronic condition causing sharp, electric shock-like facial pain. It is more common in women ages 50-70 and can be triggered by soft touch. Bell's Palsy causes sudden unilateral facial paralysis and is the most common facial nerve disorder. Both conditions are often idiopathic but may be caused by viruses, trauma, or other factors. Treatment involves medications like anticonvulsants or corticosteroids as well as surgical procedures for Trigeminal Neuralgia.
The document discusses various types of headaches and facial pains, their potential causes and pathophysiology, as well as approaches to clinical assessment and treatment. Major types covered include tension headaches, migraines, cluster headaches, neuralgias affecting different cranial nerves, and pains that can originate from head and neck muscles or underlying conditions like sinus disease, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and cervical spondylosis.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a neuropathic disorder characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain. It is caused most commonly by vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve near the brainstem. Carbamazepine is first-line medical treatment but has side effects. Interventional treatments include microvascular decompression, rhizotomy, and gamma knife radiosurgery which provide initial pain relief in the majority but have risks of sensory deficits. Treatment is aimed at pain control and improving quality of life.
Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain caused by compression or irritation of the trigeminal nerve. The pain is sharp, superficial, and stabbing or burning in quality. It is triggered by mild stimuli like talking, eating, or brushing teeth. Trigeminal neuralgia is often treated initially with carbamazepine or other anticonvulsants. If medications do not help, surgical options like microvascular decompression may be considered to relieve nerve compression. Post-herpetic neuralgia is a painful condition caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which causes herpes zoster. It results in pain, paresthesia and hypersensitivity in the area affected
This document discusses diabetic polyneuropathy. It begins with an agenda outlining the topics to be covered: epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points include:
- Up to 50% of diabetics may develop symptomatic neuropathy 20 years after diagnosis. The risk increases the longer a person has diabetes.
- Neuropathic pain symptoms can include burning, tingling sensations, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. The pain is usually chronic.
- Pathogenic mechanisms include metabolic and vascular factors that damage nerve fibers over time, such as hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, impaired blood flow. This can lead to endoneurial hypoxia, ATP depletion and nerve damage.
Prof Joanna Zakrzewska - Trigeminal neuralgia in MS patientsMS Trust
This document summarizes a presentation on trigeminal neuralgia (TN) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Some key points:
- TN occurs in 2-4% of MS patients, who may experience more constant, bilateral pain compared to other TN patients.
- Diagnosis involves investigating potential causes like neurovascular compression through MRI and ruling out other conditions.
- Treatment includes carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine and other medications, as well as ablative surgical procedures for refractory cases.
- More research is needed on the prevalence and management of TN specifically in MS patients compared to other populations.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A neuropathic pain caused when trigger site stimulated by brushing, tilting head and shaving, stress and tiredness, cold and hot water, chewing and swallowing, touching and washing face, light breeze or wind on face etc.
The disease is mostly unilateral and can be treated by medications like Carbazepine, oxycarbamazepine, lamotrigine and phenytoin and gabapentin and surgeries like periferal injection, Glycerol injection in the gasserian Ganglion, periferal neurectomy, Cryotherapy, open or intracranial procedures Gammaknife radiosurgeries.
Fix your appointment at Dr. Sachdeva's Dental Institute, call us at:- +919818894041,01142464041
Follow our link:-
Google link:
https://business.google.com/dashboard/l/04970356233769420071
Facebook link for Dental Courses:
https://www.facebook.com/dentalcoursesdelhi/
Facebook link for Dental Treatments:
https://www.facebook.com/sachdevadental/
You tube Link:
https://www.youtube.com/user/drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin link:
https://www.linkedin.com/in/drrajatsachdeva/
Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/drrajatsachdeva
Twitter Page :
https://twitter.com/drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page :
https://www.instagram.com/surgicalmasterrajat/
Practo Profile :
https://www.practo.com/delhi/doctor/dr-rajat-sachdeva-dentist
Blogger Profile :
http://drrajatsachdeva.blogspot.com/
Facial Aesthetics Facebook Page :
https://www.facebook.com/facialaesthetics.delhi
Facial Aesthetics you tube channel :
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCheM4wF9nWGXJYOmScvsQNw
Trigeminal neuralgia is a facial pain syndrome caused by compression or demyelination of the trigeminal nerve. It causes brief, severe, stabbing pains in the face triggered by activities like eating or brushing teeth. Diagnosis is based on pain distribution and lack of neurological issues. MRI is used to check for compression. Treatment starts with carbamazepine or other anticonvulsants, and may include microvascular decompression surgery if medications fail.
Differentiating trigeminal neuropathy from trigeminal neuralgiaDr P Deepak
1. This case involves a 26-year-old female with left-sided facial pain in the trigeminal distribution along with a history of chronic migraines, depression, and hypothyroidism.
2. Based on her pain characteristics, triggers, and physical exam findings, she most likely has atypical facial pain secondary to trigeminal neuropathic pain rather than classic trigeminal neuralgia.
3. It is important to differentiate the two conditions, as trigeminal neurolysis could worsen trigeminal neuropathy pain. She will undergo nerve blocks and be considered for additional procedures depending on response. Managing her transformed migraine and multiple medications will also be important.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a painful condition of the trigeminal nerve that causes sudden, severe facial pain. It occurs most often in older women and can be triggered by activities like chewing or brushing teeth. The pain is often described as burning or shock-like. While the cause is unknown, it may involve compression of the trigeminal nerve by blood vessels. Treatment involves medications like carbamazepine or surgery to decompress the nerve or destroy parts of it to relieve pain. The diagnostic process aims to rule out other potential causes of facial pain through imaging and neurological evaluation.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a disorder characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain caused by malfunction of the trigeminal nerve. The pain is often triggered by simple activities like eating, talking, or brushing teeth. It commonly affects middle-aged or elderly patients and is more frequent in women. While the exact cause is often unknown, trigeminal neuralgia is frequently caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve by blood vessels at the root of the brain. Carbamazepine is usually the first-line treatment, while microvascular decompression surgery may also be considered.
Sphenopalatine neuralgia, also known as cluster headaches, is a condition characterized by extremely painful attacks on one side of the head. Episodes typically occur in clusters, with periods of remission in between. Diagnosis is based on the pattern and symptoms of attacks. Treatment involves acute abortive therapies like oxygen and triptans to stop individual attacks, transitional therapies like steroids to control early episodes, and preventative medications like verapamil, lithium, and melatonin to suppress future attacks. While not life-threatening, cluster headaches can severely impact quality of life due to the intensity of pain.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain. It has been described and studied historically since the 2nd century AD. Modern management involves drug therapies like carbamazepine as first line treatment. When medications fail, various surgical procedures can be used including percutaneous glycerol rhizotomy, balloon compression, and radiofrequency rhizotomy. These aim to destroy nerve fibers supplying the trigeminal ganglion to relieve facial pain from trigeminal neuralgia.
The document discusses neuropathies, which are disorders of the peripheral nerves outside the central nervous system. There are several types of neuropathies including mononeuropathy, which affects a single nerve, mononeuropathy multiplex, which affects multiple nerves, and polyneuropathy, which affects many nerves simultaneously. Common causes of neuropathies include diabetes, toxins like alcohol, vitamin deficiencies, infections, autoimmune disorders, and physical nerve damage. The document outlines various neuropathies in detail, their signs and symptoms, and potential tests and treatments.
Tricyclic antidepressants are generally the first choice treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) due to their efficacy and lack of dependency. Opioids or anticonvulsants like gabapentin can also provide relief. Topical capsaicin may help but is often poorly tolerated, while intrathecal steroids can be considered for intractable cases affecting nerves other than the trigeminal nerve. Treatment aims to improve sleep, which can significantly decrease overall suffering from PHN.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition characterized by severe, brief, stabbing pains in the face that are usually triggered by everyday activities like brushing teeth or talking. It is caused by damage to the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensation to the face. The document discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, noting that it is diagnosed using criteria defined by Sweet. Treatment involves first using anticonvulsant medications, and if those don't help, then surgical procedures like radiofrequency thermal ablation of the trigeminal ganglion are used to relieve pain in most patients.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a neuropathic disorder characterized by episodes of intense facial pain originating from the trigeminal nerve. Common causes include compression of blood vessels like the superior cerebellar artery which can irritate the trigeminal nerve root. Symptoms include excruciating burning or shock-like pain in areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve. Diagnosis involves examinations, imaging tests and ruling out other conditions. Treatment options include medications like carbamazepine or surgical procedures like microvascular decompression to relieve pressure on the nerve. Recurrence of trigeminal neuralgia is common if initially caused by veins, with regrowth of veins being a primary reason for returned symptoms within one year. Further microvascular decompression
by, Gurpreet kaur, BPT 3rd year, DPSRU
Neck pain- it is very common nowadays that can be found in 75% cases of people. neck pain can be seen in any age group person. and most important way to correct is the right erganomics
Spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the brain and body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are named according to the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. Each spinal nerve divides into branches that innervate specific regions of the body and control associated muscles and skin areas. Damage to spinal nerves can occur through conditions like herniated discs, trauma, infections, and compressive neuropathies, leading to issues such as pain, weakness, and numbness.
Cranial nerve disorders involve damage to the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are the peripheral nerves of the brain. Two common cranial nerve disorders are trigeminal neuralgia and Bell's palsy. Trigeminal neuralgia causes sudden, severe facial pain and is often caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve by blood vessels. Bell's palsy results in temporary facial paralysis or weakness on one side of the face, usually from herpes zoster infection or other causes that damage the facial nerve. Both disorders are typically diagnosed based on symptoms and treated initially with medications, nerve blocks, or in severe cases surgery to decompress nerves.
This document provides information about Trigeminal Neuralgia and Bell's Palsy. It defines Trigeminal Neuralgia as a chronic condition causing sharp, electric shock-like facial pain. It is more common in women ages 50-70 and can be triggered by soft touch. Bell's Palsy causes sudden unilateral facial paralysis and is the most common facial nerve disorder. Both conditions are often idiopathic but may be caused by viruses, trauma, or other factors. Treatment involves medications like anticonvulsants or corticosteroids as well as surgical procedures for Trigeminal Neuralgia.
The document discusses various types of headaches and facial pains, their potential causes and pathophysiology, as well as approaches to clinical assessment and treatment. Major types covered include tension headaches, migraines, cluster headaches, neuralgias affecting different cranial nerves, and pains that can originate from head and neck muscles or underlying conditions like sinus disease, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and cervical spondylosis.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a neuropathic disorder characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain. It is caused most commonly by vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve near the brainstem. Carbamazepine is first-line medical treatment but has side effects. Interventional treatments include microvascular decompression, rhizotomy, and gamma knife radiosurgery which provide initial pain relief in the majority but have risks of sensory deficits. Treatment is aimed at pain control and improving quality of life.
Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain caused by compression or irritation of the trigeminal nerve. The pain is sharp, superficial, and stabbing or burning in quality. It is triggered by mild stimuli like talking, eating, or brushing teeth. Trigeminal neuralgia is often treated initially with carbamazepine or other anticonvulsants. If medications do not help, surgical options like microvascular decompression may be considered to relieve nerve compression. Post-herpetic neuralgia is a painful condition caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which causes herpes zoster. It results in pain, paresthesia and hypersensitivity in the area affected
This document discusses diabetic polyneuropathy. It begins with an agenda outlining the topics to be covered: epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points include:
- Up to 50% of diabetics may develop symptomatic neuropathy 20 years after diagnosis. The risk increases the longer a person has diabetes.
- Neuropathic pain symptoms can include burning, tingling sensations, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. The pain is usually chronic.
- Pathogenic mechanisms include metabolic and vascular factors that damage nerve fibers over time, such as hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, impaired blood flow. This can lead to endoneurial hypoxia, ATP depletion and nerve damage.
Prof Joanna Zakrzewska - Trigeminal neuralgia in MS patientsMS Trust
This document summarizes a presentation on trigeminal neuralgia (TN) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Some key points:
- TN occurs in 2-4% of MS patients, who may experience more constant, bilateral pain compared to other TN patients.
- Diagnosis involves investigating potential causes like neurovascular compression through MRI and ruling out other conditions.
- Treatment includes carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine and other medications, as well as ablative surgical procedures for refractory cases.
- More research is needed on the prevalence and management of TN specifically in MS patients compared to other populations.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A neuropathic pain caused when trigger site stimulated by brushing, tilting head and shaving, stress and tiredness, cold and hot water, chewing and swallowing, touching and washing face, light breeze or wind on face etc.
The disease is mostly unilateral and can be treated by medications like Carbazepine, oxycarbamazepine, lamotrigine and phenytoin and gabapentin and surgeries like periferal injection, Glycerol injection in the gasserian Ganglion, periferal neurectomy, Cryotherapy, open or intracranial procedures Gammaknife radiosurgeries.
Fix your appointment at Dr. Sachdeva's Dental Institute, call us at:- +919818894041,01142464041
Follow our link:-
Google link:
https://business.google.com/dashboard/l/04970356233769420071
Facebook link for Dental Courses:
https://www.facebook.com/dentalcoursesdelhi/
Facebook link for Dental Treatments:
https://www.facebook.com/sachdevadental/
You tube Link:
https://www.youtube.com/user/drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin link:
https://www.linkedin.com/in/drrajatsachdeva/
Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/drrajatsachdeva
Twitter Page :
https://twitter.com/drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page :
https://www.instagram.com/surgicalmasterrajat/
Practo Profile :
https://www.practo.com/delhi/doctor/dr-rajat-sachdeva-dentist
Blogger Profile :
http://drrajatsachdeva.blogspot.com/
Facial Aesthetics Facebook Page :
https://www.facebook.com/facialaesthetics.delhi
Facial Aesthetics you tube channel :
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCheM4wF9nWGXJYOmScvsQNw
Trigeminal neuralgia is a facial pain syndrome caused by compression or demyelination of the trigeminal nerve. It causes brief, severe, stabbing pains in the face triggered by activities like eating or brushing teeth. Diagnosis is based on pain distribution and lack of neurological issues. MRI is used to check for compression. Treatment starts with carbamazepine or other anticonvulsants, and may include microvascular decompression surgery if medications fail.
Differentiating trigeminal neuropathy from trigeminal neuralgiaDr P Deepak
1. This case involves a 26-year-old female with left-sided facial pain in the trigeminal distribution along with a history of chronic migraines, depression, and hypothyroidism.
2. Based on her pain characteristics, triggers, and physical exam findings, she most likely has atypical facial pain secondary to trigeminal neuropathic pain rather than classic trigeminal neuralgia.
3. It is important to differentiate the two conditions, as trigeminal neurolysis could worsen trigeminal neuropathy pain. She will undergo nerve blocks and be considered for additional procedures depending on response. Managing her transformed migraine and multiple medications will also be important.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a painful condition of the trigeminal nerve that causes sudden, severe facial pain. It occurs most often in older women and can be triggered by activities like chewing or brushing teeth. The pain is often described as burning or shock-like. While the cause is unknown, it may involve compression of the trigeminal nerve by blood vessels. Treatment involves medications like carbamazepine or surgery to decompress the nerve or destroy parts of it to relieve pain. The diagnostic process aims to rule out other potential causes of facial pain through imaging and neurological evaluation.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a disorder characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain caused by malfunction of the trigeminal nerve. The pain is often triggered by simple activities like eating, talking, or brushing teeth. It commonly affects middle-aged or elderly patients and is more frequent in women. While the exact cause is often unknown, trigeminal neuralgia is frequently caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve by blood vessels at the root of the brain. Carbamazepine is usually the first-line treatment, while microvascular decompression surgery may also be considered.
Sphenopalatine neuralgia, also known as cluster headaches, is a condition characterized by extremely painful attacks on one side of the head. Episodes typically occur in clusters, with periods of remission in between. Diagnosis is based on the pattern and symptoms of attacks. Treatment involves acute abortive therapies like oxygen and triptans to stop individual attacks, transitional therapies like steroids to control early episodes, and preventative medications like verapamil, lithium, and melatonin to suppress future attacks. While not life-threatening, cluster headaches can severely impact quality of life due to the intensity of pain.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain. It has been described and studied historically since the 2nd century AD. Modern management involves drug therapies like carbamazepine as first line treatment. When medications fail, various surgical procedures can be used including percutaneous glycerol rhizotomy, balloon compression, and radiofrequency rhizotomy. These aim to destroy nerve fibers supplying the trigeminal ganglion to relieve facial pain from trigeminal neuralgia.
The document discusses neuropathies, which are disorders of the peripheral nerves outside the central nervous system. There are several types of neuropathies including mononeuropathy, which affects a single nerve, mononeuropathy multiplex, which affects multiple nerves, and polyneuropathy, which affects many nerves simultaneously. Common causes of neuropathies include diabetes, toxins like alcohol, vitamin deficiencies, infections, autoimmune disorders, and physical nerve damage. The document outlines various neuropathies in detail, their signs and symptoms, and potential tests and treatments.
Tricyclic antidepressants are generally the first choice treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) due to their efficacy and lack of dependency. Opioids or anticonvulsants like gabapentin can also provide relief. Topical capsaicin may help but is often poorly tolerated, while intrathecal steroids can be considered for intractable cases affecting nerves other than the trigeminal nerve. Treatment aims to improve sleep, which can significantly decrease overall suffering from PHN.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition characterized by severe, brief, stabbing pains in the face that are usually triggered by everyday activities like brushing teeth or talking. It is caused by damage to the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensation to the face. The document discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, noting that it is diagnosed using criteria defined by Sweet. Treatment involves first using anticonvulsant medications, and if those don't help, then surgical procedures like radiofrequency thermal ablation of the trigeminal ganglion are used to relieve pain in most patients.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a neuropathic disorder characterized by episodes of intense facial pain originating from the trigeminal nerve. Common causes include compression of blood vessels like the superior cerebellar artery which can irritate the trigeminal nerve root. Symptoms include excruciating burning or shock-like pain in areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve. Diagnosis involves examinations, imaging tests and ruling out other conditions. Treatment options include medications like carbamazepine or surgical procedures like microvascular decompression to relieve pressure on the nerve. Recurrence of trigeminal neuralgia is common if initially caused by veins, with regrowth of veins being a primary reason for returned symptoms within one year. Further microvascular decompression
by, Gurpreet kaur, BPT 3rd year, DPSRU
Neck pain- it is very common nowadays that can be found in 75% cases of people. neck pain can be seen in any age group person. and most important way to correct is the right erganomics
Spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the brain and body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are named according to the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. Each spinal nerve divides into branches that innervate specific regions of the body and control associated muscles and skin areas. Damage to spinal nerves can occur through conditions like herniated discs, trauma, infections, and compressive neuropathies, leading to issues such as pain, weakness, and numbness.
The document summarizes the anatomy and function of spinal nerves. It discusses:
- The 31 pairs of spinal nerves that originate from the spinal cord, grouped into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions.
- Each spinal nerve carries sensory and motor information and forms plexuses that branch into peripheral nerves.
- Damage to spinal nerves can occur through compression, herniated discs, trauma, or infection, causing issues like pain, weakness and numbness.
- Clinical applications like epidurals administered during childbirth work by blocking pain transmission through the spinal nerves in the lower back.
The document provides information about the spinal cord and spinal nerves, including their anatomy and functions. It discusses how damage to different areas of the spinal cord or nerves can cause varying losses of sensation and motor function in the body. Some common causes of spinal cord or nerve damage mentioned are spinal cord injuries, diseases like spina bifida, and neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and transverse myelitis.
Arm pain from a cervical herniated disc is caused by disc material pressing on a cervical nerve root, most commonly C5-C6 or C6-C7. Symptoms include arm pain, numbness, and weakness. Conservative treatments like anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, chiropractic care, and epidural steroid injections effectively resolve symptoms in most cases without surgery. Surgery is rarely needed as conservative treatments usually provide sufficient pain relief and nerve healing over time.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the vertebral column and spinal cord. It then focuses on cervical degenerative disc disease, describing the structure of intervertebral discs and how they degenerate with age. Symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for cervical disc herniation and cervical spondylosis are summarized. Conservative treatments include medications, physical therapy, and bracing, while surgery may be considered for severe or persistent cases.
- Neuropathy is damage or dysfunction of nerves that causes numbness, tingling, weakness and pain. It can be cranial neuropathy affecting the brain/brainstem or peripheral neuropathy outside the brain/spinal cord.
- Cranial neuropathy types include Bell's palsy, microvascular issues affecting vision nerves, and damage to nerves controlling eye movement. Peripheral neuropathy can be motor, sensory or autonomic.
- Neuropathy is caused by infections, cancer, increased pressure, vascular issues like diabetes, autoimmune disorders, medications, and vitamin deficiencies. Symptoms vary but include pain, sensory changes, and weakness. Diagnosis involves exams, tests and sometimes biopsies. Treatment focuses on pain management, physical
Cluster headaches are extremely painful headaches that occur in cyclical patterns. They are characterized by severe, burning pain around the eye and can be more intense than migraines. Attacks typically last 15-180 minutes and occur multiple times per day during "cluster periods" that can last for weeks or months, followed by remission periods without headaches. The cause of cluster headaches is thought to involve hypothalamic dysfunction that triggers the trigeminal nerve and causes blood vessel dilation, producing the severe pain. Prevention focuses on treatments to suppress attacks and shorten cluster periods since there is no cure.
Headache is classified mainly into two categories: Primary and secondary.
Primary headache is usually benign and longstanding. Common primary headaches are migraine and tension type headache. They have typical features – Migraine, tends to be pulsating in character, affecting one side of the head, associated with nausea, disabling in severity and it usually lasts between 3 hours and 3 days.
This document provides information about traumatic brain injury (TBI) for patients and families. It defines TBI as an injury to the brain caused by trauma to the skull. Common types of TBI are contusions, hemorrhages, and brain swelling. Management involves monitoring pressure and oxygen levels in the brain and using treatments like sedation, hypothermia, medications, and surgery to prevent further brain injury from swelling. The prognosis varies for each patient, but most experience worsening before improvement as the brain heals.
A herniated cervical disc occurs when the gel-like nucleus pulposus ruptures through the annulus fibrosus in the cervical spine. It commonly occurs at the C5-C6 or C6-C7 levels. Symptoms may include neck pain radiating into the arm with numbness/tingling. Diagnosis involves MRI or CT scans. Treatment first focuses on rest, medications, and physical therapy. Surgery such as discectomy may be needed if conservative measures fail.
This document provides information on the nervous system. It begins by outlining learning outcomes related to describing the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, understanding their functions, and explaining how a nervous impulse is transmitted and the physiology behind lesions. It then provides details on the structure and function of the spinal cord and brain, including the components and roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It describes how damage to different parts of the nervous system can result in paralysis and other effects, depending on the severity, location, and type of neurons involved.
What is the brain and how does it control the body ? hdjenkins1
The document discusses the brain and how it controls the body. It begins by addressing common misconceptions about the brain, such as only using 10% of it, and explains that the brain controls all bodily functions. It describes how the brain develops from conception and continues changing throughout life. The document then explains how the brain sends signals through the nervous system to control muscles and organs. It provides examples of physical and psychological disabilities caused by brain injuries or conditions in different brain regions. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of prevention through healthy lifestyle choices to avoid permanent brain damage.
- Spinal nerves originate from the union of dorsal and ventral roots near intervertebral foramina, forming 31 spinal nerves that contribute to the brachial plexus.
- The brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of C5-T1 and provides innervation to the upper limb. It has roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches.
- Brachial plexus injuries can occur from trauma or during birth and result in specific patterns of muscle weakness depending on the location of injury, such as Erb's palsy from injury to C5-C6 roots.
This document discusses different types of headaches including their causes, symptoms, and characteristics. It describes tension headaches, migraines, sinus headaches, and toxic headaches. It explains that headaches can be caused by issues inside or outside the skull, such as problems with blood vessels, muscles, eyes, sinuses, infections, or toxic exposures. The majority of headaches are benign and self-limiting, but some rare headaches can signal serious underlying conditions.
Headaches can have many different causes. They are generally classified into primary headaches like tension headaches and migraines, which are benign and self-limiting, and secondary headaches caused by underlying conditions like meningitis, brain tumors, or head injuries. The brain itself is not sensitive to pain, but structures like the blood vessels, dura, and sinuses surrounding it can stimulate pain fibers when tugged, stretched, or inflamed. Different areas of stimulation lead to pain being referred to specific parts of the head. Common primary headaches include tension, migraine, and sinus headaches.
Physiotherapy management of nerve entrapment around the hip and thighHezekiahAyuba1
This document discusses physiotherapy management of hip and thigh nerve entrapments. It begins with the anatomy of the hip joint and surrounding nerves like the femoral, obturator, and sciatic nerves. It then explains what nerve entrapment is, common sites of entrapment around the hip and thigh, and potential causes. Physical examination tests for specific nerve entrapments are provided. The goals and means of physiotherapy treatment are outlined, including exercises, manual therapy, cryotherapy, and patient education to relieve symptoms and restore function.
Migraines and tension headaches are the two most common types of primary headaches. Migraines are characterized by severe pulsating pain that is often unilateral, lasting from 2-72 hours and accompanied by symptoms like nausea, sensitivity to light and sound. Tension headaches cause non-pulsating mild to moderate bilateral pain that feels like tightness or pressure around the head. Cervicogenic headaches originate from issues in the neck muscles or structures and cause unilateral pain that increases with neck movement. Secondary headaches are caused by underlying medical conditions and can include headaches due to head trauma, vascular disorders, infections or psychiatric disorders.
Chapter_26 Nervous System Parts and Functions .pptGeraldineMinong1
The nervous system is a complex network of nerve cells that enables all body functions. It includes the brain, spinal cord, and billions of nerve fibers. The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, and is well protected by the skull and spinal canal. The peripheral nervous system transmits signals between the CNS and body. Head and spinal injuries can damage the nervous system and cause serious issues like increased intracranial pressure, fractures, hemorrhages, and other traumatic brain injuries. Proper assessment and rapid treatment of potential CNS injuries is critical for patient outcomes.
Numbness, pain or burning are warning signals from our nerves that something is wrong. The goal of treatment is to find out what is wrong and to fix it, not to just mask or cover up the warning signs. View this presentation to learn more.
Similar to 3 conditions of the peripheral nerves (20)
The document discusses barriers to facility-based postnatal care including social/cultural traditions, geographic barriers like mountains/rivers, physical access issues, financial costs, and quality of care concerns. It recommends a schedule of home visits within 24 hours, on days 3 and 7, at 6 weeks, and additional visits for preterm/low birth weight babies or sick mothers/babies. Preparations, key steps, and counseling topics for home visits are outlined.
Abortion and other Causes of Early Pregnancy Bleeding.pdfChantal Settley
Describe common causes of bleeding in early pregnancy.
Describe the clinical classifications of abortion, the legal aspects of abortion in Ethiopia, and the safe methods used in health facilities.
Identify the warning signs and the emergency treatment required before referral for early pregnancy bleeding.
Describe the features of woman-friendly comprehensive post-abortion care, including the post-abortion family planning service
List the advantages of regionalised perinatal care.
Describe the functioning of a perinatal-care clinic.
Communicate better with patients and colleagues.
Safely transfer a patient to hospital.
Determine the maternal mortality rate.
Medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium.pdfChantal Settley
Diagnose and manage cystitis.
Reduce the incidence of acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy.
Diagnose and manage acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy.
Diagnose and manage anaemia during pregnancy.
Identify patients who may possibly have heart valve disease.
Manage a patient with heart valve disease during labour and the puerperium.
Manage a patient with diabetes mellitus.
Explain the wider meaning of family planning.
Give contraceptive counselling.
List the efficiency, contraindications and side effects of the various contraceptive methods.
List the important health benefits of contraception.
Advise a postpartum patient on the most appropriate method of contraception.
The document discusses the puerperium, which is defined as the period from the end of the third stage of labor until the woman's organs return to their pre-pregnant state, usually around 6 weeks. It describes the physical and psychological changes that occur during this time, how to manage the normal puerperium, assess the woman at 6 weeks, and diagnose and treat various complications like puerperal pyrexia, urinary tract infections, thrombophlebitis, respiratory infections, psychiatric disorders, and postpartum hemorrhage. Key aspects of care include monitoring the woman's condition, preventing and treating infections, providing education and support, and following up at 6 weeks to ensure a healthy recovery.
Uterine contractions continue, although less frequently than in the second stage.
The uterus contracts and becomes smaller and, as a result, the placenta separates.
The placenta is squeezed out of the upper uterine segment into the lower uterine segment and vagina. The placenta is then delivered.
The contraction of the uterine muscle compresses the uterine blood vessels and this prevents bleeding. Thereafter, clotting (coagulation) takes place in the uterine blood vessels due to the normal clotting mechanism.
Identify the onset of the second stage of labour.
Decide when the patient should start to bear down.
Communicate effectively with the patient during labour.
Use the maternal effort to the best advantage when the patient bears down.
Make careful observations during the second stage of labour.
Assess the fetal condition during the time the patient bears down.
Accurately evaluate progress in the second stage of labour.
Manage a patient with a prolonged second stage of labour.
Diagnose and manage impacted shoulders.
Monitoring the condition of the fetus during the first stage of labour.pdfChantal Settley
Monitor the condition of the fetus during labour.
Record the findings on the partogram.
Understand the significance of the findings.
Understand the causes and signs of fetal distress.
Interpret the significance of different fetal heart rate patterns and meconium-stained liquor.
Manage any abnormalities which are detected.
1.1 Define and use correctly all of the key terms
1.2 Describe the signs of true labour and distinguish between true and false labour
1.3 Explain to the mother how to recognise the onset of true labour
1.4 Describe the characteristic features and mechanisms of the four stages of labour
1.5 Describe the seven cardinal movements made by the baby as it descends the birth canal in a normal labour
10.2 Preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes.pdfChantal Settley
This document discusses preterm labour and preterm rupture of membranes. It defines these conditions and notes that infection is a major cause. Patients at increased risk include those with a prior history. Diagnosis involves assessing contractions and cervical changes. Management includes identifying treatable causes, suppressing contractions with medications like nifedipine or salbutamol, and transferring high-risk mothers to facilities equipped for premature infants. The goal is prolonging the pregnancy whenever safely possible to improve neonatal outcomes.
10.1 Common Medical Disorders in Pregnancy.pdfChantal Settley
The document discusses common medical disorders in pregnancy, including diabetes, gestational diabetes, anaemia, urinary tract infections, and prevention and treatment of these conditions. It provides information on screening and managing diabetes during pregnancy, including increased monitoring and potential need for insulin therapy. It also outlines signs and symptoms of anaemia and UTIs during pregnancy, as well as recommendations for dietary prevention of anaemia and treatment of UTIs and bladder infections.
This document discusses the management of antepartum haemorrhage (vaginal bleeding occurring after 24 weeks of gestation). It describes how antepartum haemorrhage can be life-threatening for both mother and baby and should always be considered a serious emergency. The initial steps of management include stabilizing the mother, assessing the fetus, diagnosing the cause of bleeding, and deciding on definitive treatment. Common causes like abruptio placentae and placenta praevia are discussed in detail. The summary provides guidelines on evaluating, diagnosing, and treating women presenting with antepartum bleeding.
Define hypertension in pregnancy.
Give a simple classification of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Diagnose pre-eclampsia and chronic hypertension.
Explain why the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy must always be regarded as serious.
List which patients are at risk of developing pre-eclampsia.
List the complications of pre-eclampsia.
Differentiate pre-eclampsia from pre-eclampsia with severe features.
Give a practical guide to the management of pre-eclampsia.
Provide emergency management for eclampsia.
Manage gestational hypertension and chronic hypertension during pregnancy.
Managing pregnant women with HIV Infection.pdfChantal Settley
The document discusses managing pregnant women with HIV infection. It covers topics such as screening all pregnant women for HIV, monitoring disease progression using clinical staging and CD4 counts, treating HIV-positive women with antiretroviral therapy to reduce mother-to-child transmission risk to less than 2%, integrating HIV management into antenatal care, and screening regularly for tuberculosis given the high rate of HIV-TB co-infection. The principles are to diagnose HIV early, assess disease status, provide treatment and nutrition support, and refer complicated cases to specialist care.
7.2 New Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation (2).pdfChantal Settley
Welcome the woman and ask her to sit near you and facing you.
Smile and make good eye contact with her.
Reassure her that you will always maintain her privacy and confidentiality
Without her permission, do not include a third person in the meeting.
Use simple non-medical language and terminologies throughout that she can understand, and check frequently that she has really understood.
Actively listen to her, using gestures and verbal communication to show her that you are paying attention to what she says.
Encourage her to ask questions, express her needs and concerns, and seek clarification of any information that she does not understand.
6.4 Assessment of fetal growth and condition during pregnancy.pdfChantal Settley
When you have completed this unit you should be able to:
• Assess normal fetal growth.
• List the causes of intra-uterine growth restriction.
• Understand the importance of measuring the symphysis-fundus height.
• Understand the clinical significance of fetal movements.
• Use a fetal-movement chart.
• Manage a patient with decreased fetal movements.
• Understand the value of antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring.
What possible complications to look for:
Antepartum haemorrhage
Pre-eclampsia
proteinuria and a rise in the blood pressure.
Cervical changes
Symphysis-fundus height measurement
below the 10th centile?
above the 90th centile?
To review and act on the results of the screening or special investigations done at the booking visit.
2. To perform the second assessment for risk factors.
If possible, all the results of the screening tests should be obtained at the first visit.
Assess normal fetal growth.
List the causes of intra-uterine growth restriction.
Understand the importance of measuring the symphysis-fundus height.
Understand the clinical significance of fetal movements.
Use a fetal-movement chart.
Manage a patient with decreased fetal movements.
Understand the value of antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. The nervous system
• The nervous system is the part of a living organism that
coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from
different parts of its body.
• The peripheral nervous system is one of the two
components of the nervous system, the other part is the
central nervous system.
• The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain
and spinal cord.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 2
4. The peripheral nervous system
• “Peripheral nerve” is a term used synonymously to describe
the peripheral nervous system.
• The peripheral nervous system is a network of 43 pairs of
motor and sensory nerves that connect the brain and spinal
cord (the central nervous system) to the entire human body.
• These nerves control the functions of sensation, movement
and motor coordination.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 4
6. The peripheral nervous system includes
the following nerves:
• Brachial plexus nerve
• This nerve is a network of
nerves that consists of the last
4 cervical nerve roots
(vertebrae C5-C8) and the first
thoracic (vertebraeT1) nerve
root, and ensures motion and
feeling in the upper limbs.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 6
7. The peripheral nervous system includes
the following nerves:
• Common peroneal nerve (L4, L5, S1
& S2)
• This nerve is a branch of the sciatic
nerve and is made up of the deep and
superficial peroneal branches.
• They provide sensation to the anterior
(front) and lateral (side) parts of the
legs and top of the feet.
• They innervate muscles in the legs that
pull the ankle and toes up (dorsi
flexion).
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 7
8. The peripheral nervous system includes
the following nerves:
• Femoral nerve
• This nerve is a part of the
lumbar plexus.
• The femoral nerve provides
sensation to the anterior
(front) aspect of the thigh.
• It innervates muscles in the
anterior thigh which allow the
knee to extend.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 8
9. The peripheral nervous system includes
the following nerves:
• Lateral femoral cutaneous
nerve (L2,3)
• This nerve is part of the lumbar
plexus nerve network.
• The lateral femoral cutaneous
nerve provides sensation to the
anterior and lateral sides of the
thigh.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 9
10. The peripheral nervous system includes
the following nerves:
• Median nerve (C6, C7, C8 &T1.)
• This nerve is a branch of the
medial and lateral cords of the
brachial plexus.
• The median nerve provides
sensation to the thumb, 1st,
2nd, 3rd and half of the 4th
finger. It innervates muscles in
the forearm and hand that
allow pincher grasp (the ability
to grasp an object between the
thumb and forefinger).2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 10
11. The peripheral nervous system includes
the following nerves:
• Radial nerve
• This nerve branches from the
posterior (back) cord of the
brachial plexus.
• The radial nerve provides
sensation to a portion of the
skin on the back of the hand.
• It innervates muscles in the
arm that extend the elbow and
muscles in the forearm, which
enables the wrist and fingers to
straighten or extend.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 11
12. The peripheral nervous system includes
the following nerves:
• Sciatic nerve
• The sciatic nerve is the largest
single nerve in the body,
extending from the back of the
pelvis down the back of the
thigh.
• It is the primary nerve of the
leg and is responsible for
innervating the muscles in the
hip and lower limbs (including
the tibial nerve and common
fibular nerve).
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 12
13. The peripheral nervous system includes
the following nerves:
• Spinal accessory nerve (C5–C6)
• This nerve is part of the cranial
nerve network.
• It is located on the side of the
neck and innervates the
trapezius and sternomastoid
muscle, which control specific
shoulder movements, such as
shrugging and adduction of the
scapula.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 13
14. The peripheral nervous system includes
the following nerves:
• Tibial nerve (L4-S3 )
• This nerve is a branch of the
sciatic nerve and provides
sensation to the bottom of the
foot.
• It innervates the calf muscles
which allow the foot and toes
to flex (plantar flexion).
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 14
15. The peripheral nervous system includes
the following nerves:
• Ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
• This nerve is a branch of the
medial cord of the brachial
plexus.
• The ulnar nerve provides
sensation to half of the 4th and
the entire 5th finger.
• It innervates muscles in the
forearm and hand that allow
the wrist and finger to flex
(flexion) and fine finger control.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 15
16. Trigeminal neuralgia
• A chronic pain condition
affecting the trigeminal
nerve in the face.
• Mild stimulation of the face
— such as from brushing
teeth or putting on makeup
— may trigger a jolt of
excruciating pain.
• V cranial nerve
Branches of the trigemninal nerve:
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 16
17. Trigeminal neuralgia
Symptoms
• Episodes of severe, shooting or jabbing pain that may feel like an electric shock
• Spontaneous attacks of pain or attacks triggered by things such as touching the face, chewing, speaking or brushing
teeth
• Bouts of pain lasting from a few seconds to several minutes
• Episodes of several attacks lasting days, weeks, months or longer — some people have periods when they experience no
pain
• Constant aching, burning feeling that may occur before it evolves into the spasm-like pain of trigeminal neuralgia
• Pain in areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve, including the cheek, jaw, teeth, gums, lips, or less often the eye and
forehead
• Pain affecting one side of the face at a time, though may rarely affect both sides of the face
• Pain focused in one spot or spread in a wider pattern
• Attacks that become more frequent and intense over time
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 17
18. Trigeminal neuralgia
Causes
• In trigeminal neuralgia, the trigeminal nerve's function is disrupted.
• Usually, the problem is contact between a normal blood vessel — in this case, an artery or
a vein — and the trigeminal nerve at the base of the brain.
• This contact puts pressure on the nerve and causes it to malfunction.
• Trigeminal neuralgia can occur as a result of aging, or it can be related to multiple sclerosis
or a similar disorder that damages the myelin sheath protecting certain nerves.
• Trigeminal neuralgia can also be caused by a tumor compressing the trigeminal nerve.
• Some people may experience trigeminal neuralgia due to a brain lesion or other
abnormalities.
• In other cases, surgical injuries, stroke or facial trauma may be responsible for trigeminal
neuralgia.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 18
19. Trigeminal neuralgia
Treatment
• Carbamezapine (According to SA guidelines)
• Oral 100 mg 2-3 times daily, initial dose
• Increase dose slowly
• Doses of up to 1200 mg daily
• Reduce to maintenance dose of 400-800 mg daily
• Surgery
• Rhizotomy
• An electrified hot probe is inserted at the sensory nerve just outside
the joint to disable the nerve and prevent pain signals from reaching
the brain.
• Injection of glycerol into the nerve root
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 19
20. Bell’s palsy
• The person may find that they
suddenly cannot control their
facial muscles, usually on one
side.
• The affected side of the face
tends to droop.
• The weakness may also affect
saliva and tear production, and
the sense of taste.
• Many people are afraid they are
having a stroke, but if the
weakness or paralysis only
affects the face, it is more likely
to be Bell's palsy.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 20
21. Bell’s palsy
Causes
• The facial nerve controls most of the muscles in the face and parts of the ear.The facial nerve
goes through a narrow gap of bone from the brain to the face. If the facial nerve is inflamed, it
will press against the cheekbone or may pinch in the narrow gap.This can result in damage to
the protective covering of the nerve. If the protective covering of the nerve becomes damaged,
the signals that travel from the brain to the muscles in the face may not be transmitted
properly, leading to weakened or paralyzed facial muscles.This is Bell's palsy.
• It may result when a virus, usually the herpes virus, inflames the nerve.This is the same virus
that causes cold sores and genital herpes.
• Other viruses that have been linked to Bell's palsy include
• chickenpox and shingles virus
• coldsores and genital herpes virus
• Epstein-Barr virus, or EBV, responsible for mononucleosis
• Cytomegalovirus
• mumps virus
• influenza B
• hand-foot-and-mouth disease (coxsackievirus)
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 21
22. Bell’s palsy
Treatment
• Most people will recover
from Bell's palsy in 1-2
months, especially those who
still have some degree of
movement in their facial
muscles.
• Treatment with a hormone
called prednisolone can
speed up recovery.
• Possible side effects of prednisolone:
• abdominal pain, bloating
• acne
• difficulty sleeping
• dry skin
• headache, dizziness (spinning sensation)
• increased appetite
• increased sweating
• indigestion
• mood changes
• nausea
• oral thrush
• slow wound healing
• thinning skin
• tiredness
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 22
23. Sciatica
• Pain radiating along the sciatic nerve, which runs down one or both legs from the
lower back.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 23
24. Sciatica
Symptoms
• Pain that radiates from the lower (lumbar) spine to the buttock and down the back of the
leg is the hallmark of sciatica.
• The patient might feel the discomfort almost anywhere along the nerve pathway, but it's
especially likely to follow a path from the lower back to the buttock and the back of your
thigh and calf.
• The pain can vary widely, from a mild ache to a sharp, burning sensation or excruciating
pain.
• Sometimes it can feel like a jolt or electric shock.
• It can be worse when coughing or sneezing, and prolonged sitting can aggravate
symptoms.
• Usually only one side of the body is affected.
• Some people also have numbness, tingling or muscle weakness in the affected leg or foot.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 24
25. Sciatica
Causes
• Sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve
becomes pinched, usually by a
herniated disk in the spine or by an
overgrowth of bone (bone spur) on
the vertebrae.
• More rarely, the nerve can be
compressed by a tumour or damaged
by a disease.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 25
26. Sciatica
Risk factors
• Age. Age-related changes in the spine, such as herniated disks and bone spurs, are
the most common causes of sciatica.
• Obesity. By increasing the stress on the spine, excess body weight can contribute
to the spinal changes that trigger sciatica.
• Occupation. A job that requires you to twist your back, carry heavy loads or drive
a motor vehicle for long periods might play a role in sciatica.
• Prolonged sitting. People who sit for prolonged periods or have a sedentary
lifestyle are more likely to develop sciatica than active people are.
• Diabetes. This condition, which affects the way the body uses blood sugar,
increases the risk of nerve damage.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 26
27. Sciatica
Diagnosis
• X-ray. An X-ray of the spine may reveal an overgrowth of bone (bone spur) that
may be pressing on a nerve.
• MRI. This procedure uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to produce cross-
sectional images of the back. An MRI produces detailed images of bone and soft
tissues such as herniated disks.
• CT scan. When a CT is used to image the spine.
• Electromyography (EMG). This test measures the electrical impulses produced by
the nerves and the responses of muscles.This test can confirm nerve compression
caused by herniated disks or narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis).
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 27
29. Sciatica
Lifestyle & home remedies
• Cold packs.
• Hot packs.
• Stretching.
• Over-the-counter medications.
• Pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others)
and naproxen sodium (Aleve) are sometimes helpful for
sciatica.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 29
30. Sciatica
Complications
• Although most people recover fully from sciatica, often
without treatment, sciatica can potentially cause permanent
nerve damage.
• Loss of feeling in the affected leg
• Weakness in the affected leg
• Loss of bowel or bladder function
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 30
31. Sciatica
Prevention
• Exercise regularly. To keep the back strong, pay special attention to the core
muscles — the muscles in the abdomen and lower back that are essential for
proper posture and alignment.
• Maintain proper posture when sitting. Choose a seat with good lower back
support, armrests and a swivel base. Consider placing a pillow or rolled towel
in the small of the back to maintain its normal curve. Keep the knees and hips
level.
• Use good body mechanics. If standing for long periods, rest one foot on a
stool or small box from time to time.When lifting something heavy, let the
lower extremities do the work. Move straight up and down. Keep the back
straight and bend only at the knees. Hold the load close to the body. Avoid
lifting and twisting simultaneously. Find a lifting partner if the object is heavy
or awkward.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 31
32. Sciatica
When to see the doctor
• Mild sciatica usually goes away over time.
• If self care measures fail to ease the symptoms or the pain last longer than a week
then the patient should seek medical attention.
• Sudden, severe pain in the lower back or leg and numbness or muscle weakness in
the leg.
• The pain follows a violent injury, such as a traffic accident.
• Trouble controlling your bowels or bladder.
2018/07/30 Compiled byC Settley 32