This document discusses various organic and inorganic compounds found in water. It covers topics like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solids. For BOD and COD, it explains the test procedures and calculations used to measure levels of each compound. It also discusses how temperature affects BOD reaction rates. Inorganic compounds are classified as metals or non-metals. The document provides details on measuring parameters that indicate levels of organic pollution in water samples.
Deals with the measurement of organic matter concentration in water and wastewater. BOD, BOD kinetics and COD tests are discussed at length. Further, as part of the ultimate BOD measurement, other associated tests like Dissolved Oxygen and Ammonical, Nitrate and Nitrite forms of nitrogen are also discussed.
Deals with the measurement of organic matter concentration in water and wastewater. BOD, BOD kinetics and COD tests are discussed at length. Further, as part of the ultimate BOD measurement, other associated tests like Dissolved Oxygen and Ammonical, Nitrate and Nitrite forms of nitrogen are also discussed.
Details about Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) with solved examples. Extra examples are given for homework. You can contact me for details on pratik1516@gmail.com.
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
Biochemical Oxygen Demand and its Industrial SignificanceAdnan Murad Bhayo
BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organism in a body of water to breakdown organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period .
Most of Bacteria in the aquatic columns are aerobic. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera.
Atmosphere contains 21% oxygen (210000 mg/dm3)
Higher the temperature of water higher will be the rate of respiration. So, concentration of oxygen decreases.
Many Animal species can grow and reproduce normally when dissolved oxygen level is ~ 5.0 mg/L.
HYPOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 3.0 mg/L. Many Species move elsewhere and immobile species may die
ANOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 0.5 mg/L. All aerobic species will die
Fertilizer contains Nitrate contributes to high BOD
Phosphate present in Soap and detergent that enhances the growth of algal blooms. As a result depletion of oxygen occur.
In a body of water with large amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 90 %, this would represent High BOD
In a body of water with small amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 10 %, this would represent Low BOD
ANALYSIS OF BOD OF WATER
Use glass bottles having 60 mL or greater capacity. Take samples of water.
Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the
controlled temperature to stabilize at 20°C ±1°C.
Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately.
Place water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20 C for 5 days. Exclude all light to prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of DO
If don't have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20o C or 68 °F).
DILUTION OF SAMPLE
Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L
Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO available in the air-saturated.
If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is not needed.
The DO concentration after 5 days must be at least 1 mg/L and at least 2 mg/L lower in concentration than the initial DO
(American Public Health Association and others, 1995).
BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological growth.
pH of the dilution water needs to be maintained in a range suitable for bacterial growth
Bacterial growth is very good between 6.5 to 7.5
Sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide may need to be added to the dilution water to lower or raise the pH, respectively.
CALCULATION:
The general equation for the determination of a BOD5 value is:
BOD = D1-D2/P
Where
D1 = initial DO of the sample,
D2 = final DO of the sample after 5 days, and
P = decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.
If 100 mL of sample a
The microprocessor based automatic, advance, electronic and latest designed COD Analyzers are used for detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand. The Laboratory COD analyzer acts as water analyzer for detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand in both polluted and normal water. Weiber water analyzer works as high quality analysis tool for determination of inorganic pollution, waste water, sewage and Plant Effluent Treatment. For More Information Please Logon http://goo.gl/gaktwZ
Details about Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) with solved examples. Extra examples are given for homework. You can contact me for details on pratik1516@gmail.com.
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
Biochemical Oxygen Demand and its Industrial SignificanceAdnan Murad Bhayo
BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organism in a body of water to breakdown organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period .
Most of Bacteria in the aquatic columns are aerobic. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera.
Atmosphere contains 21% oxygen (210000 mg/dm3)
Higher the temperature of water higher will be the rate of respiration. So, concentration of oxygen decreases.
Many Animal species can grow and reproduce normally when dissolved oxygen level is ~ 5.0 mg/L.
HYPOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 3.0 mg/L. Many Species move elsewhere and immobile species may die
ANOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 0.5 mg/L. All aerobic species will die
Fertilizer contains Nitrate contributes to high BOD
Phosphate present in Soap and detergent that enhances the growth of algal blooms. As a result depletion of oxygen occur.
In a body of water with large amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 90 %, this would represent High BOD
In a body of water with small amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 10 %, this would represent Low BOD
ANALYSIS OF BOD OF WATER
Use glass bottles having 60 mL or greater capacity. Take samples of water.
Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the
controlled temperature to stabilize at 20°C ±1°C.
Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately.
Place water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20 C for 5 days. Exclude all light to prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of DO
If don't have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20o C or 68 °F).
DILUTION OF SAMPLE
Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L
Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO available in the air-saturated.
If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is not needed.
The DO concentration after 5 days must be at least 1 mg/L and at least 2 mg/L lower in concentration than the initial DO
(American Public Health Association and others, 1995).
BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological growth.
pH of the dilution water needs to be maintained in a range suitable for bacterial growth
Bacterial growth is very good between 6.5 to 7.5
Sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide may need to be added to the dilution water to lower or raise the pH, respectively.
CALCULATION:
The general equation for the determination of a BOD5 value is:
BOD = D1-D2/P
Where
D1 = initial DO of the sample,
D2 = final DO of the sample after 5 days, and
P = decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.
If 100 mL of sample a
The microprocessor based automatic, advance, electronic and latest designed COD Analyzers are used for detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand. The Laboratory COD analyzer acts as water analyzer for detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand in both polluted and normal water. Weiber water analyzer works as high quality analysis tool for determination of inorganic pollution, waste water, sewage and Plant Effluent Treatment. For More Information Please Logon http://goo.gl/gaktwZ
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
sciencepowerpoint.com delivers a four part 2150+ slide PowerPoint slideshow becomes the roadmap for an amazing and interactive science experience. Complete with bundled homework package, many built-in quizzes, hands-on activities with directions, unit notes, answer keys, video links, rubrics, review games, and much more.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information.
Areas of Focus within The Rivers Unit -Watersheds, Rivers of the United States, Sections of a River, Parts of River (Vocabulary), Stream Order, Erosion and Deposition, Water Quality, Chemical Properties of Water, Bio-Indicators of Water Quality (EPT richness), Physical Properties of Water Quality, Rivers and Flooding, Factors that Control Flooding, Types of Flooding, Tsunami's, Wetlands, Flood Prevention, Levees, Dams and Ecosystem, Importance of Dams, Impacts of Dams, Hydropower, Parts of Dam, Salmon (Life Cycle), Systems of Help Salmon, Fish (General), Layering in a Lake, Lake Turnover, Nutrients and Lakes.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This presentation is made for S.Y.Bsc. Students.
The presentation includes Wastewater microbiology. The presentation includes information about sources as well as methods of wastewater treatment.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC): An Overviewsvananalytics
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) PDF is a very vital component in the monitoring solutions industry. Read this detailed article to know everything about TOC.
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
this presentation showsChemical oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) which is the amount of oxygen required for reacting with the organic (harmful) matter present in waste water, both soluble or insoluble (suspended) matters, producing CO2 and H2O. In this experiment, organic compounds are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by a boiling acid dichromate solution
Materials
Waste water sample.
Distilled water.
Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7).
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Silver sulfate (Ag2SO4).
Mercuric sulfate (HgSO4).
and procedures
Take a sample of waste water (2.5 ml) in a standard test tube.
Add K2Cr2O7 (1.5 ml) to the above sample.
Add 3.5 ml of a solution containing H2SO4, Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to the above mixture. This solution is known as "digestion solution" which is prepared by adding Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to 1 kg of H2SO4.
Repeat the above procedure with a sample of distilled water (2.5 ml) in another test tube.
Heat the two test tubes in the reactor for 2 hrs. at a temperature of 150 ºC and after that leave them to cool.
Use the spectrophotometer to detect the COD (in mg/lit.) value for the waste water sample.
some notes
K2Cr2O7 is used as an oxidizing agent (source of oxygen needed to react with organic matters).
H2SO4 is a digesting agent which helps in decomposing the organic matters to be easily reacted with oxygen.
Ag2SO4 is used to reduce the volatility of the organic matters exist in the waste water sample and keep them in liquid phase. If those matters vaporized, the measured value of COD will be incorrect.
HgSO4 is used to avoid oxidation of 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− if it exists in wastewater as salt. This will lead to high misleading value of COD since 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 into Cl2.
The distilled water sample is used as a blank sample which allows the calibration of the spectrophotometer. The COD value for this sample is zero.
also shows Biological oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) is the amount of oxygen required to be used up by bacteria so as to decompose the waste matters in a liter of wastewater. This test may need at least 3 months to be finished: the standard test defines it as BOD5 as it is performed within 5 days only. During those 5 days, about 70 – 80% of degradation is achieved.
In the COD test we completely oxidize the wastes, whether biodegradable (i.e. can be decomposed by bacteria) or non – biodegradable.
In the BOD test we oxidize the biodegradable wastes only.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of inhibitors or toxic substances. Measurements can only be carried out after the sample has been diluted with dilution water that contains a sufficient amount of nutrients and microorganisms in order to reduce the interfering substances to an acceptable level.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of CO
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
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2. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Menu
1) Introduction
2) Organic Compound
A) BOD
B) COD
C) Suspended Solid
3) Inorganic Compound
A) Metal
B) Non Metal
3. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
1 - Organic Compound
“All organic compound contain carbon in
combination with one or more elements”
Organic CompoundOrganic Compound
4. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Organic Compound - Properties
• Combustible
• Have lower melting and boiling points
• Less soluble in water
• Very high molecular weight
• Mostly serve as a source of food for micro
organisms
8. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Biodegradable Organics
• food to microorganism
• fast and easily oxidized by micro organism
• e.g. . .
9. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Non-biodegradable Organics
• difficult and much more longer to
biodegrade
• or toxic to micro organisms
• e.g. . .
10. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
NBO - Effects
• depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water
– destroying aquatic life
– damaging the ecosystem
• some organic can cause cancer
• trihalomethanes (THM – carcinogenic
compound) are produced in water and
wastewater treatment plants when natural
organic compounds combine with chlorine
added for disinfection purposes.
11. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Laboratory Analysis
• Various parameters are used as a
measure of the organic strength of
wastewater:
• (a) BOD – Biochemical oxygen demand
• (b) COD – Chemical oxygen demand
• (c) TOC – Total organic carbon
• (d) VSS – volatile suspended solid
12. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
A- Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Def: the quantity of oxygen utilized by a mixed
population of micro organisms to biologically
degrade the organic matter in the wastewater
under aerobic condition.
• BOD is the most important parameter in water
pollution control
• It is used a measure of organic pollution as a
basis for estimating the oxygen
• Needed for biological processes, as and
indicator of process performance
• BOD test
13. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Test Method
• A water sample containing degradable organic matter is
placed in a BOD bottle.
• If needed, add dilution water (known quantity).
• Dilution water is prepared by adding phosphate buffer
(pH 7.2), magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride and
ferric chloride into distilled water. Aerate the dilution
water to saturate it with oxygen before use.
• Measure DO in the bottle after 15 minutes (DOi)
• Closed the bottle and placed it in incubator for 5 days,at
temperature 20o
C
• After 5 days, measure DO in the bottle (DOt)
14. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
BOD - Calculation
BODt = DOi – DOt
p
Where:
• BODt= biological oxygen demand, mg/L
• DOi = initial DO of the diluted wastewater sample
about 15 min. After preparation, mg/L
DOt = final DO of the diluted wastewater sample
after incubation for t days, mg/L
• P = dilution factor
= ml of wastewater sample
ml BOD bottle
15. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
BOD test - Dilution
• for a valid BOD test, the final DO should
not be less than 1 mg/L. BOD test is
invalid if DOt value near zero
• dilution can be decrease organic strength
of the sample. By using dilution factor, the
actual value can be obtained.
16. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Dilution of Waste
• by direct pipetting into 300 mL BOD bottle
18. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
BOD Analysis
• In aerobic processes (O2 is present), heterotropic bacteria oxydize about 1/3 of the colloidal and
dissolved organic matter to stable end products (CO2 + H2O) and convert the remaining 2/3 into
new microbial cells that can be removed from the wastewater by settling.
• The overall biological conversion proceeds sequentially, with oxidation of carbonaceous
material as the first step (known as nitrification oxygen demand):
-------------------------------------------
• Under continuing aerobic conditions, autotrophic bacteria then convert the nitrogen in organic
compounds to nitrates (known as nitrification oxygen demand):
-------------------------------------------
19. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
BOD Analysis
20. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Ultimate BOD
• The ultimate BOD (L0) is defined as the maximum BOD exerted by the waste. The
carbonaceous oxygen demand curve can be expressed mathematically as:
BODt = y at any time t, (day) and Lo is the ultimate BOD
K= K’/2.303
• Where
BODt = biochemical oxygen demand at time t, mg/L
L0 = ultimate BOD, mg/L
K = reaction rate constants, day-1
Kdt
L
dL
=
− KtKtt
e
L
L −−
== 10 KtKtt
e
L
L −−
== 10
Kt
o
tK
ot LeLL −−
== 10'
)101( Kt
oLy −
−=
21. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
BOD K-rate
Time (day) BODt (mg/L) [time/BODt]1/3
1 X [1/X]1/3
2 Y [2/Y]1/3
3 Z [3/Z]1/3
22. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• K (base 10)
• K (base e)
• K = k/2.3
• Simple compounds such as sugars and starches are easily utilized by micro organisms have
high k rate
• More complex materials such as phenols and cellulose are difficult to assimilate have
low k value
BOD constant, k, per day
23. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Water type K, per day (base 10)
Tap water 0.04
Surface water 0.04 – 0.1
Raw sewage 0.15 – 0.30
Well-treated sewage 0.05 – 0.10
Typical values of K for various water
24. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Temperature
• Most biological processes speed up as temperature
increases and slow down as the temperature drops.
The rate utilization is effected by temperature.
• The relationship for the change in the reaction rate
constant (K) with temperature is expressed as:
KT = K20 x Ө(T-20)
Where
• KT = reaction rate constant at temperature T,
per day
• K20 = reaction rate constant at 20°C, per day
• Ө = temperature coefficient = 1.047
• T = temperature of biological reaction, 0°C
25. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
--------------=----------------------------
Where
• TL0 = ultimate BOD at temperature T, mg/L
• 20L0 = temperature BOD at 20O
C, mg/L
Ultimate BOD (L0)
26. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Example:
The following data were obtained from an experiment to determine the BOD rate
constant.
T = 30o
C, As = 100mL (total amount of water samples used in the experiment)
Time (days) DO (mg/L)
0 7.4
1 5.5
2 4.5
3 3.7
4 2.5
5 2.1
Question:
• calculate values of BOD3
• determine the BOD rate constant, K30
• calculate value of BOD5 at 20 O
C
27. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Definition
• the quantity of oxygen needed to chemically
oxidize the organic compound in sample,
converted to carbon dioxide and water
• commonly used to define the strength of
industrial wastewaters
B) Chemical oxygen demand
28. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• Add measured quantities of potassium dichromate, sulfuric acid reagent containing silver
sulphate, and a measured volume of sample into a flask,
• The mixture is refluxed (vaporized and condensed) for two hours. The oxidation or organic
matter converts dichromate to trivalent chromium,
• The mixture is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) to measure the axcess
dichromate remaining in sample.
• A blank sample of distilled water is carried through the same COD testing procedures as the
wastewater sample.
• COD is calculated from the following equation:
Where
• COD = chemical oxygen demand, mg/L
• A = amount of ferrous ammonium sulphate titrant added to blank, mL
• B = amount of titrant added to sample, mL
• A = volume of sample, mL
• 8000 = multiplier to express COD in mg/L of oxygen
COD - Test procedure
29. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• COD > BOD
• COD ~ ultimate BOD
• COD/BOD ~ 2, biodegradable organic
• COD >> BOD, non-biodegradable organic
Relation between COD and BOD:
31. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
COD - Laboratory analysis
• Diagram of laboratory procedure to determine total solid and total volatile solids
concentration of a water or wastewater sample.
32. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Diagram of laboratory procedure to determine the suspended solid and
volatile suspended solids concentrations of a water or wastewater
sample.
33. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Suspended solid concentrations
1. weigh a filter paper on an electrical balance
2. place the filter paper on the filter apparatus
3. apply vacuum and filter 100 mL (or a larger volume if total
suspended matter is low) well mixed sample
4. dry the filter paper in an oven at 1030
C to 1050
C for at least 1 hour
5. after 1 hour, cool the filter appear in a desiccator and weigh.
6. repeat the drying cycle until a constant weigh is attained or until
weight loss is less than 0.5 mg.
mg/L suspended solids = [(A – B) x 1000]/mL sample
where A = weigh of filter paper + suspended matter
B = weigh of filter paper
Total suspended =suspended solids + dissolved solids
34. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
2 - Inorganic Compound
• When placed in water, inorganic
compounds dissociate into electrically
charged atoms referred to as ions
• All atoms linked in ionic bond
• Can be classified into two:
Metal (e.g. Pb2+
, Hg+2
, Cu +2
) non-
metal (e.g. Si+4
, Cl_, NO3-
)
35. Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
THANK YOUR FORTHANK YOUR FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..YOUR ATTENTION…..